Midland Naturalist Research Articles

Illustrating natural history: images, periodicals, and the making of nineteenth-century scientific communities.

This paper examines how communities of naturalists in mid-nineteenth-century Britain were formed and solidified around the shared practices of public meetings, the publication and reading of periodicals, and the making and printing of images. By focusing on communities of naturalists and the sites of their communication, this article undermines the distinction between amateur and professional scientific practice. Building on the notion of imagined communities, this paper also shows that in some cases the editors and illustrators utilized imagery to construct a specifically British naturalist community. Following three 'amateur' natural-history periodicals (Science Gossip, Midland Naturalist and the Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club) the article demonstrates how the production and reproduction of natural history in the nineteenth century was contingent on community debate - and that this debate both was highly visual and moved across printed and geographical boundaries. This paper investigates images both for their purported success and for their ascribed value to natural history. Additionally, it considers the debates over their limitations and alleged failures of printing. Altogether, the article argues that investigating the communal practices of observation, writing, drawing and engraving allows for a better understanding of the shared practices of nineteenth-century natural history.

Advancing theory of community assembly in spatially structured environments: local vs regional processes in river networks

Previous articleNext article No AccessMetacommunity Ecology of Riverine NetworksAdvancing theory of community assembly in spatially structured environments: local vs regional processes in river networksSwanChristopher M. and BrownBryan L.SwanChristopher M.Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 USA1E-mail addresses: [email protected] Search for more articles by this author and BrownBryan L.Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634 USA2[email protected] Search for more articles by this author Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 USAForestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634 USAPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 30, Number 1March 2011 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1899/10-150.1 Views: 101Total views on this site Citations: 18Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Journal of the North American Benthological Society (1986-2011), which is continued by Freshwater Science (2012-present). © 2011 by The North American Benthological SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Francis O. Arimoro, Unique N. Keke Stream biodiversity and monitoring in North Central, Nigeria: the use of macroinvertebrate indicator species as surrogates, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no.2424 (Feb 2021): 31003–31012.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12922-wG Nicacio, E J Cunha, N Hamada, L Juen How Habitat Filtering Can Affect Taxonomic and Functional Composition of Aquatic Insect Communities in Small Amazonian Streams, Neotropical Entomology 49, no.55 (May 2020): 652–661.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-020-00780-zJun Wang, Jiancheng Hu, Tao Tang, Jani Heino, Xiaoming Jiang, Zhengfei Li, Zhicai Xie Seasonal shifts in the assembly dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrate and diatom communities in a subtropical river, Ecology and Evolution 10, no.22 (Jan 2020): 692–704.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5904Stephen R. Midway, Brandon K. Peoples Effects of life‐history traits on stream fish abundances across spatial scales, Ecology of Freshwater Fish 28, no.44 (Apr 2019): 639–649.https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12482Catherine N. Reuter, Michael D. Kaller, Colleen E. Walsh, William E. Kelso Fish Assemblage Response to Altered Dendritic Connectivity in the Red River Basin, Central Louisiana, The American Midland Naturalist 181, no.11 (Jan 2019): 63.https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-181.1.63Christopher J. Patrick and Bryan L. Brown Species Pool Functional Diversity Plays a Hidden Role in Generating β-Diversity, The American Naturalist 191, no.55 (Mar 2018): E159–E170.https://doi.org/10.1086/696978Jere A. Boudell Metacommunity Dynamics of Riparian Ecosystems, (May 2018): 133–140.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9659-3_48Galen Holt and Peter Chesson Scale-Dependent Community Theory for Streams and Other Linear Habitats, The American Naturalist 188, no.33 (Jul 2016): E59–E73.https://doi.org/10.1086/687525Matthew J. Wilson and Matthew E. McTammany Spatial scale and dispersal influence metacommunity dynamics of benthic invertebrates in a large river, Freshwater Science 35, no.22 (Feb 2016): 738–747.https://doi.org/10.1086/685732Jere A. Boudell Metacommunity Dynamics of Riparian Ecosystems, (Aug 2016): 1–8.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6172-8_48-5Jere A. Boudell Metacommunity Dynamics of Riparian Ecosystems, (Jan 2017): 1–8.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6172-8_48-6Lucas J. Driver, David J. Hoeinghaus Spatiotemporal dynamics of intermittent stream fish metacommunities in response to prolonged drought and reconnectivity, Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no.1111 (Jan 2016): 1667.https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15072S. Mažeika P. Sullivan, Katie Hossler, Christina M. Cianfrani Ecosystem Structure Emerges as a Strong Determinant of Food-Chain Length in Linked Stream–Riparian Ecosystems, Ecosystems 18, no.88 (Jul 2015): 1356–1372.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9904-7Russell G. Death, Ian C. Fuller, Mark G. Macklin Resetting the river template: the potential for climate-related extreme floods to transform river geomorphology and ecology, Freshwater Biology 60, no.1212 (Jul 2015): 2477–2496.https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12639Chris Sutherland, Angela K. Fuller, J. Andrew Royle, Olivier Gimenez Modelling non‐Euclidean movement and landscape connectivity in highly structured ecological networks, Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6, no.22 (Dec 2014): 169–177.https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12316Ciro C. Z. Branco, Pitágoras C. Bispo, Cleto K. Peres, Aurélio F. Tonetto, Luis H. Z. Branco The roles of environmental conditions and spatial factors in controlling stream macroalgal communities, Hydrobiologia 732, no.11 (Mar 2014): 123–132.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1852-2AL-SHAMI SALMAN ABDO, CHE SALMAH MD RAWI, ABU HASSAN AHMAD, MADZIATUL ROSMAHANIE MADRUS Biodiversity of stream insects in the Malaysian Peninsula: spatial patterns and environmental constraints, Ecological Entomology 38, no.33 (Mar 2013): 238–249.https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12013Michael D. Kaller, Catherine E. Murphy, William E. Kelso, Mark R. Stead Basins for Fish and Ecoregions for Macroinvertebrates: Different Spatial Scales Are Needed to Assess Louisiana Wadeable Streams, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142, no.33 (May 2013): 767–782.https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.768547

In Homage to Our Founder; a Brief Biography ofReverend Julius Aloysious Nieuwland, C.S.C.

This year we celebrate a century of scientific publishing at The American Midland Naturalist. Few scientific journals have such a lengthy and distinguished history (Mclntosh, 1990). An essential element to journal success and longevity is highly skilled and dedicated editors. In this respect The American Midland Naturalist has been especially fortunate. This essay will focus on the founder of The American Midland Naturalist, and the first editor, Reverend Julius A. Nieuwland, C.S.C. Nieuwland was born in the small town of Hansbeke, Belgium, 14 February 1878 (Archives). His time in Belgium was brief; by the age of three the Nieuwland family had moved to the United States and settled in South Bend, Indiana (Froning, 1942). South Bend had a large Flemish-speaking Belgian community and several relatives of the Nieuwland family lived in the area. Little is known concerning Nieuwland's childhood. He began school in 1884 at Saint Mary's parochial school, where he learned English. Like most children given the opportunity, Julius displayed a great interest in nature. He spent much of his youth collecting and examining plants, insects, bird eggs, snakes and virtually any other living thing he could find. A fascination with the natural world would remain throughout his lifetime.

Preface for Centennial Edition ofThe American Midland Naturalist

It is fitting that, in this year when our campus is focused through the Notre Dame Forum on issues of sustainability and responsible stewardship of the earth’s resources, we celebrate the centennial of the University’s oldest scholarly journal, The American Midland Naturalist. For 100 y, since it was started in 1909 by the Rev. Julius Nieuwland C.S.C., this journal has been a unique Notre Dame contribution to scientific understanding of the earth, its creatures and its natural systems. As president and provost of the University, we are pleased to pay tribute to The American Midland Naturalist, to Dr. William E. Evans, the current editor, and to all who over the years have had a hand in creating it, sustaining it and maintaining its reputation. When Father Nieuwland created The American Midland Naturalist, he did so with the intent of providing an outlet for studies about the natural history of the American Midwest. But both the subject matter and the geographic reach of the journal’s articles soon grew beyond the bounds suggested by the title. Before it was even 15 y old, the journal was publishing material about subjects far from the Midwest, and the broad field of ‘‘natural history’’ was giving way to specialized fields of study and investigation. Most notable among those was the budding field of ecology. Already in those early days there was a recognition that activities in one sector of the environment were fundamentally inseparable from those in others. To page chronologically through the 160 volumes of The American Midland Naturalist is to observe the growth and development of biological science over the last 100 y. From an abundance of articles in the early years describing and classifying plants, animals, other organisms and fossils in their natural states and habitats, the journal’s contents have, like science itself, grown more numeric in their approach and more experimental. Occasionally the experimentation has been of unusual and daring nature. A former editor, Robert P. McIntosh, in a history of the journal’s first 80 y, observed that the ‘‘devotion of natural historians to their cause was evident in [a 1971 article] when a panel of human tasters was assembled to determine the relative palatibility (sic) to predators of tadpoles from Costa Rica.’’ Both in its early years and more recently, The American Midland Naturalist has published some of the most eminent biological scientists of their times. Besides Nieuwland, who achieved his greatest fame in chemistry, but had a lifelong passion for botany, the early eminences who graced the journal’s pages included E.L. Greene, the legendary plant taxonomist and historian of botany with whom Nieuwland had studied at Catholic University of America and later was a colleague at Notre Dame, and Lucy Braun, a plant ecologist who was to become the first woman president of the Ecological Society of America. The farsightedness of The American Midland Naturalist and its then editor Theodore Just was demonstrated in Volume 21, No. 1, published in 1939. Virtually the entire number was given over to contributions from a landmark conference, ‘‘Plant and Animal Communities,’’ held in August and September 1938 at Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. Described later as an ‘‘ecological audit,’’ the conference was, in McIntosh’s words, ‘‘an attempt to bridge the gaps between American and European ecologists, plant and animal ecologists and aquatic and terrestrial ecologists.’’ Ultimately, he said, the conference ‘‘failed Am. Midl. Nat. 161:5–6

A Brief View of The American Midland Naturalist Since 1990

When I began my association with The American Midland Naturalist in 1959 as a member of the Executive Committee I had no thought of compiling its indices from 1959 to 1978 (Carpenter and McIntosh 1978), or writing its Life History from its inception in 1909 to 1990 (McIntosh, 1990) in its 82nd year of publication, and even less of continuing a brief comment on aspects of its recent history in a publication now marking its Centennial in 2009. I appreciate the courtesy of its latest, and soon to retire, editor, Dr. William Evans for inviting my reflections on its recent years. In the century of its publication the journal outgrew its name The American Midland Naturalist and description as devoted to natural history, particularly that of the prairie states, and became a national publication on diverse aspects of biology, and since 2005 is appropriately described on its cover as an International Journal of Ecology, Evolution and Environment. Even that wide-ranging description does not encompass its total breadth. In the last two decades its cover has changed from traditional grey, covered with print to tan decorated with a green fern leaf and a green mosquito suggestive of the breadth of taxa included in its pages. In keeping with the times its cost will increase from $50 in the Americas in 1990 to $95 in 2009. It has also added new categories of subscribers–$55 for individuals and $35 for students in 2009. Since 1990 the number of subscribers has varied form 968 to 1167, averaging slightly over 1000. In that interval page charges also increased from $35 to $50 per page. It also changed in other ways. As editor in 1990 I would never have thought of the recent request that the author send a computer disk with the initial copy and another with the accepted copy. I was fortunate in having, for many years, the technical skills of Juanita Thomas as secretary and Charles McCollester as assistant editor. Juanita had antedated me as secretary, a position she held for 41 y. She retired in 1998 and was succeeded by Kimmarie Merz-Bogold who continued until 2008. Between them they made the editor’s job tenable. The change in the breadth of coverage in the journal is evident in the increase in number of Associate Editors from 15 in 1990, with no duplication, to 19 in 2008, two each in Ornithology, and Herpetology and three in Mammalogy. Plant Population Ecology was expanded to Vegetation Ecology. Limnology and Hydrobiology became Aquatic Ecology and Conservation appeared. As might be expected, associate editors served for various intervals very helpfully, but Harald E. Esch was unique in continuing as Associate Editor for Animal Behavior, a post he had held for sometime even before 1990. Versatility was evident in Carl Von Ende who was Associate Editor for Limnology and Hydrobiology in 1995 and for Biological Statistics in 2007. The Executive Committee of the journal expanded from five to seven members, three of them having served 10 y: Ronald A. Hellenthal, David M. Lodge and Richard J. Jensen. The Executive Committee provided invaluable guidance to the editors in developing the policies of the journal. The journal celebrated the Sesquicentennial of Notre Dame University with special issues of Volume 126 in 1991 and Volume 127 in 1992. The authors appearing in the journal are myriad and it would be impossible for me to identify individuals. The number of authors per year varied from 120 in 1992 to 189 in 1996. There was no trend to increase in number, but there was an increase in the number and proportion of women authors. Subject to the limitations of my ability to categorically identify women’s names, women authors increased numerically and as a percent of male Am. Midl. Nat. 161:45–48

A Subjective Tribute to the Work of Robert P. McIntosh

A prominent ecologist named R.H. Whittaker once noted the possibility of an ecology of ecologists, their preferences being regionally or culturally determined. Whether or not this is true of one particular ecologist, Robert P. McIntosh (Mac), has yet to be seen. He would say that his career and his ecology were shaped predominantly by chance. In order to understand his contribution to ecology and The American Midland Naturalist, it is crucial to note the wide variety of work he completed, jobs he had, along with a bit of his character and personal history. In the following pages I will attempt to give a bit of insight into the career of an ecologist from the perspective of a completely biased granddaughter. The subsequent information has been gathered from the articles mentioned and several interviews with my grandfather Dr. McIntosh (Mac). At one point, I asked Mac how he came to study ecology. He knew exactly how to answer this question, as if he had answered a hundred times and knew just how to begin. It was mostly a matter of chance he told me. It all started when he was a freshman at Lawrence College. A friend of Mac's worked as Albert Fuller's right-hand man, to use his own words. By this time Mac had taken one botany class. Fuller, as the Curator of Botany at the Milwaukee Public Museum, was conducting a summer project to gather, press and send plants to high schools as learning tools. Mac's friend was put in charge of overseeing the project and hiring someone to identify the plants. Mac was hired for the job, worked for Fuller and very quickly learned which plants were which. After this experience Mac took more botany classes, graduated from Lawrence College and promptly joined the army in 1942. He was discharged in 1946 and wondered what to do next. To answer this question he talked to Albert Fuller and heard that biology laboratory teachers were needed. He was hired and taught in Milwaukee, Wisconsin until the head of the biology department there suggested that Mac go to Madison to get a graduate degree in biology from the University of Wisconsin. At first he took biology classes until he ran into the ecology department, met John Curtis and eventually became one of five students in Curtis' first graduating class. In 1951 Mac wrote a groundbreaking paper with his teacher and friend John Curtis. The study was based on the analysis of a large sampling of the prairie-forest border of Wisconsin. The data was used to determine if plant communities exist in discrete, neatly ordered units or if they exist as a continuous series of overlapping species. Mac considers the real contribution of the study to be the large sampling technique and the density-frequency dominance index that assigned weighted numbers to each species. It was in this paper that the continuum concept was named. As Mac has told me many times, the ideas of this paper were based on those of an earlier ecologist named Henry A. Gleason. It was Gleason who suggested an idea to rival that of Frederick Clements' original community-unit concept. Mac's unfailing and continued interest in the history of ecology meant he was able to illustrate for me the full story of Gleason and his initially defeated individualistic concept. In the first half of the 20th century, community ideas provided by Clements dominated the field of ecology and all ecology textbooks. Clements proposed that communities of organisms in nature are organized in very distinct units defined by identifiable boundaries. In contrast to Clements' ideas, Gleason offered the view that communities exist as a series of species that are distributed individually from one another. The widespread acceptance of well-delineated communities prevented other ideas such as Gleason's from being

The American Midland Naturalist: The Life History of a Journal

The nature of natural history as represented in the American Midland Naturalist has changed during its eight decades of publication. Although subject matter became increasingly diverse, the emphasis shifted from taxonomic and distributional studies to ecology. Geographic coverage extended beyond the American midlands, generations of authors came and went and the titles and terminology illustrate the changing face of natural history. Changes in length of articles, sources of funding and questions addressed are evident.

The Future of the American Midland Naturalist

The Future of the American Midland Naturalist

DIET COMPOSITION AND BREEDING SUCCESS OF BRANDT'S CORMORANTS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY

townsendii virginianus in KentuckyX The American Midland Naturalist 131:34-42. LEWIS SE. 1995. Roost fidelity of bats: a review. Journal of Mammalogy 76:481-496. MAZUREK MJ. 2001. A comparison of bat activity among thinned and unthinned second growth and old-growth redwood stands in northwestern California [thesisl. Arcata, CA: Humboldt State University. 37 p. MAZUREK MJ, ZIELINSKI WJ. 2003. The importance of the individuaL legacy old-growth tree in the maintenance of biodiversity in commercial redwood forests. Final Report, April 29, 2003. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Sollthwest Research Station, Arcatar CA 40p. Available at: http:// www.rsl.psw.fs . fed . us / pubs / WILD02 .html. PEARSON OP, KOFORD MR, PEARSON AK. 1952. Reproduction of the lump-nosed bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) in California. Journal of Mammalogy 33:273-320. SPERKINS JM, LEVESQUE CE. 1987 Distribution, status and habitat affinities of Townsend's big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii) in Oregon. Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife Technical Report 866-01:1-50. Available from: M PerkinsJ 5130 SW Idaho Street, Portland, OR 97221. PIERSON ED, RAINEY WE. 1998. Distribution, status, and management of Townsend's big-eared bat (CorynorhinHs townserldii) in California. California Department of Fish and Game, Bird and Mammal Conservation Program Report 96-7:1-34. Available from: California Department of Fish and Game, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. PIE1ASON ED, WACKENHUT MC, ALTENBACH JS, BRADLEY P, CALL P, GENTER DL, HARRIS CE, KELLER BLT LENGUS B, LEWIS L, LUCE B, NAVO KW, PERKINS JM, SMITH S, WELCH L. 1999. Species conservation assessment and strategy for Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus to-nsend ii townsendii and Corynorhinus townsendii pallescens). Idaho Conservation Effort, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID 1-67. Available from: C Harris, Idaho Department of Fish and Gamer PO Box 25, Boise, ID 83707-0025. PURDY D. 2002. Bat use of old-growth redwood basal hollows: a study of capture methods and species use of redwoods [thesis] Arcata, CA: Humboldt State University. 41 p. RAINEY WE, PIERSON ED, COLBERG M, BARCLAY JH. 1992. Bats in hollow redwoods: seasonal use and role in nutrient transfer into old-growth communities. Bat Research News 33:71. SHERWIN RE, STRICKLAN D, ROGERS DS. 2000. Roosting affinities of Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynor11inHs townsendii) in northern Utah. Journal of Mammalogy 81:939-947. ZIELINSKI WJ, GELLMAN ST. 1999. Bat use of remnant old-growth redwood stands. Conservation Biology 13:160-167. ZINCK JM, ORMSBEE PC. 2001. Applying genetic analysis to the conservation and management of bat populations. Bat Research News 42:189.

Occurrence of the Olympic Mudminnow on the East Side of the Puget Trough

Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-103. 96 p. *RUGH DJ, SHELDEN KEW, ScHuLMAN-JANIGER A. 1999. Timing of the southbound migration of gray whales in 1998/99. Paper SC/ 51/ ASll submitted to the International Whaling Commission scientific committee, May 1999.10 p. Available from: National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. SCHEFFER VB, SLIPP JW. 1948. The whales and dolphins of Washington state with a key to the cetaceans of the west coast of North America. The American Midland Naturalist 39:257-337. SHELDEN KEW, RUGH DJ, BOEVE SA. 2000. Gray whale calf sightings during southbound migrations, 1952-95. Journal of Cetacean Research Management Special Issue 2. In press. *WAHL TR. 1984. Distribution and abundance of seabirds over the continental shelf of Washington (including information on selected marine mammals). Report to State of Washington, Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA, from TR Wahl, 3041 Eldrige, Bellingham, WA, 98225. 92 p. Available from: National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. *WATKINS W. 1999. December 1998 whale data from Whidbey NOPF. Unpublished letter from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA, 27 January 1999. Available from: National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. WEBB, RL. 1988. On the Northwest: commercial whaling in the Pacific Northwest, 1790-1967. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C. 425 p.

Biodiversity in Southeastern, Seasonally Ponded, Isolated Wetlands: Management and Policy Perspectives for Research and Conservation

BRIDGES is a recurring feature of J-NABS intended to provide a forum for the interchange of ideas and information between basic and applied researchers in benthic science. Articles in this series will focus on topical research areas and linkages between basic and applied aspects of research, monitoring policy, and education. Readers with ideas for topics should contact Associate Editors, Nick Aumen and Marty Gurtz. Isolated wetlands have received little attention as a specific ecosystem type, yet many development and regulatory programs affect them. This lack of recognition may stem from their small size, their variable hydrology, and lack of recognition of their regional significance in the southeast US. In recognition of this problem, and in response to a US National Research Council recommendation for more research in support of wetland protection, a group of individuals convened a workshop to discuss information needs and to develop strategies to protect southeastern isolated wetlands and their biodiversity. Because the organizers perceived a lack of linkage between researchers and managers, workshop participants included scientists, natural resource managers of public and private lands, and conservationists.

Nests of Van Dyke's Salamander (Plethodon vandykei) from the Olympic Peninsula, Washington

Editor's Note: To maintain consistency with Collins (1997. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Herpetological Circular number 19. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 40 p.), the common name sharptail snake was used in recent notes published in this journal (for example, Leonard and others [1996]). More recentlys however, Leonard and Ovaska (1998) rejected this non-hyphenated version of the common name on the grounds that it was grammatically incorrect and overly colloquial. MCCORKLE DV, HAMMOND PC. 1985. Observations on the biology of Parnassius clodius (Papilionidae) in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 39:156-162. NUSSBAUM RA, BRODIE ED JR, STORM RM. 1983. Amphibians and reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. Moscow, ID: University Press of Idaho. 332 p. OVASKA K, ENGELSTOFT C. 1999. Contia tenuis (sharptailed snake). Defensive behavior. Herpetological Review 30:in press. POUGH FH. 1988a. Mimicry of vertebrates: are the rules different? In: Brower LP, editor. Mimicry and the evolutionary process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p 67-102. POUGH FH. 1988b. Mimicry and related phenomena. In: Gans C, Huey RB, editors. Biology of the Reptilia, volume 16, Ecology B: Defense and life history. Ann Arbor, MI: Branta Books. p 153-234. RUPPERT EE, BARNES RD. 1994. Invertebrate zoology. 6th edition. Ft. Worth, TX: Saunders College Publishing. 1114 P. SHEAR WA. 1999. Millipedes. American Scientist 87: 232-239. SHELLEY RM. 1999. Centipedes and millipedes with emphasis on North American fauna. The Kansas School Naturalist 45(3):3-15. STEBBINS RC. 1944. Lizards killed by a millipede. American Midland Naturalist 32:777-778. STEBBINS RC. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles of western North America. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 528 P. STEBBINS RC. 1985. A field guide to western reptiles

On the evolutionary pathway of parental care in mouth–brooding cichlid fishes

Evolutionary theory predicts that differences in parental care patterns among species arose from interspecific differences in the costs and benefits of care for each sex. In Galilee St Peter9s fish, Sarotherodon galilaeus (Cichlidae), male care, female care and biparental care all occur in the same population. We exploit this unusual variability to isolate conditions favouring biparental versus uniparental mouth–brooding by males or females. We first review a game–theoretic model of parental care evolution, predictions of which we test experimentally in this paper. Manipulations of the operational sex ratio show that males and females desert their offspring more frequently when the costs of care are high (in terms of lost mating opportunities). Breeding trials with males of different sizes show that small fathers desert more frequently than large fathers. We attribute this to the associated difference in the fitness benefit of biparental care relative to female–only care. Our experimental results confirm that in St Peter9s fish the probability of caring is determined facultatively according to current conditions at each spawn. The experiments and model together suggest that interspecific variation in remating opportunities and clutch size may be responsible for differences in care patterns within the sub–family Tilapiini. Our results support the hypothesis that biparental mouth–brooding was the ancestral state of both male and female uniparental mouth–brooding in cichlid fishes.

The price of eggs: increased investment in egg production reduces the offspring rearing capacity of parents

Understanding the selective pressures shaping the number of offspring per breeding event is a key area in the study of life-history strategies. However, in species with parental care, costs incurred in offspring production, rather than rearing, have been largely ignored in both theoretical and empirical studies until relatively recently. Furthermore, the few experimental studies that have manipulated production costs have not yet teased apart effects that operate via the parental phenotype from effects on the quality of the resulting young. To examine whether increased egg production influences parental brood rearing capacity independently of effects operating via egg quality, we experimentally increased egg production in gulls and then examined their capacity to rear a control clutch. We found that the capacity of parents to rear the control brood was substantially reduced solely as a consequence of having themselves produced one extra egg. The paradox that, in many species, parents apparently aim for fewer young per breeding event than the experimentally and theoretically demonstrated optimum, has partly arisen from the failure to take into account the constraints imposed by production costs.

Nestling cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, exploit hosts with begging calls that mimic a brood

Nestling cuckoos, Cuculus canorus , eject host eggs or young from the nest and are then raised alone by the hosts. Using reed warblers, Acrocephalus scirpaceus , as hosts, we investigated how the single cuckoo chick can command the same provisioning rate as a whole brood of host young. Large size alone is not sufficient to stimulate adequate provisioning because single blackbird, Turdus merula , or song thrush, T. philomelos , chicks of the same mass as a cuckoo were fed at a lower rate. Our experiments show that the key stimulus is the cuckoo chick9s rapid begging call (‘si, si, si, si ...’), which sounds remarkably like a whole brood of host chicks, and which it matched in calling rate. When single blackbird or song thrush chicks were accompanied by loudspeakers that broadcast either cuckoo begging calls or calls of a brood of reed warblers, the hosts increased their provisioning rate to that for a cuckoo chick. We suggest that the cuckoo needs vocal trickery to stimulate adequate care to compensate for the fact that it presents a visual stimulus of just one gape.

Social and Sexual Monogamy in Translocated New Zealand Robin Populations Detected Using Minisatellite DNA

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Gleason, H.A. 1939: The individualistic concept of the plant association. The American Midland Naturalist 21, 92-110

Gleason, H.A. 1939: The individualistic concept of the plant association. The American Midland Naturalist 21, 92-110

Unsaturated Fish Communities in African Rivers

Unsaturated Fish Communities in African Rivers

Meeting the Goal of Biological Integrity in Water-Resource Programs in the US Environmental Protection Agency

Meeting the Goal of Biological Integrity in Water-Resource Programs in the US Environmental Protection Agency

Response of Adult Woodchucks (Marmota monax) to Oral-Gland Scents

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