Middle November Research Articles

Criminal Liability of Legal Entities in the Kyrgyz Republic Under the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic Dated February 2, 2017, no. 19: The Need for Identification or Another Planned Sabotage?

The article is devoted to the analysis of the institution of measures of criminal law in relation to legal entities that existed in the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic dated February 2, 2017, no. 19 due to the criminal law reform of 2012-2020. allegedly relying on the concepts and concepts developed by the law of both the European Union and international law, but not once applied in any criminal case in the Kyrgyz Republic for the entire period of validity of this Criminal Code (from January 1, 2019 to the middle November 2021), when, as a result of the adoption of the new Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic (enacted by the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic of October 28, 2021 No. 126), this institution was liquidated. Based on the analysis of the history of the development of the institution of criminal liability of legal entities under the laws of other countries, international conventions, the authors come to the conclusion that it is absolutely inapplicable, groundless, illegal to include legal entities as subjects of quasi-criminal liability and punishment in the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic. The authors propose measures to combat such initiatives and “reforms” of criminal law in order to avoid collapse, paralysis of the law enforcement system, similar to the one that arose in 2020 inthe Kyrgyz Republic due to the new Criminal, Criminal Procedure and other codes.

Response of Natural Gas Consumption to Temperature and Projection under SSP Scenarios during Winter in Beijing

The present study investigates the response of natural gas consumption to temperature on the basis of observations during heating season (middle November–middle March) for the period 2002–2021 in Beijing, China, and then estimates temperature-related changes in the gas consumption under future scenarios by using climate model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. Observational evidence suggests that the daily natural gas consumption normalized by gross domestic product is linearly correlated with the daily average temperature during heating season in the past two decades in Beijing. Hence, a linear regression model is built to estimate temperature-related changes in the natural gas consumption under future scenarios. Corresponding to a rising trend in the temperature, the natural gas consumption shows a decrease trend during 2015–2100 under both the SSP245 and the SSP585 scenarios. In particular, the temperature would increase rapidly from early 2040s to the end of 21st century under the SSP585 scenario, leading to an obvious reduction in the natural gas consumption for heating in Beijing. Relative to that in the present day (1995–2014), the natural gas consumption would show a reduction of approximately 9% (±4%) at the end of 21st century (2091–2100) under the SSP245 scenario and approximately 22% (±7%) under the SSP585 scenario.

Application of a Generalized SEIR Model for COVID-19 in Algeria

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported in Wuhan is continuing to impress the world by its fast spread and the number of affected persons attracting an unprecedented attention. In this article, the classical SEIR model and a generalized SEIR model called SEIRDP were applied to predict the evolution of COVID-19 in Algeria for a future period of 100 days using official reported data from early April to early August, 2020. Initial evaluation showed that the two models had a net correspondence with the reported data during this period for cumulative infected cases but the number of cumulative deaths was underestimated with the classical SEIR model. Model prediction with the SEIRDP concluded that the number of cumulative infected cases will increase in the next days reaching a number of about 60 k in middle November with a median of about 300 daily cases. Also, the number of estimated deaths will be around 2k. These results suggest that the COVID-19 is ongoing to infect more persons which may push national authorities to carefully act in the probable leaving of containment.

Nesting biology and mating behavior of the solitary bee Epicharis nigrita (Apoidea: Centridini)

Centridini bees are key pollinators of many wild and cultivated plant species, but data on their biology remain limited. An aggregation of nests of Epicharis nigrita was studied in an urban area during four nesting seasons (generations). Epicharis nigrita is a univoltine species and nests are built during 3.5 months per year (middle November to February). Females dig their nests in flat, bare or sparsely vegetated sandy soil. The peak in nest density occurred at the end of December or in the first week of January (3.0–32.3 nests/m2), corresponding to 900–9690 estimated nests in the area. Females performed about 10 flights/day and, unexpectedly, spent the night outside the nest. The average period of female activity in each nest was 6.9 d. Nests contained 4–5 brood cells, different from other observations of this species. Female plasticity in the duration of activities at nests, and consequently the number of brood cells produced per nest, is discussed. The first direct record of Rhathymus bicolor emerging from E. nigrita brood cells is provided. Males patrolled nest sites, where females mated with only one male despite attempts by 1–5 males to mate simultaneously with a female.

Forensic palynological analysis of intestinal contents of a Korean mummy.

Experimental studies show that pollen resides in the intestinal tract for a minimum of seven days to at least 21 days. Because of this long residence time, pollen analysis is an important avenue of forensic research. Pollen provides evidence of the environment of the decedent as well as foods and medicine. We analyzed a coprolite recovered from a Korean mummy. The decedent was a high-ranking general who lived during the 16th or 17th centuries. Twenty pollen types were recovered. These ranged from 100 s to 10,000 s of pollen grains per gram of coprolite. Importantly, comparison of the coprolite pollen spectrum to modern aeropalynology studies of Korea suggests that the general died in winter between middle November to late February. Economic pollen types were most abundant. Economic refers to dietary, medicinal, spice, and beverage types. Dietary pollen types include pollen from Oryza (rice), Eriogonum (buckwheat), Brassicaceae (mustard family), and Solanaceae (tomato-chile pepper family). Pollen consistent with dandelion is present and may represent its use as food. Tens of thousands of grains from water plants, bur-reed or cattail, dominate the pollen spectrum. We believe that this was introduced with water. The large numbers of water-related pollen suggest that the general consumed broth, tea, or soup for a considerable time before death.

Comparison of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in cropland and grassland with an automated closed chamber system

Field measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) with high temporal resolution are essential to construct a meaningful ecosystem C balance. The objectives of this study were to monitor NEE in high temporal resolution in cropland and grassland between middle August and middle November (2006) at Kleinhohenheim, Germany and to evaluate NEE in autumn. A fully automated temperature controlled closed chamber system with an infrared CO2 analyzer was used to measure NEE. The measured NEE varied between the two ecosystems depending on changes in above-ground vegetation and environmental factors. The diurnal NEE pattern of daytime CO2 uptake and night time CO2 release was evident in the grassland, but not in the cropland as the crops were harvested at the beginning of the measurement period. The grassland generally showed higher night time NEE, but lower daytime NEE than the cropland. Night time NEE showed exponential dependence on air and soil temperature, resulting in Q10 of 1.8 and 1.9 (for air temperature), 2.3 and 2.4 (for soil temperature) in the grassland and cropland, respectively. The average daily NEE was 2.77 and 1.86 g CO2-C m−2 day−1 in the cropland and grassland, respectively. Both ecosystems were sources of CO2, during 3 months in autumn, but the grassland emitted less CO2 by 87.9 g CO2-C m−2 than the cropland.

Annotated Checklist of the Mosquitoes of the Republic of Moldova

The mosquito fauna of the Republic of Moldova is poorly known. In an effort to understand the Culicidae fauna better, mosquito collections have been conducted between early April and middle November from 2008 to 2012. A total of 10,923 larval specimens and 8,246 adults were collected from 20 regions of Moldova. Altogether 36 species have been recorded during the recent study, bringing the total Moldovan mosquito fauna to 40 species in 9 genera and 11 subgenera. New state records include the following 7 species: Anopheles pseudopictus, An. melanoon, Aedes geminus, Culex torrentium, Culiseta longiareolata, Coquillettidia buxtoni, and Uranotaenia unguiculata.

Flowering and fruiting of day-neutral and ever-bearing strawberry cultivars in high-elevation for summer and autumn fruit production in Korea

This study was conducted to evaluate the flowering and fruiting of day-neutral (DN) and ever-bearing (EB) cultivars in high-elevation in Korea. Six DN and five EB cultivars were established in bench-top substrate culture system in high tunnel. Plug transplants were planted on 5 May, 2011 and complete nutrition was supplied during the whole experimentation. Fruit harvest started in early June, and lasted until middle November. Fruit yield was significantly different among DN and EB, and individual cultivars. Generally, summer flower came out earlier and resulted in more summer yield for EB cultivars than for the DN cultivars. However, DN cultivars produced higher autumn yield than EB cultivars. Fruits of DN cultivars showed harder firmness, bigger size, less malformed fruits, deeper surface colors than those of EB cultivars. Fruit surface colors significantly varied with the progressive seasons and an interactive effect between cultivars and harvest time on fruit surface colors was found. Among DN cultivars, ‘San Andreas’ not only showed some typical DN characters such as big fruit and hard firmness, but also showed high values of color parameters. Among EB cultivars, ‘Charlotte’ and ‘Goha’ combination can realize even fruit supply in summer and autumn. Combination of DN cultivar and EN cultivar not only can realize even fruit supply but also can fulfill both fresh consumption and processing purposes in summer and autumn season.

Studies on Seed Rain Dynamics of <i>Castanopsis carlesii</i> and <i>Castanopsis fargesii</i> in the Three Gorges Reservoir

This paper carried research on seed rain intensity, seed rain time, the effects of sound seed input density of Castanopsis fargesii population and Castanopsis carlesii population in the Three Gorges Reservoir. The result showed that: (1) the seed production of Castanopsis carlesii and Castanopsis fargesii was low in the studied population, the seed rain was 36.5 seeds • m-2, 22.6 seeds • m-2, and the sound seed input density were 20.5 seeds • m-2, 9.6 seeds • m-2 respectively. (2) infesting and decay were the main causes of seed losing, 43.8% lost in Castanopsis carlesii population and 67.5% lost in Castanopsis fargesii population. (3) the duration of Castanopsis carlesii and Castanopsis fargesii population’s seed rain were 47days and 37 days, but there was a different top time between two populations, the seed rain peak of Castanopsis carlesii population was from middle to late November, with a distinguishable dropping peak, and the seed rain peak of Castanopsis fargesii population was from early to middle November.(4) temperature has significant effect on sound seed input density of Castanopsis carlesii population, temperature and wind speed have significant effect on sound seed input density of Castanopsis fargesii population.

경남지역 시설잎들깨에서 발생되는 육산 달팽이(병안목)의 종류

The species of land snails (Stylommatophora) that feed on perilla plants were observed under leaf perilla greenhouses cultivated in the Milyang and Busan areas. Four species of land snails were recorded. Among them, three species were slugs, Meghimatium bilineatum in Phlomycidae, Deroceras reticula tum, and Limax marginatus in Limacidae, and one species was the snail Acusta despecta sieboldiana in Bradybaenidae. D. reticulatum occurred most frequently followed by A. despecta sieboldiana, L. marginatus and M bilineatum. Annually, land snails showed two peaks in the middle of April and in late November for D. reticulatum, early May to middle November for A. despecta sieboldiana, and middle April and early November for L. marginatus. M bilineatum, however, did not show any clear peak because of its low population occurrence.

Susceptibility of wheat varieties and control of foot-rot caused by Ceratobasidium gramineum

三重県で栽培されているコムギ品種の中では‘ニシノカオリ’の株腐病に対する感受性が高い。三重県において株腐病の発生が‘ニシノカオリ’で問題となった原因は，本病に感受性が高いことによる。三重県において株腐病発生圃場では‘ニシノカオリ’を11月上旬に播種すると，株腐病の発病程度が高まる。11月中旬播種では発病は認められるがその程度は軽く，11月下旬播種ではほとんど発病が認められない。株腐病の発病を軽減するために，11月中旬以降の播種は有効である。また，アゾキシストロビン水和剤種子塗沫処理の株腐病の防除効果は高く，実用性が高いと考えられる。

영남지방 지역 및 지대별 담배거세미나방과 파밤나방 성충의 발생소장

Seasonal occurrences of tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura and beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua were observed using sex pheromone traps at different locations and climatic regions in Yeongnam district. In Gyeongnam province, S. litura male adults kept occur from mid or late March to mid or late November Whereas in Gyeongbuk province, S. litura occurred from mid or late April to early or mid November with exception at Uljin where it was late May to late October. According to the climatic regions, the peak occurrence of S. litura was middle September at the southern coast region, late August at the inland and the basin region, middle August at the inland mountainous region, and early September at the eastern middle coast region. The occurrence rate of S. litura was the highest at Jinju with 20.0% and the lowest at Changyeong with 8.6% in Cyeongnam province, while it was the highest at Sungju with 3.3% and the lowest at Uljin with 0.8% in Gyeongbuk province. In accordance with the climatic regions, the occurrence rate of S. litura was the highest at the inland region with 43.7%, and followed by the southern coast region (36.3%), the basin region (8.4%) and the inland mountainous region (7.0%), and was the lowest at the eastern middle coast legion with 4.6%. On the other hand, S. exigua occurred from early March to middle November with the exception of the eastern middle coast region including Pohang, Yeongdeog and U]ien in Cyeongbuk province where it occurred from mfd April to middle November. The peak occurrence of s. exigua was early August at the inland region, the basin region and the inland mountainous region, and was late of August at the southern coast region and the eastern middle coast region. The occurrence of S. exigua was the highest at Changyeong with 1.6% and the lowest at Busan with 0.4% in Gyeongnam province, while it was the highest at Sungju with 37.2% and the lowest at Uljin with 2.7% in Gyeongbuk province. The climatic regional occurrence rate of S. exigua was the highest at the basin region with 54.3%, and followed by the inland mountainous region (29.9%), the eastern middle coast region (9.3%) and the inland (3.9%), and was the lowest at the southern coast region with 2.6%. As a whole, S. litura occurred more in Gyeongnam province than Cyeongbuk province, while S. exigua occurred more in Gyeongbuk province than Gyeongnam province. According to the regions grouped by climatic differences, the occurrence of S. litura and S. exigua was the highest at the inland region in Gyeongnam province and at the basin region in Gyeongbuk province. The total number of S. litura captured by sex pheromone trap was 2.4 times higher than that of S. exigua. However, the first occurring time and the peak occurrence of S. exigua were slightly earlier than those of S. litura.

Variability of mesospheric CO in the fall and winter as observed with ground‐based microwave radiometry at 115 GHz

We report on observations of the J = 1 → 0 emission line of terrestrial mesospheric CO at 115 GHz. The measurements were made in the fall of 1993 and in February 1994 from Bern (47°N, 7.5°E). Column densities above 65 km as well as mesospheric vertical distributions were derived from the measured spectra. Between the end of September and middle November an increase by a factor of 2 of the column density was detected, in accordance with theory and previous observations. The February measurements exhibited a short‐term variation on a timescale of a few days which may be explained by a combination of horizontal advection of air and gravity wave activity.

Surgical repair of traumatic medial disruption of the elbow in competitive athletes.

Five active athletes with acute medial elbow rupture were treated with muscle-ligamentous repair and a spiked washer. All patients regained full strength as well as stability of the elbow, and resumed previous sporting activities within 3 months of surgery. Early surgical repair of the ligament and flexor mass should be considered for active athletes who exhibit gross instability of the elbow on a valgus stress test without anaesthesia.

Control of insecticide resistance in a field population of houseflies, Musca domestica, by releasing susceptible flies

SummarySusceptible houseflies, Musca domestica, were released at a waste disposal site to control insecticide resistance in a field housefly population. In the first experiment, a total of 163,000 pupae of the susceptible Takatsuki strain were released in October–November 1977. LD50 values to fenitrothion and diazinon decreased to about one‐sixth in April 1978, five months after the releases, of those before the releases. For the second experiment, a susceptible colony was derived by cross and backcross between a white‐eyed substrain of the Takatsuki and a field colony. This susceptible colony consisted of whiteeyed flies with low activity and normal‐eyed flies bearing no or one white eye gene. The results of large cage experiments suggested that the normal‐eyed males of the susceptible colony had half the mating competitiveness of wild males. Approximately 31,000–46,000 susceptible pupae were used in each of five releases from October to November 1980. The population number of each sex, estimated by a mark‐release‐recapture method, increased from 12,000 in late September to 35,000–43,000 in middle November and then decreased to 5,000–8,000 in early December. The frequency of field‐collected males bearing one white eye gene and those bearing one male determining factor, which were characteristics of the susceptible colony released, increased gradually during the period of releases. The susceptibility of the field population to fenitrothion and diazinon was examined five times in the period from September to December 1980. With time, the dosage‐mortality regression gradually shifted towards that of the susceptible colony after starting the releases. LD50 values to fenitrothion and diazinon decreased to about one‐sixth and one‐fifth, respectively, in June 1981, six months after the second series of susceptible fly releases, of those before the releases. Ratios of the wild flies to the released fiies were estimated to be between 4.7∶1 and 9.8∶1 in males and between 3.0∶1 and 3.9∶1 in females by taking the quality of the released colony and the population parameters of the field houseflies into consideration. Under several assumptions, the manner of resistant phenotype reduction was discussed, based on the dosage‐mortality regressions and the ratios of released flies. These results showed that the releases of susceptible flies were successful in suppression of insecticide resistance in the field housefly population.

Breeding ecology of the Streaked Shearwa-ter at Kamurijima I

1. The breeding ecology of Calonectris leucomelas at Kamurijima I. on the Japan Sea coast of Honshiu is reported based on 20 visits and 42 days of research. Specimens strayed into inland during post-breeding season was also studied.2. Breeding season sets in from late February and the island is abandoned from early to late November.3. They feed on the ocean during the day, returning to the island one hour after sunset and leaving again one hour before sunrise. The night number of birds on the island varies by night ranging 30, 000-36, 000.4. Preparatory period is from early March to late May during which nestoccupation (old-nests), nest-amendation and forming laying bed with dead leaves are done.5. Total number of nest-hollows on the island was around 128, 000 but usable and actually used nests are about 98, 000 of which only some 12, 000 were breeding nest-hollows. 6. A white egg is laid in middle and late June, measuring 42.0-47.0×64.0-72.2mm., 80g. Total egg number was assumed as 12, 000.7. Incubation period more than 51 days; the hatching dates ranging between August 10 and 20. The new born chicks measure: culmen 20-24 mm, wing 28-33mm, tarsus 19-25mm, middle toe 12-24mm, weight 50-70g.8. The chick is fed once at night and grows at a rate of about 20g per day until middle October, the maximum being 990g. At 30-40 days, the culmen 42-50mm, wing 115-163mm, tarsus 50-60mm, middle toe 55-67mm, weight 515-740g were measured; and at 60 days, culmen 43-57mm, weight 360-990g.9. In middle October, feathers and quills become developed and the feeding by parents become irregular and the weight of chick decreases, though it assumes adult-like feature.10. The chicks leave the island during late October and middle November. The feeding period is 70-100 days with average of 80 days. The chick weight at flying is less than 500g, some still with some down.11. The adult birds leave the island first and the chicks follow them as they grow.12. In early and middle November not few of them are found strayed in the prefectures Kyoto, Fukui, Osaka, and Shiga and these include young of the year and weekened adult birds, just started for migration.13. One hundred chicks and 22 chicks were banded in October 1960 and November 1961 respectively. None of the 1960 chicks recovered in 1961. More banding is being planned.

Effects of daylength and photoperiod on ratio of ray-flowers to disk-flowers in dahlia flower heads

Seasonal changes of numbers of flowerlets, rayflowers and disk-flowers in flower heads were observed on eighteen commercial dahlia varieties for cut flower from early June to middle November in Tokyo. In Kinkazan, Minamino-homare and Izumi, seasonal variations of the ratios of ray-flowers to disk-flwers were rather small; in Benitsubaki, Shinpi, John, Kozakura, Baby Royal, they were very large; and in the other varieties, they were intermediate. Six varieties were grown under short day condition in August, and were also grown under long day condition after middle September. By these treatments, it was found that numbers of flowerlets per flower head were not affected by photoperiod, but is affected by temperature. Ratios of ray-flowers to disk-flowers were affected by both photoperiod and temperature, though degree of response was varied with varieties. Varieties were classified into the following three types according to their response to photoperiod and temperature. 1. The ratio is not affected by photopeiod, but is markedly affected by temperature……………… Kozakura type (Kozakura, Honoho). 2. The ratio is not affected by temperature, but is markedly affected by photoperiod…………………John type (Izumi, Karyu, John). 3. The ratio is affected both by photoperiod and temperature…………… Matsuno-yuki type (Matsuno-yuki).

北海道産フヂコ<i>Cucumaria japonica</i> S<sub>EMPER</sub>の産卵期に就て

In order to determine the spawning period of Cucumaria japonica SEMPER we examined the gonads of the samples, which were obtained from Muroran between November, 1939 and November, 1940. In this species the gonadial tubes are found clearly all the year round and do not much wither even in the non-spawning period. The tubes are found more or less to contain ripe sexual cells nearly all the year round. Both sperm and egg are relatively large, viz., the length of the ripe egg is 540μ. and its breadth, 474μ, and the sperm has a whole length of about 67μ. Spawning of this species extends over a considerably long period, from early March to middle November, with a maximum from early or middle July to late September. During the maximum spawing period proliferation of sexual cells are very active as well as extrusion of ripe ones.