Middle Bud Research Articles

Study on Potato Bud Cultivation Techniques in a Greenhouse in Spring.

The species degeneration caused by traditional potato cultivation methods is becoming increasingly evident, and it is particularly important to study new potato cultivation methods. Sprout planting technology has the advantages of large reproductive capacity, fast growth speed, and simplified maintenance of cultivated crops. In this study, four disease-free potato varieties ('Fujin', 'Youjin', 'Zhongshu 4', and 'Feiwuruita') were treated with different parts (top bud, middle bud, and tail bud) and different bud lengths (10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm), and then potato sprout planting was carried out. A nutrient pot experiment was performed following a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with various replicates and a natural control (CK) treatment. By comprehensively measuring the emergence, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, dry matter distribution during the bulking period of blocks, and effect of growth and quality with bud direct seeding under both treatments, it was found that potato block top bud direct seeding cultivation is significantly superior to other parts. In terms of early maturity and yield statistics, the advantage of top bud cultivation in 'zhongshu 4' is most obvious; it reaches maturity an average of 14 days earlier, and the yield can be increased by 38.05%. Therefore, top bud direct seeding is more suitable for potato sprout planting technology. On this basis, the 20 cm and 15 cm bud length treatments of top buds were used for direct cultivation, and all the above indicators performed well. Among them, in the zhongshu 4 variety, the yields of 15 cm and 20 cm bud length treatments increased by 41.78% and 38.05%, the growth rates of commercial potatoes increased by 6% and 6.9%, respectively, and the effects were the most obvious. In conclusion, the deep research and application of potato sprouting technology has high utilization value for improving potato yield and quality and has guiding significance for greenhouse potato cultivation in early spring.

Allocation of Photoassimilates in Bud and Fruit from Different Leaf Nodes of Camellia oleifera

The periods of flower bud differentiation and fruit growth for Camellia oleifera overlap greatly affect the allocation of photoassimilates to flower buds and fruit, resulting in obvious alternate bearing. To export the cause and mitigate alternate bearing of Camellia oleifera, the allocation of photoassimilates to buds and fruit supplied by leaves at different node positions was studied by the addition of labeled 13CO2 during the slow fruit growth stage. The fate of 13C photoassimilated carbon was followed during four periods: slow fruit growth (4 hours and 10 days after 13C labeling); rapid growth (63 days after 13C labeling); oil conversion (129 days after 13C labeling); and maturation (159 days after 13C labeling). Photosynthetic parameters and leaf areas of the leaves shared a common pattern (fifth > third > first), and the order of photosynthetic parameters of different fruit growth stages was as follows: oil conversion > maturation > rapid growth > slow growth. The most intense competition between flower bud differentiation and fruit growth occurred during the oil conversion stage. Dry matter accumulation in different sinks occurred as follow: fruit > flower bud > leaf bud. Photoassimilates from the labeled first leaf were mainly translocated to the first flower bud, and the upper buds were always differentiated into flower buds. The photoassimilates from the labeled third leaf were distributed disproportionately to the third flower bud and fruit. They distributed more to the third flower bud, and the middle buds formed either flower or leaf buds. However, the photoassimilates from the labeled fifth leaf were primarily allocated to the fruit that bore on the first node of last year’s bearing shoot, and basal buds did not form flower buds. Based on our results, the basal leaves should be retained for a high yield in the current year, and the top leaves should be retained for a high yield in the following year. Our results have important implications for understanding the management of flower and fruit in C. oleifera. The thinning of fruit during the on-crop year can promote flower bud formation and increase the yield of C. oleifera crops in the following year. During the off-year, more fruit should be retained to maintain the fruit yield. The thinning of middle-upper buds could promote more photoassimilates allocate to the fruit.

Respons Bibit Bud Chips Batang Atas, Tengah, dan Bawah Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.) terhadap Aplikasi Dosis Mulsa Bagasse

There are many benefits of s ugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) as a sugar source to fulfil human staples food . The use of sugarcane b ud chips is one of cultivation technology in order to achieve national sugar self-sufficiency program. B agas s e m ulch kep t soil moisture and increased organic matter in the soil that has positive impact on sugarcne growth. The experiment was conducted in Teaching Farm of the State Polytechnic of Lampung, from November 2015 until April 2016. The experiment us ed Randomized Block Design (R BD ) in factorial pattern, consisting of two factors. The first factor is the treatment of bud chips position consisting of 3 levels i . e . top bud chip, middle bud chip, and bottom bud chips. The second factor is the bagasse mulch treatment consist ing of 4 levels i.e. control, 3 ton.ha -1 , 6 ton.ha -1 , and 9 ton.ha -1 . The objectives of the study were to obtain optimal growth among bud chips, optimal bagasse mulch, and to know the interaction between the bud chips position and the bagasse treatments. The results showed that the top bud chips were better than middle bud chips and bottom bud chips. The optimal rate of bagasse mulch was 3 ton.ha -1 . There was an interaction between the treatment of sugarcane bud chips and mulch bagasse on leaf length and soil moisture growth. Keywords: bagasse mulch, bud chips, sugarcane seedlings Permalink: http://jurnal.polinela.ac.id/index.php/AIP/article/view/648

Morphological Description and Evaluation of Six Newly- Introduced Grape Cultivars under Egyptian Conditions.

Six newly-introduced grape cultivars nemely Arra 30, Arra 29, Arra 13, Arra 24, Arra 27, and Arra 15, were investigated in three successive seasons ( 2014, 2015 & 2016) for description and evaluation under Egyptian conditions.The cultivars were grown in a private vineyard situated at Birqash region – Giza governorate, Egypt. Vines were planted in sandy soil spaced 3X2 meters apart and irrigated by drip irrigation system and supported by Gable system. The study included time of bud burst, young shoots, young leaves, shoot, and time of bloom, flower, mature leaf, beside determining time of ripening, Bunch, berry, Tss, Acidity, Tss / acid ratio, and seed formation.The studied cultivars were characterized by good vegetative growth and good fruit quality. The tips of the studied cultivars were fully open Color of upper side of blade for the young leaf was green with anthocyanin spots in Arra 30, Arra 29, and Arra 24, but dark copper- red in Arra 13, and Arra 27, while light copper-red in Arra 15. The internode was long, thick and number of consecutive tendrils were less than three in all cultivars. The tip of tendril was tri-fid in Arra 29 & 15 while di-fid in Arra 13, it was di-tri in Arra 30,Arra 24 and Arra 27. The length of tendril was very long in Arra 30, Arra 29, and Arra15 and long in Arra 13, Arra 24 and Arra 27. Entire of cultivars had flowers with male and female parts fully stamens and developed gynoecium in all studied cultivars. The shape of blade was circular in Arra 27, and Arra 15, and pentagonal in the other cultivars. Depth of upper lateral sinuses was shallow in Arra 29 , Arra 27 and Arra 15 while was very deep in Arra 30 , Arra 13, and Arra 24. Arrangement of lobes of upper lateral sinuses was closed in Arra 27, and Arra 15, but slightly overlapped in the others . Petiole sinus slightly open at Arra 30, Arra 24, and Arra 15, wheaser half open in Arra 13, and Arra 27, and wide open in Arra 29. Petiole shape was u- shape in Arra 29, , Arra 13, and Arra 24, while it was v-u shape at the others. Length of petiole as compared to middle vein was moderately shorter as well as sinus limited by veins which was constantly absent in all cultivars. Anthocyanin pigment of main veins on the upper side of blades was strong in Arra 30, very low in Arra 29, low in Arra 24, and absent in the others. Yield / Feedan data showed that consequently for the studies cultivars were Arra 15> Arra 29 > Arra 30> Arra 27> Arra 24> Arra 13.Bunch weight of all studied cultivars was big, bunch shape was shouldered in Arra 30, Arra 27, and Arra 15, conical in Arra 29, and Arra 13, while winged in Arra 24. Berry shape in Arra 30, Arra 13, and Arra 15, was cylindrical and obtuse ovoid in Arra 29, And Arra 27, while broad ellipsoid in Arra 24. Berry color in Arra 30, and Arra 15, light green, while bright red in Arra 29, reddish black in Arra 24, dark red violet in Arra 13, and blue black in Arra 27. Formation of seeds was absent in Arra 29 and Arra 15, but rudimentary in the others (All cultivars seedless). Arra 24, ripened in the last week of May, Arra 30, and Arra 29, in the second week of June, Arra 13, in the third week of June while Arra 27, and Arra 15, in the third week of July. Woody shoot for the studied cultivar was yellowish brown expect Arra 13, which was dark brown and the relief surface for all cultivars was striate. Bud fertility lengthwise the cane increased gradually from the basal buds to middle buds than decreased gradually towards the distal buds, except with the variety Arra 13, as it increased at the basal buds then steadiness at middle and distal bud. It can be recommended to prune Arra 30, Arra 29, Arra 27, Arra 24, and Arra 15, to cane pruning system ( 8-10 buds / cane ) while Arra 13, to be pruned according to the spur pruning system ( 2 buds).

Variation in Phenolics, Flavanoids, Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Peach Blossoms at Different Developmental Stages.

Peach blossoms were harvested and classified into six developmental stages: (I) bud emerging stage; (II) middle bud stage; (III) large bud stage; (IV) initial-flowering stage; (V) full-flowering stage; and (VI) end-flowering stage. The contents of total phenolics, flavanoids, individual phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of peach blossoms at different developmental stages were investigated. The total phenolic contents varied from 149.80 to 74.80 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/g dry weight (DW), and the total flavanoid contents ranged from 93.03 to 44.06 mg rutin equivalents/g DW. Both the contents of total phenolics and flavanoids decreased during blossom development. Chlorogenic acid was the predominant component, accounting for 62.08%–71.09% of the total amount of identified phenolic compounds in peach blossom. The antioxidant capacities determined by different assays and tyrosinase inhibitory activity also showed descending patterns during blossom development. Significant correlations were observed between antioxidant capacities with contents of total phenolics and total flavanoids as well as chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid and kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, while the tyrosinase inhibitory activity had lower correlations with total phenolics and total flavanoids as well as chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside and cinnamic acid. The antioxidant activities of peach blossom seemed to be more dependent on the phenolic compounds than tyrosinase inhibitory activity.

Floral dynamic and pollination habit of Fritillaria cirrhosa

To find the sexual reproduction characteristics and improve the seed propagation and new variety breeding of Fritillaria cirrhosa. Flower, anther and pistil development were observed. Pollinating in different development period and bagging were used to measure stigma maturity situation and natural outcrossing rate. It took 12 days from floral bud emergency to finished flowering. It was observed that anther opened in longitudinal direction and pollen was ejected for 2-4 days continuously. Pistil matured earlier, and chapiter could be fertilized from middle bud stage the third day after flowering, but the most suitable time was 2-3 day after the corolla opening. The natural outcrossing rate was 81.9%. F. cirrhosa is a typical xenial plant.

Structure and Development of the Axillary Complex and Extrafloral Nectaries in Capparis retusa Griseb.

Abstract: The structure, organization and development of the axillary complex and extrafloral nectary in Capparis retusa Griseb. was analysed for the first time. The axillary complex presents three uniserial descending buds. Subordinated shoots originate from the distal and middle bud, while the proximal bud is usually quiescent. Close to the top of the axillary complex there is a subglobulous and umbilicated extrafloral nectary, normally visited by nectivore ants; a chronological coincidence between secretion, production and ant patrolling activities has been observed. The nectary structure differentiates at the second caulinar node, from an axillar meristem separated from the surrounding cells by a shell zone. On the fourth node a remarkably developed nectary primordium can be observed, inside which procambial strands develop acropetally. In the central region of the nectary primordium homogenous parenchyma differentiates progressively, later acquiring characteristics of nectariferous tissue. The mature nectary is vascularized by xylem and phloem, and the procambial differentiation is completed in a basipetal way. The first serial bud differentiates at the third node, from meristem cells near the base of its supporting leaf. The complex nodal structure with three buds completes its development at the eighth caulinar node. Ramular traces are observed as vascular semicylinders penetrating into the base of the buds to constitute a vascular system similar to that of the shoot. The scheme is repeated in the extrafloral nectary, giving rise to prolific branching in the periphery of the nectariferous tissue.

Factors influencing bud break and rooting and mass-scale micropropagation of three Phragmites species: P. karka , P. communis and P. australis

A procedure has been described for the large-scale micropropagation of three Phragmites species, P. karka, P. communis and P. australis, from axillary buds excised from the main and side branches. Position of the buds on the branches had an effect on the bud break and establishment of the cultures under in vitro conditions. Lower buds of P. australis and middle buds of P. karka and P. communis were the most suitable. The presence of yeast extract as one of the ingredients of the sprouting medium helped in the early detection of systemic contamination. Multiple shoot formation and root initiation were obtained on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA – 0.5 mg/l for P. karka, 0.25 mg/l for P. communis and 0.1 mg/l for P. australis– 0.5 mg/l Kn and 2% sucrose (w/v). Shoots and roots elongated on half-strength MS basal medium with 2% sucrose but without any plant growth regulators. A zone of root hair was observed in the case of P. australis. Hardening occurred on 95% of the plantlets within 30 days of transfer to the polyhouse. Over 10,000 plants were produced from three buds of each species within 9 months. The plants were supplied to a private company for their industrial waste treatment.

Branch development in Lupinus angustifolius L. I. Not all branches have the same potential growth rate

Although the basal and uppermost lateral branches of Lupinus angustifolius L. frequently grow and contribute to yield, buds formed in the axils of leaves 6–12 (referred to as middle buds) rarely grow. This may be due to an inherent limitation of these buds, or some form of apical dominance or competition imposed by the plant. The hypothesis that middle buds have the full capacity to grow, but remain suppressed on intact plants was tested. The main stem apex and buds from the axils of leaves 1 and 8 (bud 1 and bud 8) were excised and cultured on sterile agar. The buds were removed from culture and weighed every 2–3 d for 21 d. The growth rate of apices from the main stem was approximately 5.8 mg d−1, compared to 2.4 mg d−1 for bud 1 and 0.9 mg d−1 for bud 8. Buds in the axils of leaves 6–10 on intact plants were painted six times with a synthetic cytokinin, benzylaminopurine, from 40 d after sowing. This promoted rapid elongation and thickening of these buds, visible as early as 5 d after painting began. The rapid growth of these branches was associated with a reduction in the length of the remaining branches on the plant. However, excision of lower branches did not increase the growth of the middle buds. It is concluded that buds 6–12 of Lupinus angustifolius L. have a partial potential to grow. This potential appears to be limited by innate factors in the bud, and may be structural and/or hormonal. The limitation appears to develop very early in the plant, and potential growth is not modified by subsequent nutrition of the plant.

Ocorrência do complexo Carpophilus humeralis (Fabricius)-Ceratocystis paradoxa (De Seynes) Moreau em cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo

Foi constatada a ocorrência do besourinho Carpophilus humeralis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) no Estado de São Paulo, em toletes de cana-de-açúcar com podridão-abacaxi, causada pelo fungo Ceratocystis paradoxa (De Seynes) Moreau. Experimento conduzido com duas variedades de cana, IAC64-257 e NA56-79, tratamento do tolete com fungicida e posição da gema no tolete, demonstrou que a variedade NA56-79 respondeu positivamente ao tratamento com fungicida enquanto a variedade IAC64-257 não apresentou resposta. As gemas da extremidade do tolete foram mais afetadas que as centrais.