Mid-western Coast Research Articles

Assessment of future possible maximum flooding extent in the midwestern coastal region of Taiwan resulting from sea-level rise and land subsidence

While land subsidence (LS) caused by groundwater overuse is a significant contributor to inundation in coastal areas, rising sea levels remain the critical factor affecting coastal flooding globally. In this work, we projected potential inundation areas on the midwestern coast of Taiwan in 2100 using a high-resolution numerical model with light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based digital elevation data. Two simulation approaches, namely, constant spring tide (CST) and dynamic astronomical tide (DAT) approaches, were employed to pair various sea-level rise (SLR) magnitudes from the 6th Assessment Report of IPCC with LS magnitudes reported by the Water Resource Agency of Taiwan. The CST method always projected larger maximum inundation areas (MIAs) than the DAT method. However, the discrepancies in the MIA projections between the CST and DAT methods showed exponential decay as the SLR magnitude increased. Through 1320 scenario simulations, the projected worst-case median MIAs derived using the CST and DAT methods were approximately 1100 and 1000 km2 in the year 2100, respectively, and the synergistic effect of SLR and LS significantly exacerbated the coastal inundation. This study indicates that the DAT approach is more realistic than the CST approach for modelling actual tidal variations and is suitable for assessing coastal inundation due to rising sea levels and subsiding lands worldwide.

Biomass estimation of cultivated red algae Pyropia using unmanned aerial platform based multispectral imaging

BackgroundPyropia is an economically advantageous genus of red macroalgae, which has been cultivated in the coastal areas of East Asia for over 300 years. Realizing estimation of macroalgae biomass in a high-throughput way would great benefit their cultivation management and research on breeding and phenomics. However, the conventional method is labour-intensive, time-consuming, manually destructive, and prone to human error. Nowadays, high-throughput phenotyping using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based spectral imaging is widely used for terrestrial crops, grassland, and forest, but no such application in marine aquaculture has been reported.ResultsIn this study, multispectral images of cultivated Pyropia yezoensis were taken using a UAV system in the north of Haizhou Bay in the midwestern coast of Yellow Sea. The exposure period of P. yezoensis was utilized to prevent the significant shielding effect of seawater on the reflectance spectrum. The vegetation indices of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), difference vegetation index (DVI) and normalized difference of red edge (NDRE) were derived and indicated no significant difference between the time that P. yezoensis was completely exposed to the air and 1 h later. The regression models of the vegetation indices and P. yezoensis biomass per unit area were established and validated. The quadratic model of DVI (Biomass = − 5.550DVI2 + 105.410DVI + 7.530) showed more accuracy than the other index or indices combination, with the highest coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and relative estimated accuracy (Ac) values of 0.925, 8.06, and 74.93%, respectively. The regression model was further validated by consistently predicting the biomass with a high R2 value of 0.918, RMSE of 8.80, and Ac of 82.25%.ConclusionsThis study suggests that the biomass of Pyropia can be effectively estimated using UAV-based spectral imaging with high accuracy and consistency. It also implied that multispectral aerial imaging is potential to assist digital management and phenomics research on cultivated macroalgae in a high-throughput way.

Environmental-comfort building layout principle for a coastal industrial park

The Taiwan government has been following the green energy policy for decades to cope with drastic climate change due to global warming and tremendous urbanization. Forming a database to assist Taiwanese policy makers in using the concept of energy efficiency and environmental comfort in urban planning and architectural design is required. This paper depicts how the field and CFD studies for an industrial region located in rural and monsoon wind prevailed district of the mid-western coast Taiwan were conducted, and how the data are used to construct building layout principles for regions having similar climate conditions. For the purpose of analyzing field data and forming database, measured atmospheric and microclimate parameters, such as the physiological equivalent temperature (PET), were first converted into empirical relations. Then, these empirical equations were used as the input and validating values for the CFD simulation model based on the FLUNENT software. Five field-observed wind profiles were used as the inlet conditions, and the computed results of the five-street canyon aspect ratio, and of four-building arrangements, are analyzed to construct the building layout principles. The study results show that the principles for a monsoon wind prevailed region should better be the following: (1) the street canyon aspect ratio is 0.1 and not over 0.3; (2) the building layout is a single open arrangement, avoiding a staggered setting.

서해 중부연안 암반조간대에 서식하는 연체동물의 변동

서해 중부연안 암반조간대에 서식하는 연체동물의 변동

Effect of irregular, complex underlying topography in Holocene sedimentation revealed from late Quaternary sequences in the mid-western coast of Korea

Through a detailed analysis of seismic profile and vibra-/drilling-core sediments (up to 25.5 m long) with AMS 14C ages from a tidal flat in the mid-western coast of Korea, we reconstruct development of coastal sedimentary sequences in response to sea-level changes for more than about 150 ka, and reveal effect of irregular, complex underlying topography in the Holocene coastal sedimentation. Unit I overlying rock basement and the lower part of Unit II consist of fluvial sediments deposited during sea-level lowstands prior to interglacial period of Eemian Stage (MIS 5e). During the sea-level highstand of MIS 5e, muddy tidal sediments between 7.40 and 10.76 m deep below the present tidal-flat surface were deposited in the upper to middle part of Unit II. The study area had been subaerially exposed for a long duration from MIS 5e to ca. 10 ka. During this period, the muddy tidal sediments in Unit II had been underwent oxidization and significant erosion by fluvial process, forming irregular and complex morphology of the upper boundary of Unit II with a large topographic relief (up to ca. 7 m) even over a short (ca. 560 m) distance. On the upper boundary of Unit II, topographic highs could act as barriers for weakening wave effects from ca. 8–9 ka to 3–4 ka (period of relatively rapid sea-level rise), depositing muddy tidal sediments (Unit III-B). As the muddy tidal sediments (Unit III-B) filled the irregular, complex underlying morphology, surface topography was nearly flat without barriers around about 3–4 ka. Since then, the nearly flat surface morphology without barriers, together with relatively slow sea-level rise and direct exposure of strong onshore winter waves/storms, could promote to deposit wave-/storm-driven sandy sediments (Unit III-A). This study suggests that change in surface morphology could affect stratigraphic evolution of the Holocene coastal sequence by variation in depositional regime.

A Study on Coastal Flooding and Risk Assessment under Climate Change in the Mid-Western Coast of Taiwan

This study integrated coastal watershed models and combined them with a risk assessment method to develop a methodology to investigate the impact resulting from coastal disasters under climate change. The mid-western coast of Taiwan suffering from land subsidence was selected as the demonstrative area for the vulnerability analysis based on the prediction of sea level rise (SLR), wave run-up, overtopping, and coastal flooding under the scenarios of the years from 2020 to 2039. Databases from tidal gauges and satellite images were used to analyze SLR using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD). Extreme wave condition and storm surge were estimated by numerical simulation using the Wind Wave Model (WWM) and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). Coastal inundation was then simulated via the WASH123D watershed model. The risk map of study areas based on the analyses of vulnerability and disaster were established using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Predictions of sea level rise, the maximum wave condition, and storm surge under the scenarios of 2020 to 2039 are presented. The results indicate that the sea level at the mid-western coast of Taiwan will rise by an average of 5.8 cm, equivalent to a rising velocity of 2.8 mm/year. The analysis indicates that the Wuqi, Lukang, Mailiao, and Taixi townships are susceptive, low resistant and low resilient and reach the high-risk level. This assessment provides important information for creating an adaption policy for the mid-western coast of Taiwan.

Mapping seagrass coverage and spatial patterns with high spatial resolution IKONOS imagery

Seagrass habitats in subtidal coastal waters provide a variety of ecosystem functions and services and there is an increasing need to acquire information on spatial and temporal dynamics of this resource. Here, we explored the capability of IKONOS (IKO) data of high resolution (4m) for mapping seagrass cover [submerged aquatic vegetation (%SAV) cover] along the mid-western coast of Florida, USA. We also compared seagrass maps produced with IKO data with that obtained using the Landsat TM sensor with lower resolution (30m). Both IKO and TM data, collected in October 2009, were preprocessed to calculate water depth invariant bands to normalize the effect of varying depth on bottom spectra recorded by the two satellite sensors and further the textural information was extracted from IKO data. Our results demonstrate that the high resolution IKO sensor produced a higher accuracy than the TM sensor in a three-class % SAV cover classification. Of note is that the OA of %SAV cover mapping at our study area created with IKO data was 5–20% higher than that from other studies published. We also examined the spatial distribution of seagrass over a spatial range of 4–240m using the Ripley’s K function [L(d)] and IKO data that represented four different grain sizes [4m (one IKO pixel), 8m (2×2 IKO pixels), 12m (3×3 IKO pixels), and 16m (4×4 IKO pixels)] from moderate-dense seagrass cover along a set of six transects. The Ripley’s K metric repeatedly indicated that seagrass cover representing 4m×4m pixels displayed a dispersed (or slightly dispersed) pattern over distances of <4–8m, and a random or slightly clustered pattern of cover over 9–240m. The spatial pattern of seagrass cover created with the three additional grain sizes (i.e., 2×24m IKO pixels, 3×34m IKO pixels, and 4×4m IKO pixels) show a dispersed (or slightly dispersed) pattern across 4–32m and a random or slightly clustered pattern across 33–240m. Given the first report on using satellite observations to quantify seagrass spatial patterns at a spatial scale from 4m to 240m, our novel analyses of moderate-dense SAV cover utilizing Ripley’s K function illustrate how data obtained from the IKO sensor revealed seagrass spatial information that would be undetected by the TM sensor with a 30m pixel size. Use of the seagrass classification scheme here, along with data from the IKO sensor with enhanced resolution, offers an opportunity to synoptically record seagrass cover dynamics at both small and large spatial scales.

Diet Patterns of the Marbled Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae, in the Mid-Western Coast of Korea

Diet Patterns of the Marbled Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae, in the Mid-Western Coast of Korea

East or west: to which subspecies does the type specimen of the Galah, Eolophus roseicapilla (Vieillot, 1817) (Aves: Cacatuidae), belong?

The Galah (Eolophus roseicapilla) is a pink-and-grey cockatoo, widespread in and endemic to Australia, and now familiar as a cage bird world-wide. It has three currently recognised subspecies: roseicapilla Vieillot, 1817 in the Australian west, kuhli Mathews, 1912 in the far north, and albiceps Schodde, 1989 in the east (Schodde 1997; Higgins 1999; Dickinson & Remsen 2013; del Hoyo & Collar 2014; Engelhard et al. 2015). The northern subspecies, kuhli, is not involved in the issue of type identity of roseicapilla, and so is not considered further here. First to distinguish east and west subspecies was G.M. Mathews (1912). Without explanation then or later, Mathews arbitrarily applied the senior specific name, Cacatua roseicapilla Vieillot, 1817 and its two objective synonyms based on the same type-eos Kuhl, 1820 and rosea Vieillot, 1822-to the eastern subspecies, and introduced the new name assimilis for the then supposedly undescribed western form. Mathews' lead was followed unquestioningly until the late 1980s when Schodde (1989) and Rowley (1990: 3) concluded that the type of Vieillot's roseicapilla was of the western subspecies, collected by the Baudin expedition in the region of Shark Bay on the mid-western Australian coast. Rowley (l.c.), but not Schodde (l.c.) contrary to Rowley's reference, went further to claim that it had been taken by François Péron in 1803, presumably on the brief return visit of Baudin in Le Géographe to Shark Bay en route to France. This left the eastern subspecies un-named, which Schodde (l.c.) accordingly described as albiceps.

A new species of the genus Amphilagus (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) from the Middle Miocene of south-eastern Siberia

Amphilagus tomidai n. sp. is a new species of the genus Amphilagus (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) erected on the fossil materials from the deposits of Aya Cave (Middle Miocene, Aya Bay, mid-western coast of Baikal Lake, south-eastern Siberia), previously identified as Amphilagus cf. fontannesi (Erbajeva MA, Filippov AG. 1997. Miocene small mammalian faunas of the Baikalian region. In: Actes du Congrès BiochroM'97. Aguilar J-P, Legendre C, Michaux J, editors. 21. Mémoires et Travaux de L'Institut de Montpellier, E.P.H.E. p. 249–259). Amphilagus tomidai n. sp. is the northernmost Eurasian record of the genus. It differs from the other Asian species of the genus by its larger size and slightly higher crown, by some peculiar advanced features of the upper teeth the evidence of which are: width of teeth became significantly larger with wear stage, hypostria became deeper, flexids on the occlusal surface of teeth covered by deep cement; in P3 both anterior folds filled with cement. The main trend in the evolutionary development of Amphilagus lineage probably is an enlargement of size and crown height, increasing hypsodonty, rather high developing of cement.

서해안 태안 어은리 갯벌의 연속관측 메탄(CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) 플럭스 특성 평가

2014년 8월 31일~9월 1일 충남 태안 어은리 갯벌 퇴적물의 동일한 실험 장소에서 닫힌 챔버를 이용하여 챔버내 가스들(메탄(<TEX>$CH_4$</TEX>), 이산화탄소(<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>) 및 산소(<TEX>$O_2$</TEX>))의 갯벌 표면 노출시 일조량이 있는 조석주기의 저조 시점을 기준으로 각 기체의 플럭스량을 파악하기 위해 총 6회 실험하였다. 챔버 내에서 채취된 대기 샘플 중 메탄의 농도는 6시간 이내에 지구온실가스 측정용 EG model GS-23 가스크로마토그래피로 분석하였으며 그 외 가스종은 Multi Gas Monitor를 이용하여 실시간 측정하였다. 각 가스 종들의 배출원(source (+)) 또는 흡수원(sink (-))의 플럭스 계산값은 단순 선형 회귀분석을 이용하여 시간에 따른 각 기체의 농도변화인 1차 함수 기울기 값을 수식에 대입하여 계산하였다. 또한 주변 환경 특성을 참고하기 위해 퇴적물 함수율, 온도, 총유기탄소, 챔버내 온도 및 퇴적물 퇴적상도 측정하였다. 첫째날, 총 3회 플럭스 측정이 진행되는 5시간 20분 동안 이산화탄소는 <TEX>$-137.00{\sim}-81.73mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> 흡수원, 산소는 <TEX>$-0.03{\sim}0.00mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> 흡수원 그리고 둘째날, 이산화탄소는 -20.43~-2.11 mg/m2/hr 흡수원, 산소는 <TEX>$-0.18{\sim}-0.14mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> 흡수원으로 모두 동일하였다. 메탄의 경우 양일간 조석주기의 저조 시점이 되기 전에는 첫째날 <TEX>$-0.02mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> 흡수원(SPSS 통계분석을 이용한 Pearson 상관계수는 뚜렷한 음의 선형관계인-0.555(n=5, p=0.332)) 및 둘째날 <TEX>$-0.15mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> 흡수원(상관계수는 강한 음의 선형관계인 -0.915(n=5, p=0.030))으로 작용하였다. 그리고 저조시점 이후로 메탄은 첫째날 최소 <TEX>$+0.00mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> 배출원(상관계수는 거의 무시될 수 있는 선형관계인 +0.713(n=5, p=0.176)) 및 둘째날 최대 <TEX>$+0.03mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> 배출원(상관계수는 약한 양의 선형관계인 +0.194(n=5, p=0.754))이 된다는 플럭스 양상은 양일간 모두 같았다. 그러나 <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> 플럭스 값은 일자 및 시간별로 모두 다르게 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 같은 시간, 동일지역 퇴적물 일지라도 <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> 플럭스 변화율은 갯벌 근처 해수의 표층 조석주기 특성 이해를 통한 가스 방출 상관관계 및 물리화학적 퇴적물 환경과 같은 주변 변수에 따라 영향을 받음 수 있음을 보여준다. In 2014, on 31 August and 1 September, the emissions of <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX>, <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>, and <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> gases were measured six times using the closed chamber method from exposed tidal flat sediments in the same position relative to the low point of the tidal cycle in the Eoeun-ri, Taean-gun, on the Mid-western Coast of Korea. The concentrations of <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> in the air sample collected in the chamber were measured using gas chromatography with an EG analyzer, model GS-23, within 6 hours of collection, and the other gases were measured in real time using a multi-gas monitor. The gas emission fluxes (source (+), and sink (-)) were calculated from a simple linear regression analysis of the changes in the concentrations over time. In order to see the surrounding parameters (water content, temperature, total organic carbon, average mean size of sediments, and the temperature of the inner chamber) were measured at the study site. On the first day, across three measurements during 5 hours 20 minutes, the observed <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> flux absorption was -137.00 to <TEX>$-81.73mg/m^2/hr$</TEX>, and the <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> absorption, measured simultaneously, was -0.03 to <TEX>$0.00mg/m^2/hr$</TEX>. On the second day using an identical number of measurements, the <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> absorption was -20.43 to <TEX>$-2.11mg/m^2/hr$</TEX>, and the <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> absorption -0.18 to <TEX>$-0.14mg/m^2/hr$</TEX>. The <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> absorption before low tide was <TEX>$-0.02mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> (first day, Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSS statistical analysis is -0.555(n=5, p=0.332, pronounced negative linear relationship)), and <TEX>$-0.15mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> (second day, -0.915(n=5, p=0.030, strong negative linear relationship)) on both measurement days. The emitted flux after low tide on both measurement days reached a minimum of <TEX>$+0.00mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> (+0.713(n=5, p=0.176, linear relationship which can be almost ignored)), and a maximum of <TEX>$+0.03mg/m^2/hr$</TEX> (+0.194(n=5, p=0.754, weak positive linear relationship)) after low tide. However, the absolute values of the <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> fluxes were analyzed at different times. These results suggest that rate for <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> fluxes, even the same time and area, were influenced by changes in the tidal cycle characteristics of surface sediments for understanding their correlation with these gas emissions, and surrounding parameters such as physiochemical sediments conditions.

Distribution and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides residues in sediments and Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) from along the Mid-Western coast of Korea

The distribution and bioaccumulation features of PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs were investigated in the sediments and Manila clams collected from along the Mid-Western coast of Korea. The measured concentrations of ΣPCBs, ΣDDTs and ΣHCHs were 1.08–3.5, 0.12–0.35 and 0.090–0.30ngg−1dw in sediment, and 33–390, 7.4–46 and 6.3–27ngg−1 lipid in Manila clam, respectively. Their levels were found to be relatively lower than those of other contaminated areas and the consumption of Manila clam from these areas seems to be safe for human health according to calculated lifetime cancer risk and hazard indices. The ΣPCBs and ΣDDTs concentrations in sediments showed a significant relationship to those in clams. The significant correlation was observed between BSAF in clams and Kow for each PCB congeners and DDT metabolites. These findings support that the PCBs and DDTs levels, which are highly hydrophobic chemicals, in clam reflect the sediment pollution through bioaccumulation.

우리나라 서해중부 연안의 산란철 꽃게유생 분포 및 출현량

Distribution and occurrence of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus larvae were investigated in the mid-western coast of Korea in the Yellow Sea. P. trituberculatus larvae were collected in July and August from 2010 to 2012. Bongo net with 303 mesh was deployed once with a double oblique tow. Zoea I (ZI) densities were highest in all sampling months. Then densities of later larval stages decreased dramatically. In general, larval densities at the stations in northern parts and coastal areas were higher than those at the southern and offshore area. Because egg bearing seasons of P. trituberculatus in the study area are between April and August, larval densities, particularly, of ZI may be underestimated. Considering higher densities of ZI and lower ones of later stages, larvae may be transported to growing area and returned to the parental populations. Larval densities and sea surface temperature were not correlated.

2010년 9월 21일 추석 호우와 관련된 대류 세포의 위성 영상 분석

이 연구에서는 MTSAT-2 적외 영상과 수증기 영상을 이용하여 2010년 9월 21일 추석 호우 사례에 대하여 대류운 생애주기의 각 단계에서 나타나는 특징을 조사하였다. 추석 호우와 관련된 최초의 구름은 20일 1630~1900 UTC에 서해 중부 지역에서 관측된 다중 세포의 하층운이다. 이 구름 가운데 일부가 1930 UTC에 산동반도 부근에서 휘도온도 <TEX>$-45^{\circ}C$</TEX> 이하의 대류 세포로 발달한다. 이 때 이 지역은 수증기 영상에서 암역의 가장자리에 위치한다. 대류 세포는 동진하다가 한반도 중서부 해안 부근에서 21일 0030과 0430 UTC에 두 차례의 병합을 거쳐 급격히 발달한다. 이후 21일 0430에서 1000 UTC까지 약 6시간 동안 위성 영상에서 구름의 면적은 상대적으로 작고, 수평 이동속도는 느려졌다. 최저 휘도온도는 약 <TEX>$-75{\sim}-65^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 매우 낮게 유지되며, 잘 발달한 부세포가 반복적으로 형성되는 특징을 보인다. 레이더 자료에는 국지적으로 50 mm/hr 이상의 강우율을 보이는 좁은 띠 모양의 강우 밴드가 나타나고 이 밴드는 대류운의 남서쪽 가장자리에 위치한다. 그러나 수치 모델 자료의 종관 규모 역학적 강제항에는 뚜렷한 특징을 찾기 어렵다. 대류 세포의 구름 면적은 21일 1000 UTC 이후 짧은 시간에 급격한 증가를 보이고 뒤이어 소멸한다. 이러한 대류 세포의 발달과 관련된 위성 영상의 특징은 중규모 호우의 초단기 예보와 실시간 예보에 사용될 수 있을 것이다. On 21 September 2010, one of Chuseok holidays in Korea, localized heavy rainfalls occurred over the midwestern region of the Korean peninsula. In this study MTSAT-2 infrared and water vapor channel imagery are examined to find out some features which are obvious in each stage of the life cycle of convective cell for this heavy rain event. Also the kinematic and thermodynamic features probably associated with them are investigated. The first clouds related with the Chuseok heavy rain are detected as low-level multicell cloud (brightness temperature: <TEX>$-15{\sim}0^{\circ}C$</TEX>) in the middle of the Yellow sea at 1630~1900 UTC on 20 Sept., which are probably associated with the convergence at 1000 hPa. Convective cells are initiated in the vicinity of Shantung peninsula at 1933 UTC 20, which have developed around the edge of the dark region in water vapor images. At two times of 0033 and 0433 UTC 21 the merging of two convective cells happens near midwestern coast of the peninsula and then they have developed rapidly. From 0430 to 1000 UTC 21, key features of convective cell include repeated formation of secondary cell, slow horizontal cloud motion, persistence of lower brightness temperature (<TEX>$-75{\sim}-65^{\circ}C$</TEX>), and relatively small cloud size (<TEX>${\leq}-50^{\circ}C$</TEX>) of about <TEX>$30,000km^2$</TEX>. Radar analysis showed that this heavy rain is featured by a narrow line-shaped rainband with locally heavy rainrate (<TEX>${\geq}50$</TEX> mm/hr), which is located in the south-western edge of the convective cell. However there are no distinct features in the associated synoptic-scale dynamic forcing. After 1000 UTC 21 the convective cell grows up quickly in cloud size and then is dissipated. These satellite features may be employed for very short range forecast and nowcasting of mesoscale heavy rain system.

From coastal management to environmental management: The sustainable eco-tourism program for the mid-western coast of Sardinia (Italy)

The Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) principles in the Mediterranean represent a guideline identifying an appropriate way of linking environmental best practices to local development. The Province of Medio Campidano (Sardinia, Italy) has a unique coastline eco-system, with a high level of conservation policy (according to the Habitats Directive) with the presence of 5 Sites of Community Importance (SCIs). In this sense, a pro-active approach was encouraged by the local administration, gaining the participation of representative stakeholder groups in order to define a common local development strategy. This paper synthesizes the results of the Sustainable Development and Eco-tourism Program (PSSE in Italian), an economic–environmental planning tool completed in January 2012. The PSSE implemented a road map for sustainable actions; these are the results of negotiated decisions. Indeed, after a diagnosis of the territorial system, using a multicriteria approach, new forms of integrated territorial management were suggested, using the coastline resource to launch a new economy, linking together ecotourism and environmental protection.

The use of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to identify water sources in two hypersaline estuaries with different hydrologic regimes

Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen are used here with salinity data in geochemical and mass-balance models to decipher the proportion of different sources of water in two hypersaline estuaries that vary in size and hydrologic condition. Shark Bay, located on the mid-western coast of Australia, is hypersaline year round and has an arid climate. Florida Bay, located in the south-eastern United States, is seasonally hypersaline and has a subtropical climate. The water budget in both bays can be explained by evaporation of seawater, with seasonal inputs of surface-water runoff and precipitation. In Shark Bay, discharge from the Wooramel River associated with a recent major flood was detected in the relationship between the stable isotopic composition and salinity of surface waters near the mouth of the river, despite the persistence of hypersalinity. The volume of water equal to one pool volume replenished Hamelin Pool (a hypersaline water body located at the southern end of eastern Shark Bay that supports living stromatolites) once every 6–12 months. The eastern portion of Florida Bay received a greater proportion of freshwater from overland flow (70–80%) than did the western portion where rainfall was the dominant source of freshwater.

Tracking 800-year-old Shipments: An Archaeological Investigation of the Mado Shipwreck Cargo, Taean, Korea

This paper examines cargo from an 800-year-old shipwreck and discusses its implications in relation to the exchange networks and maritime transportation of the Goryeo period (A.D. 918–1392) in Korea. In 2007, two local fishermen fortuitously discovered porcelain vessels from a Goryeo-period shipwreck off the mid-western coast of the Korean peninsula. Underwater excavation conducted by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) revealed that the ship was carrying a myriad of cargoes destined for Gaegyeong, the capital of the Goryeo dynasty. Excavation indicates that the main body of the cargo was porcelain vessels produced in the southern part of the peninsula. Archaeobotanical investigation of the wreck deposits revealed that the ship was carrying crops such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) bound for the capital. Among the recovered objects were 73 wooden cargo tags with Chinese letters. These tags, equivalent to the modern day air bill, contained detailed information about the senders, recipients, and shipped goods. These findings indicate that during the Goryeo period maritime transportation played an important role in the interpersonal exchange of products over long distances.

Bioaccumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Organochlorine Pesticides in Manila Clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) Collected from the Mid-western Coast of Korea

Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides was studied in sediment dwelling bivalves, Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum), collected from the midwestern coast of Korea. As witnessed by the dominance of tetra- to penta-chlorinated congeners in sediments and the penta- to hexa-chlorinated congener dominance in clams, the profile of PCBs in the sediments and Manila clams differed. Lipid and organic carbon-normalized biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were determined for organochlorine pesticides. BSAFs of <TEX>$\beta$</TEX>-hexachlorocyclohexane (<TEX>$\beta$</TEX>-HCH) and <TEX>$\Sigma$</TEX>DDTs were in the range of 0.06~1.36 and 0.31~1.06. No clear relationships were found between BSAFs of <TEX>$\Sigma$</TEX>DDTs in Manila clams and the concentrations of DDTs in the associated sediment. The accumulated PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were compared in Manila clams and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) collected from 3 sites. Highly chlorinated PCBs were more commonly found in oyster tissues than in clam tissues. The reasons for the different accumulation pattern of organic pollutants in the two organisms are discussed.

서해안 안면도 사질 조석대의 퇴적환경

This study investigated the depositional environment of the area of Anmyeondo in the mid-western coast of Korea. A total of 142 surface sediments were analyzed, and leveling survey was conducted as well in 12 transects at the sandy tidal flat in the area. The surface sediments are classified into several different types (slightly gravelly Sand, Sand, slightly gravelly sandy Mud, etc.) and they show fining-distribution toward the offshore. Textural parameters are characterized by being coarse, well sorted, positively skewed in the supratidal and intertidal flat, whereas being finer, poorly sorted, negatively skewed in the subtidal flat. According to the C-M diagram, the sediment transport modes are characterized by the mixed mode of bedload and graded suspension in supratidal and intertidal flat, and by graded suspension or uniform suspension in the subtidal flat. Histogram shows a bimodal distribution in the lower subtidal flat which is indicative of two sediment transport modes.

Tidal modification and its effect on sluice-gate outflow after completion of the Saemangeum dike, South Korea

This study examined tidal modification and change in tidal currents caused by the construction of the Saemangeum dike, based on field observations and a numerical model. The Saemangeum dike was completed in April 2006, enclosing an estuarine area along the mid-western coast of South Korea. After closure of the dike, the tidal range outside the dike decreased slightly but significantly, while the inside tidal range decreased drastically. The numerical model results show that the dike construction has influenced tidal energy propagation and the tidal system in the Yellow Sea. The tidal current speed near the dike decreased abruptly following closure of the dike, except in front of the sluice gates. Since completion of the dike, outflow water discharged from the sluice gates has longer residence times due to the weakened tidal current; the change in the tidal current field has also caused greater northward expansion of outflow water. The sluice gates release fresher water, which spreads over the sea surface mainly by inertial momentum near the gate; this water is then gradually mixed with sea water farther from the gate. The less saline, possibly more contaminated outflow impacts the marine environment near the Saemangeum dike. Controlling the discharge and gate-opening timing can partially mitigate these impacts on the marine environment.