Part Of Midrib Research Articles

Understanding morphological rib abnormalities in Atlantic salmon

Poor rib health in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) can lead to negative effects on welfare and fillet quality. The present research aimed to enhance the comprehension of long-term rib morphology within a broader musculoskeletal framework of harvest-sized salmon (3 kg), examining a population fed different smoltification diets. Generally, X-ray examinations revealed the highest concentration of abnormalities in the anterior-central area of the rib cage, and the mid-distal rib parts. The different diets, based on either marine (M-group) or vegetal (V-group) ingredients, modulated the morphology of the ribs in the central area of the rib cage. Compared to the V-group, the M-group had a lower prevalence of generalized radiolucency (GR) (19 vs. 26% of mid-distal rib parts), and axis deformations/malformations (12 vs. 17% of mid rib parts). Histological examination of GR, unrelated to near inflammatory processes, revealed potential degradation/transformation of central core chondrocytes to mesenchymal-like cells. The newly formed cavity progressed/expanded through osteolysis until it reached the periosteum. In parallel, there were progressive alterations of the concentric appositional growth pattern of the compact bone, with an increase of the external collagen layer under the cellular periosteum. Disorganized collagen-rich islands were also seen in the compact bone, as were signs of new osteoid deposition in the cavity. The degenerative process in GR was accompanied by an 18–20% increase in the cross-sectional diameter of the rib. The M-group presented numerically higher mechanical rib strength (p = 0.06), and phosphorus content (p = 0.07). The sensitivity of rib morphology to smoltification diet was higher than vertebrae in the long-term. This study enhances understanding of the etiology of the primary morphological rib abnormalities in Atlantic salmon, particularly in GR, by providing detailed histomorphology of pathological changes. The study associates these changes with altered rib development, degeneration, and possibly osteomalacia.

Reproduction site preference and performance by sexuparae, and mating behavior of their sexual generation on the primary host plant in a heteroecious aphid, Neothoracaphis yanonis (Homoptera: Aphididae)

AbstractWe studied reproduction site preference and performance by the sexuparae (autumnal migrants) of Neothoracaphis yanonis and mating behavior of their sexual generation on its primary host plant, Distylium racemosum. The sexuparae preferred younger leaves of D. racemosum for settlement and imbibing leaf sap, and they produced more offspring there than on older leaves. Thus, it is suggested that the sexuparae selected more nutritious younger leaves to increase their own fecundity. The offspring consist of yellowish dark‐grey and creamy yellow type nymphs, which develop into small males and large oviparae, respectively. Yellowish dark‐grey nymphs were deposited gregariously on the basal part of the abaxial surface of a leaf blade, while creamy yellow nymphs were deposited evenly over the abaxial surface. Such a localized distribution pattern probably resulted from sexuparae's strategy to enhance a possibility for their male offspring to mate with oviparae at the base of leaf blade, over which oviparae crawl to twigs. During mating and sometimes afterwards, the ovipara incidentally carried a male on her back and crawled downward on twig to find an axillary bud for oviposition. This behavior may be advantageous to males, who can guard their mate during this period against other conspecific males. Such mate‐guarding behavior seems to be related to the development of dual mate‐seeking strategies, in which males try to copulate, first at the basal part of midrib, and second on the axillary bud.

Recycling of tobacco wastes after tobacco products manufacturing

Utilizing tobacco wastes is one of the important problems for tobacco industry. They can be divided into easy recycled which can be returned into technological process without special treatment, and irretrievable which can be recycled only after special treatment. Easy recycled wastes consist of leaf parts and large tobacco scraps, which are cleaned from the dust and then returned into manufacturing process. Irretrievable wastes consist of small tobacco scraps which use for reconstituted tobacco production and midrib parts which used for expanded stem manufacturing and added into cigarette for nicotine decreasing. Little tobacco scraps is not used for recycling and thus utilized. In the laboratory of technologies for tobacco products manufacturing possibility for utilizing little tobacco scraps for manufacturing new tobacco products: hookah blends and non-smoking products has been studied. Fractional composition of little tobacco scraps from cigarette industry has been defined. Samples of hookah blends and non-smoking products have been manufactured. New tobacco products manufactured from burley leaves were used as comparison. Tasting of these products has been done, utilizing methods developed in the laboratory. As the result, it has been found that samples made of wastes have better tasting score because of rich taste and tobacco aroma. Utilizing wastes instead of expensive leaf tobacco greatly decreases final cost of the product. As the result possibility and expediency of utilizing cigarette’s manufacturing wastes for hookah blends and non-smoking products manufacturing has been proved.

Veinal–mesophyll interaction under biotic stress

According to microscopic observations, germinating hyphae of Botrytis cinerea, though easily penetrating Mesembryanthemum crystallinum mesophyll tissue, are limited in growth in mid-ribs and only occasionally reach vascular bundles. In mid-ribs of C3 and CAM leaves, we found significantly lower rbcL (large RubisCO subunit) abundance. Moreover, in CAM leaves, minute transcript contents for pepc1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and nadpme1 (malic enzyme) genes found in the mid-ribs suggest that they perform β-carboxylation at a low rate. The gene of the main H2O2-scavenging enzyme, catL (catalase), showed lower expression in C3 mid-rib parts in comparison to mesophyll. This allows maintenance of higher H2O2 quantities in mid-rib parts. In C3 leaves, pathogen infection does not impact photosynthesis. However, in CAM plants, the expression profiles of rbcL and nadpme1 were similar under biotic stress, with transcript down-regulation in mid-ribs and up-regulation in mesophyll (however, in case of rbcL not significant). After B. cinerea infection in C3 plants, transcripts for both antioxidative proteins strongly increased in mid-ribs, but not in mesophyll. In infected CAM plants, a significant transcript increase in the mesophyll was parallel to its decrease in the mid-rib region (however, in the case of catL this was not significant). Pathogen infection modified the expression of carbon and ROS metabolism genes in mid-ribs and mesophyll, resulting in the establishment of successful leaf defense.

New Measured Weight for One Cup Raw Kale Reduces Nutrient Intake of Individuals Following the Wahls™ Diet

Kale is a nutrient-dense, dark-green leafy vegetable often eaten raw in salads or added to smoothies. The USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 26 reports the weight for one cup raw, chopped kale as 67 grams, among the highest for raw leafy vegetables. Objectives: Measure the weight of one cup moderately packed raw kale with stems and tough midrib parts removed and evaluate the impact of the new cup weight on nutrient intake of individuals consumingraw kale. Methods: Six staff members measured curly and lacinato kale using standard procedures and 14 study participantsconsuming 4-6 cups raw leafy vegetables/day measured one cup curly kale in their usual manner. Twenty-seven dietary recalls obtained from participants following the Wahls™ diet were entered intothe Nutrition Data System for Research and then recalculated using staff-measured curly kale cup weight. Results: Mean(SE) staff cup weight for lacinato kale was significantly higher than curly kale [21.3(1.4)g vs 16.0(1.4)g; p<0.0001]. Percent refuse was also higher for lacinato kale [mean(SD) 42.0(11.4)% vs 28.5(3.9)%; p=0.012]. Mean(SD) weight of moderately packed participant-measured cups [17.5(6.4)g]was similar to staff cup weightbutfirmly packed participant cupsweighed more [46.4(4.1)g]. Intake of vitamins K, C, A, manganese, copper, and folatewere significantly lower for diets calculated with the staff cup weight (p<0.0001). Conclusions: The new measured cup weight of raw kale is lower than previously reportedand reduces nutrient levels in diets containing raw kale. Verification of cup weights for other raw leafy vegetables may be warranted.

Identification characters of leaf morphological and venation pattern of Abutilon indicum with its confused herb A. theophrasti

To study the identification characters of Abutilon indicum and its confused herb A. theophrasti and establish an identification method. LMVP (leaf morphological-venation pattern for identification Chinese herbs), and QAERM (quantitatively analyze and evaluate reliability for the method of identification Chinese herbs) were applied for the study. The main differences of the leaf of Abutilon indicum: leaf margin cilia short and not clear (75-200 microm), petiole top with long straight hairs (up to 1.0-1.2 cm), when the tertiary veins and intersecondary veins issue from the lower part of midrib, their angles of divergence usually were wide acute (65 degrees-80 degrees) and a few was about right angle (80 degrees-100 degrees). The main differences of the leaf of A. theophrasti: leaf margin cilia long and clear (200-500 microm), petiole top with short straight hairs (most 0.1-0.5 mm), when the tertiary veins and intersecondary veins issue from the lower part of midrib, their angles of divergence usually were about right angle (80 degrees-100 degrees) and a few was wide acute (65 degrees-80 degrees). With the mentioned three groups of key differences, the both plants could be successfully identified from each other. The accuracy of identification results (AC) was from 97.5% to 99.6%, the repeatability of identification results: agreement rate for observation (ARO) was 97.1% and Kappa value was 0.94. The established method is simple, rapid, economic and reliable.

ワカメ中の熱水抽出物，水溶性アルギン及びアルカリ可溶性アルギン酸の部位別分布

The yields of hot-water extractable material (HWEM), water-soluble alginate (WSA) and alkali-soluble alginate (ASA) from six parts of Undaria pinnatifida were estimated. The M:G ratio of these individual alginates was determined and three kinds of uronic acid blocks were characterized. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The contents of HWEM were varied irregularly from 4.7% at the apical part of midrib to 23.4% at the sporophyll. 2) The contents of WSA were varied irregularly from 1.4% at the apical part of midrib to 7.7% at the sporophyll. 3) The contents of ASA were varied also irregularly from 11.6% at the apical part of midrib as well as blade to 19.8% at the lower part of midrib. 4) The mannuronic acid contents in the WSA were higher in general than those in the ASA. 5) The M: G ratios of alginates from midrib were estimated to be 1.45 for the basal part, 1.48 for the middle part and 0.61 for the apical part. The values of M:G ratios of alginates and the amount of MM and GG blocks suggest that the growth of midrib may be most active between lower and middle parts of the U. pinnatifida body.

Relationship between analytical data of plant sap and dried material of glasshouse crops

Abstract In this publication, comparisons are made between the results of crop analyses obtained with the aid of dried material and plant sap. The crop samples used for the analyses were collected from experiments in which crops were grown in nutrient solutions with varying nutrient element contents. The experimental crops consisted of tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants and lettuce. Of the first three crops, the leaf petioles and leaf laminae were used as samples and in the case of lettuce, midrib parts and leaf edges were sampled. Generally speaking, a closely correlated relationship was found to exist between the analytical results obtained with the plant sap method and those obtained with the dried material method. Sometimes, the contents determined with both methods were more or less the same, as for instance with potassium and sodium. With other elements, such as calcium and phosphate, this was clearly not the case. In some cases, the relationships between the analytical results obtained with the two met...

Über die Bedeutung des Phosphatstoffwechsels bei der Regeneration des Lebermooses Conocephalum conicum (L.) DUM.

With respect to phosphate derivatives in the thallus of Conocephalum conicum a distinct gradient of increasing concentration is present directed from base to apex and from wing borders to mid-rib. In the apex area especially phosphates unsoluble in ethanol are accumulated. During de-differentiation phase, beginning immediately after thallus decapitation, easily hydrolysable high energy phosphates are enriched in apical part of mid-rib, called regeneration centre. Here ATP-synthesis could be proved. After about 36 hours in area of regeneration centre a new physiological apex has been built up; it is characterized by rather the same concentrations of phosphate fractions existing in original apex area. During further regeneration process the physiological apex is transformed in a morphological one. Thereby the phosphate concentrations in the thallus sections show only slight alteration and remain within the limits being adjusted toward the end of de-differentiation phase. Besides the increased phosphate uptake from culture medium strong dislocation of phosphates takes place during the whole regeneration process. Thereby the arising physiological apex acts as an attraction centre. In the remaining parts of thallus dissimilating activities go ahead with increasing proportion.