Mid-late 1990s Research Articles

Reconstructing the caliphate or bringing liberal democracy to Turkey? Millî Görüş’s view on liberal democracy before reaching power

This article explores the ideas of the Turkish-Islamist Millî Görüş movement on liberal democracy. From its formation in the 1970s to the 1990s, when it won the Turkish elections, the movement exhibited a substantial shift in their discourse. Millî Görüş started off as a movement with solid anti-Western rhetoric. It openly endorsed revolutionary-Jihadist movements and advocated for an Islamic state throughout the Muslim world (including, albeit subtly, in Turkey). It supported the 1979 Iranian revolution and argued democracy is a political system that is against Islamic revelation. However, by the mid-late 1990s, the Millî Görüş and its political party presented liberal ideas about the need for Turkey to democratize and respect people’s fundamental rights and freedoms. This rapid intellectual shift within two and a half decades is puzzling.

Dancing enriched whiteness: race and gender in commercial Irish dance performance from Riverdance to the Trump Inaugural Ball

ABSTRACT In January 2017, Michael Flatley introduced male members of the cast of Lord of the Dance performing at President Donald Trump’s Inaugural Ball. Flatley’s decision for the cast to perform at the Inaugural Ball was widely criticised as showing support for a white nationalist president. In this article, I demonstrate how this performance – and the implicit aligning of Irish dance with white American nationalist rhetoric – were not aberrant but in fact followed a trend developed in commercial Irish dance stage shows of the late 20th century. Through an analysis of the early performances and rhetoric surrounding Riverdance and Lord of the Dance in the mid-late 1990s, I demonstrate how Irish American whiteness is performed in these shows and directly contributes to Irish American identity as a form of what Diane Negra calls “enriched whiteness.” I further argue that the Inaugural Ball performance built on this history, embodying white nationalist hypermasculinity through the use of Irish dance and American nationalist projections alongside the exclusion of women.

Implementing technology in science teaching – what are the gains?

When new technologies arrive they come with promises to solve our problems. Technology has offered ways to get information faster, to communicate and collaborate synchronously, asynchronously. In our teaching we have crafted online learning modules to affords flexibility for students so that they can engage with our disciplines outside of the confines of physical classrooms. Smart phone technology allows us to ‘google’ information (and misinformation) from anywhere - provided you have a smart device, a WIFI connection and a service provider that covers your location. In short, technologies have allowed us to work faster, and facilitated the expansion of the digital asset realm, and they have served as catalysts for innovation and thinking differently about education. With the adoption of each technological implementation I ask both “what are the gains?” and “what are we losing?”. I offer my reflections on three technologies.
 Email: When I first started as an associate lecturer there was time to have a tea break in a tearoom. Email – now so ubiquitous - replaced the ‘memo’. Something that was implemented for efficient communication has become overtly time consuming and administratively burdensome. The need for rich free-flowing incidental conversation in academia remains but the spaces in time to have these conversations has vanished. On balance: initially a gain, more recently a loss.
 
 Internet: The WorldWide Web started to gained traction in higher education in the mid-late 1990s. Teaching became ‘blended’ as many of us starting to create digital learning resources for our students in ‘flexible’ learning environments. Hours were invested in converting analogue images and sound to digital assets. Analogue assessments were changed to fit the digital environment. Having students record their observations in scientific drawings was problematic. With Web 2.0 (~ 2000) came rise of Learning Management Systems and it became easier to create, deliver and manage online quizzes. Scrutinising how students interacted with online resources became popular. Twenty years on and I rely on the online environment to teach, however I still cling to face-to-face teaching as I crave the conversations I have in class. On balance: undecided.
 mApps: In 2012 I partnered with an undergraduate student and professional staff on a mApp – CampusFlora; we hit the AppStore in 2013 (Author et al., 2014). Designing an app in partnership with students (aligned with students-as-partners approach Healey et al., 2014) allowed us to become ‘collaborators’ rather thana ‘students’ and ‘staff’ (Author et al., 2019). Here, technology acted as a collaboration catalyst shifted from academic-led learning design to student-staff co-design. On balance: a gain.
 Developing digital literacy in our students is important - not just being able to use technology, but by contributing to resource creation. Co-creating with students is now where I like to spend my time.

A major shift in U.S. land development avoids significant losses in forest and agricultural land

Land development, which typically results from the conversion of lands previously in agricultural and forest uses, is one of the most fundamental ways in which humans impact the natural environment. We study the remarkable decline in land development rates across the conterminous United States over the period 2000–2015, which occurred after development rates had grown rapidly over the last two decades of the 20th century. Despite relatively constant population growth since 1980, we find that the current annual rate of land development has declined consistently across several stratifications of the U.S. land base and amounts to less than 25% of the peak rate observed in the mid-late 1990s, implying that the developed land base of the U.S. has become increasingly dense in recent years. We show that the widespread shift in land development rates resulted in 7 million acres of avoided land development, roughly half of which would have come from conversions of forested lands. Panel data econometric estimation indicates that growth in development over the last two decades of the 20th century was driven by falling gas prices (an important component of commuting costs) and, to a lesser extent, rising incomes. Since 2000, however, income growth has been stagnant while gas prices have risen sharply, and we find that the latter has played a larger role in shaping the recent shift towards denser development. Results illustrate an often overlooked effect of how rising gas prices can indirectly avoid losses in forest and agricultural land by reducing developed land-use change.

The Rebellious 1960s via the Prosperous 1990s: Youth, Modernity and Consumption in Antonis Kokkinos’Τέλος εποχής(End of an Era) (1994)

This article explores the movieΤέλος εποχής (End of an Era)by Antonis Kokkinos (1994), a key film in the regeneration of Greek cinema in the mid-late 1990s. The film constitutes a form of public history construing and problematizing relations between the images and the historical past, exploring the dictatorship (1967–74) through the consumer-oriented values of the 1990s. By scrutinizing historical (dis)continuities (similarities, differences, and transformations in consumer politics and sexuality in particular) between the dictatorship and the 1990s, the article argues that, focusing on 1960s youth,End of an Eraunderplayed the dictatorship's authoritarianism and (re)defined politics through the availability (or not) of consumer choices, expressing the relaxed ideological climate of the 1990s.

Telerehabilitation: Has Its Time Come?

Telerehabilitation: Has Its Time Come?

Quantifying climate contributions to changes in groundwater discharge for headwater catchments in a major Australian basin

Groundwater is experiencing a higher risk of aquifer depletion due to longer drought duration and increasing water demand induced by climate change. The climate impacts on groundwater can be propagated to changes in groundwater discharge to rivers, which will deeply alter the connection between groundwater and surface water and reshape the fundamental functions of the river system especially in maintaining environmental flows. In synchronization with the drying and warming climate, groundwater discharges estimated using digital filtering approaches are found to have experienced significant reduction since the 1990s for all our studied headwater catchments in the Murrumbidgee portion of the Murray-Darling Basin. The linkage between precipitation and groundwater discharge is demonstrated to be seasonally dependent. For most of the studied catchments, the dominant precipitation metrics affecting groundwater discharge are the winter precipitation followed by autumn and spring precipitation. Multivariate nonlinear regression modelling suggests that the relationship between groundwater discharge and the dominant climate variables can be represented statistically by a power law. The individual contribution of each dominant climate variable quantified based on the concept of elasticity shows that the decrease in precipitation outweighs the increase in potential evapotranspiration in contributing to the reduction in groundwater discharge. The autumn precipitation accounts for a larger proportion of the changes in groundwater discharge in all studied catchments because of its relatively higher elasticity and change rate. The reduction in groundwater discharge since the mid-late 1990s in the headwater catchments can largely (estimated here at >75%) be attributed to climate factors.

Rebound of shelf water salinity in the Ross Sea

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) supplies the lower limb of the global overturning circulation and ventilates the abyssal ocean. In recent decades, AABW has warmed, freshened and reduced in volume. Ross Sea Bottom Water (RSBW), the second largest source of AABW, has experienced the largest freshening. Here we use 23 years of summer measurements to document temporal variability in the salinity of the Ross Sea High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW), a precursor to RSBW. HSSW salinity decreased between 1995 and 2014, consistent with freshening observed between 1958 and 2008. However, HSSW salinity rebounded sharply after 2014, with values in 2018 similar to those observed in the mid-late 1990s. Near-synchronous interannual fluctuations in salinity observed at five locations on the continental shelf suggest that upstream preconditioning and large-scale forcing influence HSSW salinity. The rate, magnitude and duration of the recent salinity increase are unusual in the context of the (sparse) observational record.

Commentary: Achieving phosphorus reduction targets for Lake Erie

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), which were largely absent from Lake Erie from the 1980s until the mid-late 1990s, have been growing steadily worse in intensity. While much of the phosphorus loading into the lake prior to 1972 was caused by point-source pollution, approximately 88% to 93% of current loading comes from nonpoint sources, of which agriculture is the dominant land use. A reduction target of 860 metric tons, or 40% of the total phosphorus spring loading in 2008, has been set with the expectation that such a reduction could limit the size and associated impact of HABs in 9 out of every 10 years. We review the effectiveness of recommended practices aimed at reducing phosphorus loss in agriculture and pair this knowledge with behavioral data on likely adoption to identify how best to achieve the reduction target. The data suggests that the target is feasible as a majority of the farming population is willing to consider many of the recommended practices. However, increases in adoption over time have been minimal, and farmers will need better cost-benefit information, site-specific decision support tools, and technical assistance in order to more rapidly adopt and execute the placement of recommended practices. A combination of voluntary and mandatory approaches may be needed, but policies and programs promoting voluntary adoption should be designed to better target known barriers and maximize voluntary program effectiveness.

Factors Responsible for Changes in Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Species Composition on Orchards and Vineyards 1974-2015, in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.

Leafrollers are polyphagous pests whose larvae damage fruit and cause market access problems for fruit crops exported from New Zealand. Leafroller larvae and pupae were collected mainly from four fruit crops, but also from hedges, ornamental trees, and understory weeds in orchards and vineyards of Hawke's Bay, a major fruit production region. Samples were collected from 1974 to 1977 and 1993 to 2015. This timespan was divided into periods that broadly coincided with broad-spectrum insecticide management, the transition to selective insecticides, and the full implementation of integrated fruit production (IFP) programs in apples, grapes, and stone fruit. Eight tortricid species were identified, but the accidentally introduced Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and two native species, Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) and Planotortrix octo Dugdale, comprised 95% of the samples. The proportions of these three species varied according to interactions between four factors: pest management regime, collection period, property location, and host plant. In the 1970s under broad-spectrum insecticide programs, the native species dominated on all hosts. By the mid-late 1990s when IFP was introduced, all the main leafroller species were in decline. However, E. postvittana declined to a lesser extent than the two native species, and consequently, it became relatively more prominent. This change in species composition was delayed in two districts where localized cases of organophosphate insecticide resistance occurred in C. obliquana and P. octo. From 2000 onwards, E. postvittana was the dominant species in all districts and on all hosts, albeit with a much-reduced pest status, except on hedges and ornamental trees where C. obliquana prevailed.

Four Datasets Derived from an Archive of Personal Homepages (1995–2009)

While data from social media are easily accessible, understanding how individuals expressed themselves on the Internet in its initial years of public availability (the mid-late 1990s) has proved difficult. In this data deposit, I describe how archival data from Geocities homepages were retrieved and processed to remove non-text data, then further refined to create separate datasets, each of which provides unique insights into modes of personal expression on the early Internet. The present paper describes four datasets, all of which were derived from a larger collection of personal websites: (1) a large corpus of raw text data from Geocities personal homepages, (2) a linguistic analysis of basic psychological properties of the same Geocities pages, using an open-source implementation of the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), (3) a dataset of links between homepages (suitable for network analysis), and (4) a manifest dataset summarizing the size and last update date for each file in the dataset. Data from over 378,000 Geocities pages are included. In addition to providing a detailed description of how these datasets were created, I describe how they might be utilized in future research.

Long-Term Trends in PBDEs in Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) Eggs Indicate Sustained Contamination of UK Terrestrial Ecosystems

PBDE contamination in terrestrial biota is poorly characterized, and robust data on temporal trends are scarce. We measured temporal (1985-2007) and spatial trends in PBDE contamination in the eggs of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), a sentinel for the terrestrial environment. Five BDEs were the most abundant (BDE 99 > 47 > 153 > 100 > 154). Their concentrations, and that of the sum PBDEs (ΣPBDE), increased from the mid-1980s, peaking in the midlate 1990s at levels that were sustained until the end of the study. This and the predominance of BDE99 contrast with patterns in piscivorous species and suggest sparrowhawks, and perhaps terrestrial species more widely, may be relatively poor metabolizers of penta-BDEs. BDE 196, 197, 201, and 203 concentrations increased linearly through the study, indicating increasing contamination possibly from the presence of these congeners in, and/or debromination of, deca-BDE formulations. Variation in egg ΣPBDE concentration was not explained by % urban land cover, human population density or % of arable land in proximity to the nest site, or by land use. Overall, egg ΣPBDE concentrations (34-2281 ng/g wet weight) were some of the highest reported in birds from Europe. We found no relationship between ΣPBDE concentrations and eggshell thickness.

Queer Cryptograms, Anarchist Cyphers: Decoding Dennis Cooper’s The Marbled Swarm: A Novel

Queer Cryptograms, Anarchist Cyphers:Decoding Dennis Cooper’s The Marbled Swarm: A Novel Diarmuid Hester (bio) The celebrated and controversial American novelist, poet, playwright and blogger Dennis Cooper is most often identified with other so-called transgressive fiction writers that came to the attention of the academy in the mid-late 1990s. According to its advocates and critics, the primary concern of such writing, which included the work of other Grove Press authors such as Kathy Acker and Gary Indiana,1 as well as Bret Easton Ellis and Lynne Tillman, was to propel writing towards the limits of acceptable moral and ethical behavior. Their respective treatments of sexuality, violence, and drug use (and often conjunctions of all three), it was proposed, comprised a violent and shameless assault on social convention (see Gardner). In an article coining the phrase “transgressive writing” in 1993, Michael Silverblatt aligned the emerging genre with the subversive corporeality of de Sade’s transgressive fiction avant la lettre: “Exploring the sexual frontiers implicit in Mapplethorpe’s photographs or Karen Finley’s performances, transgressive writing has violation at its core: violation of norms, of humanistic enterprise, of the body. Really, it’s the Marquis de Sade who officiates at the American orgy.” Though so-called transgressive fiction was not without its detractors, to aficionados it exposed the artificiality and hypocrisy of socially defined norms, subverted sexual and gender stereotypes, and, by so doing, prized open spaces for the articulation of alternative, non-normative modes of sexual experience (see Gardner 56; see Neeper). A brief article written by Cooper in 1992 entitled “Queercore” appears to substantiate such a position, in its enthusiastic endorsement of “a new brand of queer defiance … where ‘queer’ defines not a specific sexuality, but the freedom to personalize anything you see or hear then shoot it back into the stupid world more distorted and amazing than it was before” (295). However, while the transgressive writings of de Sade and Georges Bataille are no doubt important influences, it seems to me nonetheless unhelpful to confine Cooper’s work within the proscribed limits of the genre of transgressive fiction. Such a designation hardly palpates a modicum of the variety and richness of Cooper’s prose or the fiendish [End Page 95] complexity of his relentless literary experimentation. Neither does it take into account, moreover, the fact that Cooper’s mobilization of transgressive strategies in his writing and his persistent concern with the limits of personal freedom in contemporary society, are in fact symptomatic of a more profound identification with anarchism. Thus, while relatively dismissive of the transgressive fiction label, he is openly and avowedly anarchist, readily acknowledging that “anarchism is extremely defined in how I live my daily life. I believe in the old anarchist dictum that as soon as you gain power, you must disperse it. Anarchism is a utopian notion, but as a system by which to think about the world and myself, I think it flawless” (Cooper and Stosuy 20). From his controversial series of novels called the George Miles cycle (Closer, Frisk, Try, Guide, and Period) to his post-cycle work, which includes the award-winning cyber-noir The Sluts, Cooper’s fiction has persistently sought to fashion forms of literary expression most appropriate to his experience of the world as an anarchist artist. Taken together, I would suggest, his novels constitute one of the most remarkable examples of sustained artistic engagement with the subject of anarchism in American letters. Embedded within each text, concealed beneath the smooth, atonal veneer of Cooper’s celebrated “blank” prose and the bright hum of his ostensibly sensational subject matter, lie numerous imbricated critiques and dramas of anarchy shot through with subcultural expressions of dissident desire and encounters with contemporary conceptual art and avant-garde writing (Aaron 115). In what follows, I will consider just one example of Cooper’s efforts, The Marbled Swarm: A Novel, which represents his most recent and extravagant effort to capture a number of such concerns within the confines of a single text. Here I will show that, by creating a text whose structure is hewn from secrecy and cloaked in codes, Cooper appears to draw upon modes of dissident expression found...

The Tour de France: An Updated Physiological Review

From its initial inception in 1903 as a race premised on a publicity stunt to sell newspapers, the Tour de France had grown and evolved over time to become one of the most difficult and heralded sporting events in the world. Though sporting science and the Tour paralleled each other, it was not until the midlate 1980s, and especially the midlate 1990s (with the use of heart-rate monitors) that the 2 began to unify and grow together. The purpose of this brief review is to summarize what is currently known of the physiological demands of the Tour de France, as well as of the main physiological profile of Tour de France competitors.

Trends in mortality from leukemia in Europe: An update to 2009 and a projection to 2012

We considered trends in mortality from leukemia in Europe over the period 1970-2009 using data from the World Health Organization. We computed age-standardized (world population) mortality rates, at all ages and in selected age groups, in 11 selected European countries, the European Union (EU) and, for comparative purposes, in the USA and Japan. For the EU, we also provided projections of the mortality to 2012. Over the period considered, mortality from leukemia steadily declined in most European countries in children and young adults, as well as in western and southern Europe at middle-age (45-69 years); in central/eastern Europe, reductions at ages 45-69 started since the mid-late 1990s. In the EU, annual percent changes were -3.7% in males and -3.8% in females at age 0-14, -2% in both sexes at age 15-44, and -0.6% in males and -1% in females at middle-age and overall. No decline was observed at age 70 or more. Between 1997 and 2007, overall EU rates decreased from 5.4 to 4.8/100,000 males and from 3.4 to 2.9/100,000 females. Declines were from 6.2 to 5.5/100,000 males and from 3.7 to 3.2/100,000 females in the USA and from 3.9 to 3.5/100,000 males and from 2.5 to 2.0/100,000 females in Japan. Projected overall rates in the EU at 2012 are 4.3/100,000 males (-11% compared to 2007) and 2.6/100,000 females (-12%).

The Analytics of "Gendering" the Post-Neoliberal State

“Post-neoliberalism” or “after neoliberalism”' is a term that is associated with forms of governance that emerged in the mid-late 1990s with the Third Way and social investment states in the UK, Canada, and Aotearoa/New Zealand. The post-neoliberal state combines features of both neoliberal and social-democratic welfare policies; significantly, it has introduced changes in areas conventionally noted by feminist scholars as having bearing on the lives of women, such as, in public-funded childcare, and women-centered approaches to governance. The core question posed in this paper is: is the post-neoliberal state also a feminist one? Based on a critical review of recent literature, the analysis focuses on the gender implications of post-neoliberal policies in four domains of society and polity: production–reproduction, the public–private, political participation, and the machinery of the state. The paper argues that whilst gains made by some women in these domains are noteworthy, the more fundamental ramifications of the post-neoliberal state are in the changing landscape of gender relations in these countries.

Maritime Boundary Disputes in East Asia: Lessons for the Arctic1

The impact of climate change on the circumpolar north has raised the profile of the Arctic Ocean to coastal states and presents serious foreign policy challenges. Chief among these is the pending delimitation dispute over the extended continental shelf between Canada, Denmark, the United States, and Russia. While delimitation disputes are not new to Arctic states, extended continental shelf claims are complicated by the existence of multiple claimants and a still developing international legal regime. To inform policymakers about what to expect from overlapping claims to disputed maritime areas, this paper draws comparative lessons for Arctic policymakers based on East Asia's experience responding to overlapping jurisdictional entitlements created by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). East Asian states have been grappling with the challenge presented by overlapping claims to resource-rich seabeds since the region ratified UNCLOS in the mid-late 1990s. In light of similar geographic conditions (a dispute over a semi-enclosed sea), alliance structures and the relative infancy of the claimant states with UNCLOS entitlements—Canada only ratified the treaty in 2003, and the United States has yet to do so—this paper sets out the case that important comparative lessons can be drawn from the East Asian experience with maritime delimitation disputes.

Progress in the Preclinical Discovery and Clinical Development of Class I and Dual Class I/IV Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) Inhibitors

The phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute an important family of lipid kinase enzymes that control a range of cellular processes through their regulation of a network of signal transduction pathways, and have emerged as important therapeutic targets in the context of cancer, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. Since the mid-late 1990s, considerable progress has been made in the discovery and development of small molecule ATP-competitive PI3K inhibitors, a number of which have entered early phase human trials over recent years from which key clinical results are now being disclosed. This review summarizes progress made to date, primarily on the discovery and characterization of class I and dual class I/IV subtype inhibitors, together with advances that have been made in translational and clinical research, notably in cancer.

Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease mortality in young adults: recent trends in Europe

Over the last two decades, mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) declined by about 30% in the European Union (EU). We analyzed trends in CHD (X ICD codes: I20-I25) and CVD (X ICD codes: I60-I69) mortality in young adults (age 35-44 years) in the EU as a whole and in 12 selected European countries, over the period 1980-2007. Data were derived from the World Health Organization mortality database. With joinpoint regression analysis, we identified significant changes in trends and estimated average annual percent changes (AAPC). CHD mortality rates at ages 35-44 years have decreased in both sexes since the 1980s for most countries, except for Russia (130/100,000 men and 24/100,000 women, in 2005-7). The lowest rates (around 9/100,000 men, 2/100,000 women) were in France, Italy and Sweden. In men, the steepest declines in mortality were in the Czech Republic (AAPC = -6.1%), the Netherlands (-5.2%), Poland (-4.5%), and England and Wales (-4.5%). Patterns were similar in women, though with appreciably lower rates. The AAPC in the EU was -3.3% for men (rate = 16.6/100,000 in 2005-7) and -2.1% for women (rate = 3.5/100,000). For CVD, Russian rates in 2005-7 were 40/100,000 men and 16/100,000 women, 5 to 10-fold higher than in most western European countries. The steepest declines were in the Czech Republic and Italy for men, in Sweden and the Czech Republic for women. The AAPC in the EU was -2.5% in both sexes, with steeper declines after the mid-late 1990s (rates = 6.4/100,000 men and 4.3/100,000 women in 2005-7). CHD and CVD mortality steadily declined in Europe, except in Russia, whose rates were 10 to 15-fold higher than those of France, Italy or Sweden. Hungary and Poland, and also Scotland, where CHD trends were less favourable than in other western European countries, also emerge as priorities for preventive interventions.

Distribution and Conservation Status of the Lao Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus (francoisi) laotum)

Lao leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus (francoisi) laotum) are endemic to a small area of central and, marginally, north Lao. They are known from a few, mostly vague, historical records. We here present a detailed examination of the distribution of this little-known taxon and discuss its conservation status. Surveys since 1992 show its range to be centered upon the karst-dominated Phou Hin Poun National Protected Area (NPA), Nam Sanam Provincial Protected Area, and the southern part of Nam Kading NPA. The known range encompasses <2000 km², within which occurrence is patchy, reflecting habitat availability. The taxonomic identity of leaf monkeys plausibly of this group reported to the north of this area is not known. In the south of Phou Hin Poun NPA, village reports that the monkeys have black heads are corroborated by the few sightings; their taxonomic relationship with typical Trachypithecus laotum is unknown. In the mid–late 1990s large populations remained and individuals were easily seen. There is no apparent large-scale threat to their habitat. There has been no significant reassessment of status since the late 1990s, nor is there any active conservation action in place. Although the monkeys are to a significant extent protected by the arduous terrain, this cannot be relied upon indefinitely: Trade-directed hunting, although apparently limited in the 1990s, is a potential threat that could cause rapid population declines. Local traditions offer significant starting points for conserving these monkeys.