Microwave Radiation Exposure Research Articles

A sustainable and energy efficient approach for development of electrically conductive materials and their characterizations

In this study, composite castings of electrically conductive materials were prepared using electromagnetic energy of frequency 2.45 GHz. Three separate sets of castings were produced inside the domestic microwave applicator cavity, with reinforced compositions of up to 15% in steps of 5% for each composite cast (copper (Cu) + 5% molybdenum (Mo), Cu + 10% Mo, and Cu + 15% Mo). A microwave radiation exposure time of 12 min was required for the complete melting of pure copper powder. However, the addition of Mo reinforcement caused a reduction in exposure time to 11.33 min (min) for the Cu-15% Mo composite cast. The formation of different phases was revealed by the X-ray diffraction analysis of the cast samples. Only a 0.92% copper oxide phase was detected in the pure copper cast samples. The composite cast samples exhibited peaks corresponding to Cu64O, Cu6Mo5O18, and MoO2. Microstructure analysis demonstrated that the grains grew in an equiaxed manner with a uniform dispersion of the reinforcements. The maximum microhardness achieved is 99.2 ± 4.99 Hv for Cu + 15% Mo which is 1.66 times better than microwave-cast copper sample.

Wireless technologies, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and children: Identifying and reducing health risks

Children today are conceived and live in a sea of wireless radiation that did not exist when their parents were born. The launch of the digital age continues to transform the capacity to respond to emergencies and extend global communications. At the same time that this increasingly ubiquitous technology continues to alter the nature of commerce, medicine, transport and modern life overall, its varied and changing forms have not been evaluated for their biological or environmental impacts. Standards for evaluating radiation from numerous wireless devices were first set in 1996 to avoid heating tissue and remain unchanged since then in the U.S. and many other nations. A wide range of evidence indicates that there are numerous non-thermal effects from wireless radiation on reproduction, development, and chronic illness. Many widely used devices such as phones and tablets function as two-way microwave radios, sending and receiving various frequencies of information-carrying microwave radiation on multiple simultaneously operating antennas. Expert groups advising governments on this matter do not agree on the best approaches to be taken. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limited screen time for children under the age of two, but more than half of all toddlers regularly have contact with screens, often without parental engagement. Young children of parents who frequently use devices as a form of childcare can experience delays in speech acquisition and bonding, while older children report feelings of disappointment due to 'technoference'-parental distraction due to technology. Children who begin using devices early in life can become socially, psychologically and physically addicted to the technology and experience withdrawal upon cessation. We review relevant experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidence on biological and other impacts of currently used wireless technology, including advice to include key questions at pediatric wellness checkups from infancy to young adulthood. We conclude that consistent with advice in pediatric radiology, an approach that recommends that microwave radiation exposures be As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) seems sensible and prudent, and that an independently-funded training, research and monitoring program should be carried out on the long term physical and psychological impacts of rapidly changing technological milieu, including ways to mitigate impacts through modifications in hardware and software. Current knowledge of electrohypersensitivity indicates the importance of reducing wireless exposures especially in schools and health care settings.

Применение СВЧ-энергии для улучшения показателей безопасности зернового сырья

Ensuring the safety of grain raw materials during storage is an urgent problem. The most efficient and environmentally friendly method is the microwave radiation method. To obtain products that meet the requirements of quality and safety, it is necessary to determine the effective modes of exposure. For this purpose, the decontamination of corn and rice grain depending on the heating rate and time of microwave radiation exposure on the grain was studied on the MkP‑1200 unit with the 2450 MHz mode of action. Microbiological indices of grain determined according to standard methodology showed species diversity of microorganisms on untreated grain. Maximum disinfection of rice grain was observed at a heating rate of 0.63 to 0.71°C/s, treatment time of 122 to 171 s. Maximum disinfection of corn grain was observed at a heating rate of 0.6 to 0.69°C/s. The electromagnetic field of ultra-high frequency minimises indicators of microbiological contamination and provides the best indicators of safety and quality of grain during storage.

The Role of NMDAR and BDNF in Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Different Microwave Radiation Conditions in Rats

Background: To investigate the effects of different levels of microwave radiation on learning and memory in Wistar rats and explore the underlying mechanisms of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR/NR) and Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF); Methods: A total of 140 Wistar rats were exposed to microwave radiation levels of 0, 10, 30 or 50 mW/cm2 for 6 min. Morris Water Maze Test, high-performance liquid chromatography, Transmission Electron Microscope and Western blotting were used; Results: The 30 and 50 mW/cm2 groups exhibited longer average escape latencies and fewer platform crossings than the 0 mW/cm2 group from 6 h to 3 d after microwave radiation. Alterations in the amino acid neurotransmitters of the hippocampi were shown at 6 h, 3 d and 7 d after exposure to 10, 30 or 50 mW/cm2 microwave radiation. The length and width of the Postsynaptic density were increased. The expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B increased from day 1 to day 7; Postsynaptic density protein-95 and cortactin expression increased from day 3 to day 7; BDNF and Tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) expression increased between 6 h and 1 d after 30 mW/cm2 microwave radiation exposure, but they decreased after 50mW/cm2 exposure. Conclusions: Microwave exposure (30 or 50 mW/cm2, for 6 min) may cause abnormalities in neurotransmitter release and synaptic structures, resulting in impaired learning and memory; BDNF and NMDAR-related signaling molecules might contribute differently to these alterations.

Synthesis, Characterization and Performance Study of Biomass Derived Supercapacitor Electrode

Energy storage using biomass derived electrodes is very interesting and potential field. Replacing commercial activated carbon with biomass derived char may reduce the cost of electrode without affecting the performance significantly. In present study, oil palm shell (OPS) derived char synthesized by microwave pyrolysis is used to prepare an electrode and its performance as an electrode is studied. OPS and OPS char is characterized using ultimate & proximate analysis, TGA-DTA, FT-IR and SEM. Carbon percent in OPS char is found to be 59.42 wt.% as compared to 42.59 wt.% for OPS. TGA affirms that OPS char is thermally more stable than OPS. SEM images incite significant morphological change upon exposure of microwave radiation on OPS. It further shows that smaller pores in OPS have developed into larger pores in OPS char. Adsorption-desorption study of OPS char confirms the porous nature of OPS char. BET surface area of OPS char is 265.90 m2 g−1. Electro-chemical study is conducted with three electrode system. Specific capacitance of OPS char derived electrode is 203.30 F g−1. Charging-discharging cycle lowered the specific capacitance. The drop is less significant at lower scan rate. The energy storage cost is also determined which is $ cent 0.05/F.

Thermal treatment using microwave irradiation for the phytosanitation of Xylella fastidiosa in pecan graftwood.

Pecan bacterial leaf scorch caused by Xylella fastidiosa is an emerging disease for the U.S. and international pecan industries and can be transmitted from scion to rootstock via grafting. With the expanse of global transportation and trade networks, phytosanitation is critical for reducing the spread of economically significant pathogens, such as X. fastidiosa. We developed and evaluated thermal treatments using microwave irradiation and microwave absorbers [sterile deionized water (dH2O) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)] as novel disinfectant methods for remediating X. fastidiosa in pecan scions. Partial submergence of scions in dH2O or CNT dispersions resulted in the transport of microwave absorbers in the xylem tissue via transpiration but did not compromise plant health. The microwave absorbers effectively transferred heat to the scion wood to reach an average temperature range of 55–65°C. Microwave radiation exposure for 6 sec (3 sec for two iterations) of CNT- or dH2O-treated scions reduced the frequency of X. fastidiosa-positive in pecan scions without negatively affecting plant viability when compared to the control group (dH2O-treated with no microwave). The efficacy of the new thermal treatments based on microwave irradiation was comparable to the conventional hot-water treatment (HWT) method, in which scions were submerged in 46°C water for 30 min. Microwave irradiation can be employed to treat X. fastidiosa-infected scions where the conventional HWT treatment is not feasible. This study is the first report to demonstrate novel thermal treatment methods based on the microwave irradiation and microwave absorbers of dH2O and CNT as an application for the phytosanitation of xylem-inhabiting bacteria in graftwood.

Effects of Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation on Oxidant-Antioxidant Parameters and DNA Damage in the Liver of Rats.

The continuously increasing usage of cell phones has raised concerns about the adverse effects of microwave radiation (MWR) emitted by cell phones on health. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have claimed that MWR may cause various kinds of damage in tissues. The aim of this study is to examine the possible effects of exposure to low-intensity MWR on DNA and oxidative damage in the livers of rats. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three equal groups randomly (n = 6). Group 1 (Sham-control): rats were kept under conditions the same as those of other groups, except for MWR exposure. Group 2: rats exposed to 1800 MHz (SAR: 0.62 W/kg) at 0.127 ± 0.04 mW/cm2 power density, and Group 3: rats exposed to 2,100 MHz (SAR: 0.2 W/kg) at 0.038 ± 0.03 mW/cm2 power density. Microwave application groups were exposed to MWR 2 h/day for 7 months. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were sacrificed and DNA damage, malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and total oxidant-antioxidant parameter analyses were conducted in their liver tissue samples. It was found that 1800 and 2100 MHz low-intensity MWR caused a significant increase in MDA, 8-OHdG, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, and comet assay tail intensity (P < 0.05), while total antioxidant status levels (P < 0.05) decreased. The results of our study showed that whole-body exposure to 1800 and 2100 MHz low-intensity MWR emitted by cell phones can induce oxidative stress by altering oxidant-antioxidant parameters and lead to DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage in the liver of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:76-85. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Consequences of Microwave Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure on Germination and Free Proline Content of Green Gram and Red Bean

Background: Plants are crucial key component of well-formed ecosystem and have significant role in the living world, therefore, it would be helpful to scrutinize their interaction with variable radio and microwave frequency fields.&#x0D; Objectives: A laboratory test was conducted in October 2018 in the Department of Botany, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi to investigate the microwave radiation influence on plant development, and clarify the mechanisms of energy exchange and stimulation of plant development. The experiment was laid down at completely randomize design to evaluate the effect of microwave electromagnetic radiation at different durations of time on seed germination and free proline content (stress indicators) in green gram (Vigna radiata. L) and red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris. L) seedlings.&#x0D; Methodology: Seeds were treated with three different time periods of microwave radiation (5, 15 &amp; 30sec). Control seeds were not treated.&#x0D; Results: The analysis of obtained data showed that the differential exposure of microwave had significant effect on germination rate, germination percentage and free proline content of both plants. The exposed electromagnetic radiation improved the germination rate in both types of seed along with improved germination percentages. Proline contents of both plants also markedly responded with electromagnetic radiation and proved themselves a responsive stress indicator with differential radiation exposures.&#x0D; Conclusion: The 15sec exposure of microwave radiation enhanced germination in green gram seeds, while 30sec exposure improved red bean seed germination along with breaking dormancy effect of hard seed coat. Therefore, the technique provides a quick and effective method of treatment especially for the seeds having an impermeable seed coat.

Microwave treatment of rocks: effect on specific gravity, whiteness, and grindability

Heating of ores usually improves the liberation of minerals and reduces grinding energy consumption. One of the heating methods is using microwave electromagnetic radiation, which may change the rock&rsquo;s physical properties. This paper investigates the effect of microwave heating of rocks on their physical properties. The physical properties monitored were specific gravity, whiteness, and grindability due to their importance for the downstream processes. Two rock types were investigated: coral as the soft rock and quartzite as the hard rock. The rock samples tested were treated for different time intervals in a microwave oven (frequency &mdash; 2.45 GHz, P = 1.7 kW). The results showed that specific gravity of the soft rock decreased by 1.82 % after the microwave treatment (150 s), while that of the hard rock was not affected. It was also found that the maximum change in rock whiteness for the soft rock is 8.65 % after the microwave treatment (150 s), while that of the hard rock was 6.02 % after a 120 s microwave radiation exposure period. Following a 60 s microwave radiation exposure, the soft rock demonstrated the work index of 20.99 % against the value of 45.03 % of the hard rock. The results of FTIR and XRD analyses suggest that changes in the physical property and a phase shift of minerals may be responsible for the improvement in the work index and whiteness of the rocks studied. This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. The authors are very grateful to the DSR for their technical and financial support.

Exposure of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Biochemical and Pathological Alterations

In the era of globalization, too much dependency on mobile phones is a cause of concern. The present study was designed to evaluate the risk assessment of microwave radiation (MWR) at 1800 MHz frequency and specific absorption rate 0.433 (W/kg) on male Wistar rats. Animals were divided into two groups: the first group is the control group, and the second group was exposed to 1800 MHz radiation for 90 days at 4 h/5 days/week in a month. Chronic exposure of MWR may alter GSH homeostasis due to alteration in various GSH cycle regulating enzymes such as GR, GPx, GST, and G6PDH which showed an imbalance in GSH content and causes an increase in the oxidative stress and release of inflammatory cytokines. A remarkable increase in the DNA damage was seen due to disorganization and pyknosis of neurons in exposed animal's brain when compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). There was also a significant decline in AChE level. The study concludes that MWR may cause neurochemical and pathophysiological damage by initiating the inflammatory process in various brain regions, especially in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These effects are further associated with a remarkable elevation in the genotoxicity of neurons with reference to the control group.

Bicomponent poly(ethylene)/poly(propylene) fiber bonding using dielectric inks

A dielectric ink thermal processing method has been developed to bond bicomponent poly(ethylene)/poly(propylene) (bico-PE/PP) fibers that are commonly used to make nonwoven fabrics for a variety of applications including medical, hygiene, and filtration needs. Dielectric inks applied to the fibers offer a number of potential advantages over conventional calendar bonding including more efficient energy conversion, faster heating rates, heating directed to desired bond sites, facile patterning, the ability to function on materials with substantial amounts of loft, and avoidance of fiber damage induced by calendar roller contact. Poly(ethylene) and poly(propylene) do not efficiently convert microwave energy to heat on their own; therefore, propylene carbonate (PC) and glycerine carbonate (GC) were selected as ink candidates due to their large dipole moments and dielectric constants. The temperature-dependent dielectric constant and dielectric loss values of both carbonates were measured as well as their thermal responses to microwave energy at 2.45 GHz. The dispersion of each carbonate on bico-PE/PP fibers, including the application to nonwoven fabrics, was characterized by optical microscopy. The thermal response for ink loading as a function of microwave radiation exposure time was investigated. Tensile test results showed that the bonding strength of dielectric ink bonded samples was comparable with the bonding obtained using conventional calendar bonding. The results presented herein demonstrate that dielectric inks provide fast heating rates, excellent fiber bonding, and the ability for facile nonwoven patterning.

The Oligomerization of C4-Hydrocarbons in the Microwave Field

The paper shows the possibility of oligomerization of olefinic hydrocarbons fraction C4 on the zeolite catalyst BAK-70 under the exposure of microwave radiation. The change of physical and chemical properties of the catalyst under the influence of microwave radiation is shown. The catalyst is slightly sintered, which affects the yield of reaction products. There is a decrease in the output of oligomerizate, but decreases the content of aromatic hydrocarbons of 68 % and increases the selectivity of the process of 5.5 %. In order to achieve better process parameters for microwave assisted oligomerization, it is necessary to improve the structure and physical properties of the catalyst, so that an efficient, industrially applicable process.

Experimental results of increasing the bending strength of construction glass after microwave radiation exposure

The analysis of the scientific and technical literature and trends in the development of transport and energy technology showed that advanced plastic complexes and fiberglass plastics are widely used in promising aviation complexes and ground-based robotic complexes for various purposes. The promising point of application of the effects of microwave radiation (microwave electromagnetic field) on the formation of enhanced strength properties of products made of glass-reinforced plastics, especially in terms of bending stresses and interlayer shear, is shown. Experimental studies of the effect of microwave electromagnetic field with a frequency of 2450 MHz on the microstructure of hardened laminated fiberglass and their flexural strength have been performed. A 60% increase in the flexural strength of the samples was achieved after exposure to microwave radiation of an average power level for 2 minutes compared to the control ones. With shorter and longer time of processing, the increase of strength was less pronounced. The reason of hardening is an increase of the solidity of the structure by increasing the contact points of the matrix and fibers during the formation of the characteristic “star” structures. The fact of embrittlement of samples processed at maximum radiation power with an increase in exposure time was revealed.

Влияние времени воздействия микроволнового излучения на культуру хемолитотрофных микроорганизмов

Влияние времени воздействия микроволнового излучения на культуру хемолитотрофных микроорганизмов

2.45 GHz microwave radiation impairs learning, memory, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the rat.

Microwave (MW) radiation has a close relationship with neurobehavioral disorders. Due to the widespread usage of MW radiation, especially in our homes, it is essential to investigate the direct effect of MW radiation on the central nervous system. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the effect of MW radiation on memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz MW radiation (continuous wave with overall average power density of 0.016 mW/cm2 and overall average whole-body specific absorption rate value of 0.017 W/kg) for 2 h/day over a period of 40 days. Spatial learning and memory were tested by radial maze and passive avoidance tests. We evaluated the synaptic plasticity and hippocampal neuronal cells number by field potential recording and Giemsa staining, respectively. Our results showed that MW radiation exposure decreased the learning and memory performance that was associated with decrement of long-term potentiation induction and excitability of CA1 neurons. However, MW radiation did not have any effects on short-term plasticity and paired-pulse ratio as a good indirect index for measurement of glutamate release probability. The evaluation of hippocampal morphology indicated that the neuronal density in the hippocampal CA1 area was significantly decreased by MW.

Genotoxic Effects in Human Fibroblasts Exposed to Microwave Radiation.

In the last decades, technological development has led to an increasing use of devices and systems based on microwave radiation. The increased employment of these devices has elicited questions about the potential long-term health consequences associated with microwave radiation exposure. From this perspective, biological effects of microwave radiation have been the focus of many studies, but the reported scientific data are unclear and contradictory. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential genotoxic and cellular effects associated with in vitro exposure of human fetal and adult fibroblasts to microwave radiation at the frequency of 25 GHz. For this purpose, several genetic and biological end points were evaluated. Results obtained from comet assay, phosphorylation of H2AX histone, and antikinetochore antibody (CREST)-negative micronuclei frequency excluded direct DNA damage to human fetal and adult fibroblasts exposed to microwaves. No induction of apoptosis or changes in prosurvival signalling proteins were detected. Moreover, CREST analysis showed for both the cell lines an increase in the total number of micronuclei and centromere positive micronuclei in exposed samples, indicating aneuploidy induction due to chromosome loss.

Changes in Puffing Pattern ofDrosophila melanogaster(Diptera: Drosophilidae) Polytene Chromosomes after Egg Exposure to Microwave Radiation and Magnetic Field1

Abstract We determined the effects of microwave radiation and static magnetic field on the gene activity in Drosophila by measuring the dimensions of puffing the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen following exposure of eggs to the radiation and magnetic field. Drosophila eggs were exposed to either microwave radiation of 36.64 GHz frequency and 1 W/m2 intensity for 30 s, a static magnetic field of 25 mT for 5 min, or both. The diameter of puffs was measured in squashed salivary gland preparations extracted from larvae from those eggs as they entered the prepupal stage. The puffs measured were 50CD, 63F, 71CE, 72CD (chromosome 3L) and 82EF, 83E, 93D (chromosome 3R). Results demonstrated that (a) microwave radiation exposure decreased puffing activity in puffs 63F, 71CE, and 82 EF but had no effect on puffing at 72CD, 93D and 50CD; (b) exposure to magnetic fields only did not change puff activity, but magnetic field exposure appeared to enhance the impact of microwave rad...

After-effect induced by microwave radiation in human electroencephalographic signal: a feasibility study

Purpose: This feasibility study is aimed to clarify the possibility of detection of microwave radiation (MWR)-induced event related potential (ERP) in electroencephalographic (EEG) signal.Methods: To trigger onset and offset effects in EEG, repetitive MWR stimuli were used. Four 30-channel EEG recordings on a single subject were performed, each about one month apart. The subject was exposed to 450 MHz MWR modulated at 40 Hz at the 1 g peak spatial average specific absorption rate of 0.3 W/kg. During a recording, 40 cycles of 30 s on–off MWR exposure were used. The artifact-free responses to 126 MWR-ON stimuli and 134 MWR-OFF stimuli were averaged over stimuli and channels.Results: Regarding EEG signals locked to MWR-OFF stimulus, the enhanced signal level at alpha frequency band and about twice higher signal to noise ratio at 200 to 440 ms after the stimulus have been detected. No remarkable response in EEG signals locked to MWR-ON stimulus.Conclusions: The detection of offset effect confirms that there should be an imprint generated by MWR in brain. The results of this preliminary study provide evidence for the detection of MWR-induced ERP in EEG signal and encourage further research in this direction.

Responses of Ten Weed Species to Microwave Radiation Exposure as Affected by Plant Size1

Abstract There is interest in alternative weed control methods to herbicide use, especially among those interested in organic approaches. The use of microwave radiation as a weed control method appears to be a good alternative because it does not produce chemical residues in the environment. A study was conducted to determine the impact of plant age on weed control using microwave radiation. Ten weed species, representing monocots and dicots, were selected for this study: southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler), dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.), false green kyllinga (Kyllinga gracillima Miquel), fragrant flatsedge (Cyperus odoratus L.), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.). In general, weed species become more tolerant of microwave treatments as they increased in size, as 8 to 10 week-old plants were injured less than 4 to 6 week-old plants. Most grass species regrew when treated at 90 and 180 joules.cm−2 of microwave radiation. Pitted morningglory and common ragweed showed the highest susceptibility to microwave radiation among all treated weed species. The increase in a weed's biomass over time probably increases the amount of microwave radiation necessary for heating samples to the thermal threshold required for control. Index words: Nonchemical control, microwave, weed age, weed maturity, thermal weed control. Species used in this study: southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler); dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.); false green kyllinga (Kyllinga gracillima Miquel); fragrant flatsedge (Cyperus odoratus L.); yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.); common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.); white clover (Trifolium repens L.); pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.); henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.); field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.).

Effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the fertility pattern in male mice.

A number of studies have reported that male reproductive organs are susceptible to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). The aim of this study was to explore the effects of microwave radiation exposures on 6-8 weeks old male Swiss albino mice. Mice were divided into two groups: group I - sham-exposed (Control), and group II - microwaves-exposed (MWs). Mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz with power density 0.25 mW/cm2 and specific absorbtion rate (SAR) 0.09 W/kg. Exposure was given in Plexiglas cages for 2 h/day for 30 days. Results showed that 2.45 GHz microwave radiation resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.001) in catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease (p < 0.001) in the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), testosterone and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.05). Flow cytometer analysis of blood showed the formation of micronuclei in microwave-exposed group. Histopathological changes were also seen in seminiferous tubules of microwave-exposed group as compared to the sham-exposed group. It is concluded that 2.45 GHz microwave radiation exposure causes oxidative stress in testes and it may lead to detrimental and injurious effects on fertility potential of the male reproductive system of Swiss albino mice.