Microwave-assisted Extraction Method Research Articles

Metabolite Profiling and Integrated Network Pharmacology Based Mechanism of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Fruit Against Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae) is an essential food plant in India possessing antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities. The objective included comparative estimation of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibition potential of B. hispida fractions prepared by microwave-assisted extraction and prediction of metabolite interaction against non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by metabolite profiling based network pharmacology analysis. A validated microwave-assisted extraction method was employed to obtain different fractions of B. hispida fruits. The invitro enzyme assay was done with p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside and acarbose as standard to evaluate antidiabetic potential. The phytomolecules present in the active fraction wereidentified by UHPLC-QToF-MS/MS analysis. Network pharmacology analysis gave possible gene and disease association, combination synergy network, and predicted probable mechanism of action. The highest enzyme inhibition potential (IC50) was shown by the ethyl acetate fraction (0.546 ± 0.17 mg/mL and 1.134 ± 0.42 mg/mL) compared to acarbose (0.298 ± 0.08 mg/mL and 0.532 ± 0.38 mg/mL), respectively, for α-glucosidase and α-amylase addressing the potential role in ameliorating non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolite profiling resulted in the identification of 17 metabolites, and a synergy between the identified molecules suggested multimolecule action in the amelioration of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus through insulin resistance pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Combination synergy of identified molecules was observed through a multitarget approach to manage non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Polyphenol-enriched fraction of B. hispida fruits and identified phytocompounds ameliorate non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Thus, enriched extract of B. hispida can be further investigated in order to develop high-quality, safe, and effective products for the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

A combined mechanistic and empirical models for tailored microwave-assisted extraction of rice bran phenolic

ABSTRACT Rice bran is a promising source of functional food due to its high phenolic content. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has become a widely used method for optimizing phenolic extraction from rice bran. However, understanding the phenolic extraction process using the MAE method is challenging due to the system’s complexity. Modeling and simulation are powerful tools to provide a better understanding of how the system behaves and can be optimized. This study proposes a novel approach that combines mechanistic and empirical models (gray box) to predict the phenolic content in rice bran extraction using MAE. It involved phenolic extraction using different ethanol concentrations (40%, 60%, 80%), microwave application time (1 min, 2 min, 3 min), and microwave power (90 W, 180 W, 270 W). The results showed a good agreement between experimental and computed extraction yields, as indicated by the reported statistical parameters and gray box model. The optimum conditions were reached at 60% ethanol concentration, 2-min microwave application time, and 180 W microwave power with the phenolic content at 0.534 mg/mL (model) and 0.561 mg/mL or 25.06 mg/g (experiment). Following the study, this combined approach can potentially reduce the time and cost required for optimization studies of phenolic extraction.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction vs. microwave-assisted extraction for sustainable development goals: Selecting the ideal lipid extraction and fatty acid profile

The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods for extracting lipids from the green microalga Chlorococcum novae-angliae. This study specifically focused on the fatty acid profiles of the extracted lipids, using ethanol as the solvent and wet biomass as the starting material. Ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded a maximum of 0.026 ± 0.001 g lipid/g wet biomass at a biomass ratio of 1:25 for 2 min with a 1-second cycle at 180 W and 20 kHz, which was 21% higher than that of microwave-assisted extraction conducted at a ratio of 1:30 for 2 min at 300 W and 35 °C. Ultrasound-assisted extraction enhanced saturated fatty acids (SFAs), which were 1.5 times higher than to microwave-assisted extraction, while microwave-assisted extraction significantly increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by 4.4 times. The findings suggest that ultrasound-assisted extraction is more suitable for applications requiring high SFA content, such as in the fuel industry, whereas microwave-assisted extraction is preferable for sectors focused on fatty acid quality, such as food and health. This comparative analysis contributes to the literature by highlighting the impact of extraction methods on fatty acid profiles and supports sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 12, by promoting environmentally friendly extraction techniques.

Optimasi Metode Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) untuk Menentukan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa Paradisiaca.L)

Indonesia is a country that has a lot of banana diversity. One of the banana plants that is widely found in Indonesia is the Kepok banana (Musa Paradisiaca.L). Kepok banana skin has a very high content of flavonoids and phenols. Flavonoids are known as good antioxidants because they can find reactive oxygen species with the phenolic hydroxyl group that flavonoids have. The aim of this research was to determine the results of the optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method on the total flavonoid content of kapok banana peel ethanol extract. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) was done to extraction flavonoid from ethanol extract of kepok banana peel (Musa Paradisiaca.L). The sample collected from Widoro village, Karangsambung sub-district, Kebumen regency. Optimum extraction condition was determined by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The Box- Behnken design (BBD) was used to evaluate the influence of 3 factors with 3 levels extraction that is power level (10%, 30%, 50%), ethanol concentration (50, 70, 96%), and extraction time (3, 5 and 7 minutes) with 15 different runs. The research showed that optimum extraction condition was at 24,14 % of power level, 66,26% ethanol concentration, and time extraction of 3,52 minutes with calculations from the Design Expert program, the total flavonoid content response was 8.491 Mg QE/g. The total flavonoid content value obtained experimentally was 8,246 Mg QE/g under condition of 30 % power level, 70% ethanol concentration, and time extraction of 5 minutes. Based on the result, total flavonoid content can be significantly increased by optimizing the MAE process use RSM.

Pectin Microwave Assisted Extraction from Pumpkin Peels: Process Optimization and Chemical-Physical and Rheological Characterization.

Recently, pectin, a versatile polysaccharide with different industrial applications, has gained significant attention as an eco-friendly and functional ingredient. This study investigates pumpkin peels (Cucurbita maxima L., Mantua variety) as a novel source of pectin, using a microwave-assisted extraction method with citric acid-acidified water as solvent. The extraction conditions were optimized using a Design of Experiments approach, considering the solvent-to-solid ratio (SSR), pH, temperature, and extraction time. The optimized conditions (94.8 °C, 5 min, pH 1.5, and 46 mL/g SSR) resulted in a pectin yield of 18.05%. A comprehensive characterization of the extracted pectin was performed, including FT-IR spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, rheological properties, and techno-functional assessments such as water holding capacity and fat binding capacity. The results indicated a high degree of esterification (56.19 ± 0.87%), classifying the pumpkin peels (PP) extract as a high methoxyl pectin. PP pectin demonstrated potential as a stabilizer and emulsifying agent, although its high methoxyl content limits its use as a carrier for targeted bioactive delivery. The findings support the viability of using agricultural by-products to obtain valuable polysaccharides, contributing to waste valorization and sustainable industrial practices.

Topical formulations contained an extract from marine alga Cladophora glomerata

The Cladophora glomerata is a green alga abundant in fresh and seawater. The extraction of C. glomerata using glycol-based solvents, including butylene glycol (BG), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), and propylene glycol (PG), as the green solvents to obtain antioxidants and nutrients that can be further used in health care and pharmaceutical applications. The extraction of C. glomerata with glycol-base solvents using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was optimized. The liquid extraction using 60 % volume by volume of polyethylene glycol yielded the highest total phenolic content (4.00 ± 0.08 mg gallic acid equivalence per g dry weight) and antioxidant activity (IC50 0.14 ± 0.02 mg/mL). The algal extract was stable at pH 6 to 8 and a temperature lower than 25 °C. After incorporating the algal extract in topical formulations including serum and emulgel, we found that the preparations were stable and retained the extract's antioxidant activity. In addition, all algal extracts, extract-loaded serum, and emulgel did not show cytotoxicity effects in normal adult human dermal fibroblasts.

Anthocyanin Extraction from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyces: A Microwave-Assisted Approach Using Box-Behnken Design

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a widely consumed edible flower, often utilized as a natural coloring agent. The bright red color of roselle is due to its anthocyanin content. Beyond their role as colorants, anthocyanins are known for their potent antioxidant properties, which have drawn significant interest for their potential health benefits. To fully harness the advantages of roselle's anthocyanins, developing a reliable extraction method is crucial. This study aimed to establish a fast, efficient, and environmentally friendly extraction technique using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Key factors, such as temperature (30, 65, and 100 °C), solvent concentration (30%, 50%, and 70% ethanol in water), and solvent-to-solid ratio (10:1, 25:1, 40:1), were optimized using the Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. The extraction time (5-30 minutes) was also evaluated to maximize anthocyanin recovery. Two major anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside, were identified using UHPLC-PDA-QToF-MS and quantified using a cyanidin-3-glucoside calibration curve. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be 72 °C, using 70% ethanol in water with a 40:1 solvent-to-solid ratio for 15 minutes. This method was validated with high accuracy (>98% recovery) and precision (CV <6%). It was successfully applied to quantify the anthocyanin content in both purple and red roselle varieties. This rapid and effective MAE method offers a more sustainable, energy-efficient, and time-saving alternative to conventional extraction methods, benefiting industries that rely on natural colorants and antioxidants.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Red Spinach Leaves (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Extracted Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes

Background: Humans are among the most susceptible living beings to bacterial infections. Infectious wounds on the skin surface are easily colonized by various kinds of bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes. Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) contains flavonoids with antimicrobial properties. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of red spinach leaves (Amaranthus tricolor L.) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods: This research includes the preparation, characterization, phytochemical screening of dried powder and extract. Extraction was performed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method using 70% and 96% ethanol variations and then antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of red spinach leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria was carried out by paper disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test) to obtain the diameter of inhibition. Results: The 70% ethanol extract of red spinach leaves has the lowest concentrations of 0.78 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria with diameters of 7.23 mm, and 7.90 mm respectively. While the 96% ethanol extract of red spinach leaves has the lowest concentration of 0.78 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria with a same diameter of 7.43 mm. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of red spinach leaves has antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes.

From Waste to New Ways: Feasibility of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Chitin from Green Mussels (Perna Viridis) for Development of TEA-Functionalized CO2 Capture Adsorbent

As the world progresses, environmental problems emerge, such as the rise in global greenhouse gas emissions, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) and improper waste management. To address these issues, this study aims to extract a natural polymer, chitin, from waste green mussel shells using a novel microwave-assisted extraction method. The extracted chitin was used as a support material for the functionalization of the adsorbent for potential CO2 capture. The process involves demineralization and deproteinization for mussel shells under the influence of a microwave unit. Results show that microwave power level 2 has produced the highest chitin yield (6.40%) among all the power levels. To enhance its CO₂ adsorption capacity, the extracted chitin underwent a sol-gel pre-treatment followed by functionalization with triethanolamine (TEA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a "brick wall-like" or flaky crystal structure with an increased surface roughness, suggesting successful TEA incorporation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the presence of amine groups and enhanced thermal stability of the functionalized chitin. These characteristics are essential for CO₂ capture applications. This research demonstrates that waste green mussel shells coupled with microwave-assisted extraction can be a promising route in extracting chitin and its potential application to CO2 capture. Future work will focus on improving the pre-treatment process to produce a more suitable chitin support and optimizing the adsorbent's CO₂ capture capacity.

Phycocyanin-Loaded Alginate-Based Hydrogel Synthesis and Characterization.

Phycocyanin was extracted from Spirulina platensis using conventional extraction (CE), direct ultrasonic-assisted extraction (direct UAE), indirect ultrasonic-assisted extraction (indirect UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods at different temperatures, extraction intervals, stirring rate, and power intensities while maintaining the same algae to solvent ratio (1:15 w/v). The optimization of the extraction parameters indicated that the direct UAE yielded the highest phycocyanin concentration (29.31 ± 0.33 mg/mL) and antioxidant activity (23.6 ± 0.56 mg TE/g algae), while MAE achieved the highest purity (Rp = 0.5 ± 0.002). Based on the RP value, phycocyanin extract obtained by MAE (1:15 w/v algae to solvent ratio, 40 min, 40 °C, and 900 rpm) was selected as active compound in an alginate-based hydrogel formulation designed as potential wound dressings. Phycocyanin extracts and loaded hydrogels were characterized by FT-IR analysis. SEM analysis confirmed a porous structure for both blank and phycocyanin loaded hydrogels, while the mechanical properties remained approximately unchanged in the presence of phycocyanin. Phycocyanin release kinetics was investigated at two pH values using Zero-order, First-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics models. The Higuchi model best fitted the experimental results. The R2 value at higher pH was nearly 1, indicating a superior fit compared with lower pH values.

Exploring antioxidant potential of agricultural by-products: a systematic review.

Agricultural waste sourced from various activities that occur along the agricultural supply chain including post-harvest, processing, and consumption processes, can pose a threat to ecosystem balance and community welfare. Data shows that agricultural by-products have the potential to be utilized because they contain antioxidant compounds. This systematic review study aims to identify and assess the antioxidant activity of agricultural by-products through various extraction methods. This systematic review collected literature in the last 10 years (2013-2023) from Google Scholar, Semantic, and Scopus-indexed articles with the help of Publish or Perish. Using the help of boolean operators (AND) and (OR) in searching using keywords. The steps applied adapt the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), including identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. Literature collection data shows that the dominant processing method used is the solvent extraction method to determine the antioxidant value of various agricultural waste by-products. Followed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods. A wide range of antioxidant activity values were found depending on the type of agricultural waste and processing technique. One potential utilization of agricultural wastes rich in antioxidant content is as additives in formulations in the cosmetic industry. Agricultural waste by-products have high potential of antioxidant content, depending on the type of waste and extraction method. The dominant agricultural waste used is by-products from the fruit group. The utilization of agricultural waste that is rich in antioxidants has the potential to be utilized in the cosmetic industry.

Extraction, Characterisation and Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Date Fruit

Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.), known for its rich bioactive compounds, was the focus of this study, which aimed to optimize microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods for isolating these compounds and developing fortified milk with added date syrup. The research evaluated total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) under varying microwave frequencies, extraction times, and plant-to-solvent ratios. Date fruits were procured, cleaned, processed into powder, and subjected to various MAE conditions, with standard spectrophotometric methods used to quantify TPC and TFC. Optimal extraction conditions for maximum TPC (37±1.1 mg GAE/g) and TFC (460±0.6 mg QE/g) were identified at a microwave frequency of 720 W, an extraction time of 5 minutes, and a plant-to-solvent ratio of 1:15, highlighting the significant influence of microwave power and extraction time on phenolic and flavonoid contents. Furthermore, the research explored the nutritional enhancement of milk through fortification with date syrup, assessing the fortified milk for total soluble solids (TSS), pH, TPC, and TFC, which demonstrated an improved nutritional profile. This research provides valuable insights into the MAE of date fruits and the potential of date syrup in developing functional food products, guiding future studies and industrial applications aimed at enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of food products.

Effect of extraction method on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa (L.) leaves

The potential for encountering free radicals poses a significant concern. Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) is a plant with antioxidant properties due to secondary metabolites, specifically phenolic compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ketapang leaves through the utilization of several extraction techniques. The extraction of Ketapang leaves is conducted using various methods, namely maceration, stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with 1:10 solid-solvent ratio. The total phenolic content of the Ketapang leaf extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique and quantified using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 782nm. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity measurements were carried out using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and measured at a wavelength of 516nm. The study investigated the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Ketapang leaf extract using the maceration method of stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), respectively, were 68.495%+2.891, 75.709%+0.106, 84.269%+0.159, and 65.065%+3.965 mgGAE/g and 20.891, 17.569, 15.427, and 21.353 µg/mL. The findings of this study indicate that the ultrasound-assisted extraction technique exhibits the greatest overall phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Keywords: antioxidant, Terminalia catappa, total phenolic content, ultrasound-assisted extraction

Comparative studies on characterizations and cytotoxicity of oil extracted from Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) G2 spore using Soxhlet extraction and microwave-assisted extraction

This study aimed to compare the characteristics, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of Ganoderma lucidum G2 spore (GLS) oil extracted using two different extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction (SLE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The SLE method yielded higher oil content than the MAE method. MAE-extracted oil showed higher lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values but lower redness (a*) values. Both methods provided similar fatty acid compositions in GLS oils, including palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid as major components. Higher saturated fatty acid content was found in SLE-extracted oil, while MAE-extracted oil had increased levels of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The oil obtained from SLE showed slightly higher di- and tri-glycerides than that obtained from MAE (P < 0.05). Furthermore, MAE-extracted oil had high oxidative stability as indicated by lower levels of conjugated diene (CD), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and free fatty acids (FFA) as compared to SLE (P < 0.05). MAE-extracted oil had a higher total triterpenoid content than SLE-extracted oil (P < 0.05). Also, MAE-extracted oil showed lower DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA) than SLE-extracted oil (P < 0.05). FTIR spectra of both samples exhibited similar functional groups. Additionally, oils obtained from both processes (at 0.1–10 µg/mL) showed low toxicity on Caco-2 cells (P > 0.05). Therefore, GLS oil with high antioxidant activity and oxidative stability, especially oil extracted by MAE, could be a food supplement for health. Also, the MAE used was a potential implement for extracting oil from GLS.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology.

The utilization of polyols as green solvents for extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials has gained attention due to their safety and inert behavior with plant bioactive chemicals. This study explores the sustainable extraction of phenolic compounds and natural antioxidants from coffee silverskin using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method with polyol-based solvents: glycerin, propylene glycol (PG), butylene glycol (BG), methylpropanediol (MPD), isopentyldiol (IPD), pentylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and hexylene glycol (HG). A comparative analysis was conducted on conventional and non-conventional solvent extractions, focusing on their impact on the bioactive compounds of MAE, encompassing parameters such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities like the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay (DPPH), the 2,2'-azino-bis(-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging assay (ABTS), and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). The highest values were observed for TPC with aqueous-1,2-hexanediol extraction (52.0 ± 3.0 mg GAE/g sample), TFC with aqueous-1,2-hexanediol extraction (20.0 ± 1.7 mg QE/g sample), DPPH with aqueous-HGextraction (13.6 ± 0.3 mg TE/g sample), ABTS with aqueous-pentylene glycol extraction (8.2 ± 0.1 mg TE/g sample), and FRAP with aqueous-HG extraction (21.1 ± 1.3 mg Fe (II) E/g sample). This research aims to advance eco-friendly extraction technology through natural plant components, promoting sustainability by minimizing hazardous chemical use while reducing time and energy consumption, with potential applications in cosmetics.

Pectin Extraction of Jackfruit Peel as a Biopolymer Potential with Microwave Assisted Extraction Method

Pectin Extraction of Jackfruit Peel as a Biopolymer Potential with Microwave Assisted Extraction Method

Comprehensive comparison of fatty acid methyl ester profile in different food matrices using microwave-assisted extraction and derivatization methods and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection

Analyzing fatty acids provides key insights into fat composition for industrial applications and their implications for nutrition and health. Typically, fatty acid analysis involves extracting lipids from the matrix and converting them into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through a derivatization process before gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Either one-step or two-step procedures can be found in the literature and as official methods. In this work, different methods exploiting microwave-assisted processes were compared with two official methods from the American Oil Chemical Society (AOCS). Especially, two types of microwave-assisted extractions were employed: solvent extraction and extraction with hydrolysis. The extracts were derivatized using either BF3 or a microwave-assisted methanolic hydrogen chloride solution. These combinations of extraction and derivatization methods were compared also with one-step microwave-assisted extraction and derivatization, and two AOCS reference methods, resulting in seven different methods applied to six different food matrices. The performance of the different procedures was compared based on the FAME profile obtained from the comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC)-FID analysis.Microwave-assisted processes were shown to be effective, yielding results comparable to the official methods in both the one-step and two-step methods. Moreover, it was shown that the BF3 derivatization could be safely replaced with microwave-assisted derivatization with methanolic hydrogen chloride, providing equivalent performances while enhancing operator safety and environmental friendliness. Some discrepancies in the FAMEs profile were highlighted for the sample of oats, the only explicitly requiring acidic hydrolysis for lipid extraction. Further studies are required to understand the reasons behind these differences and develop a suitable modified method. In conclusion, all the methods were evaluated for greenness and blueness with two specific tools: AGREEprep and BAGI.

Simultaneous extraction and derivatization of biogenic amines during in-situ deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase extraction from Doogh samples prior to HPLC analysis

A simple and efficient microwave-assisted extraction method using deep eutectic solvent was developed for the simultaneous analysis of four biogenic amines (putrescine, tyramine, cadaverine and histamine) in Doogh (yogurt-based beverage) samples. Important parameters like precipitating agent volume, vortexing time, microwave power, and exposure time were optimized. Zinc sulfate was utilized for proteins precipitation prior to extraction of analytes with the deep eutectic solvent choline chloride/p-anisidine. The analytes were derivatized with dansyl chloride and analyzed by HPLC-DAD. The method showed good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.994) over wide ranges with low limits of detection (0.52–0.78 ng mL−1) and quantification (1.7–2.5 ng mL−1). Extraction recoveries ranged from 68–72 % and relative standard ≤8.1 %. Negligible matrix effects were observed. When the method was applied to real Doogh samples and several biogenic amines were detected. The developed method provided reliable results in terms of sensitivity and selectivity.

A Comparative Study on Antibacterial Activities of Alcohol Disinfectants and α-Mangostin Extract

Background A green and efficient process, free from toxic solvents, was employed to prepare an α-mangostin-rich extract. Conventional techniques like maceration and heat reflux extraction are recognized for their time-intensive nature, as well as the requirement for significant quantities of organic solvents. This innovative process not only reduces energy consumption but also streamlines production steps, providing a more sustainable alternative in herbal medicine preparation. Purpose The purpose of the study was to compare the antibacterial activities of alcohol disinfectants and α-mangostin extract-containing disinfectants against tested microorganisms. Methods The α-mangostin-rich extract was obtained from dried powders of Garcinia mangostana pericarps utilizing the microwave-assisted extraction method with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). The α-mangostin content in the resultant extract was determined through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Additionally, a broth microdilution method was utilized to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of each compound against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Results According to a microdilution method, the disinfectant comprising isopropanol (50% and 70%) with 1% α-mangostin extract demonstrated antibacterial effectiveness against both MRSA and S. pseudintermedius. The MICs and MBCs were observed within dilutions ranging from 1:64 to 1:512 and 1:64 to 1:256, respectively. Ethanol (50% and 70%) plus 1% α-mangostin extract disinfectant exhibited antibacterial activity with MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:32–1:512 and 1:16–1:128, respectively. Moreover, isopropanol and ethanol (30%) with 1% α-mangostin extract disinfectant demonstrated antibacterial activity with MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:16–1:256 and 1:4–1:128, respectively. However, isopropanol (50% and 70%) and ethanol (50% and 70%) disinfectants showed weaker antibacterial activity than α-mangostin extract-containing alcohol solutions. Although isopropanol (30%) disinfectant demonstrated antibacterial activity (MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:16–1:32), the 30% ethanol solution did not show any activity against either bacterium. In addition, α-mangostin extract exhibited stronger antibacterial activity (MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:625–1:5,000) than all alcohol solutions. Conclusion The combination of isopropanol and ethanol disinfectants with α-mangostin-rich extract exhibited significant antibacterial effectiveness against MRSA and S. pseudintermedius. The enhancement of efficacy by α-mangostin-rich extract suggests promising opportunities for enhancing disinfection approaches.

Unlocking the nutraceutical potential of Corylus avellana L. shells: microwave-assisted extraction of phytochemicals with antiradical and anti-diabetic properties.

In recent years, the demand for high-quality natural extracts to be included in nutraceutical formulations has increased sharply. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) shells (HZS) are underrated agricultural by-products that could be exploited as a source of active ingredients with pro-healthy properties. In the present study, a fully green microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was established for the first time aiming to recover bioactive constituents from HZS with significant nutraceutical value. Key MAE parameters, including ethanol in water concentration, microwave power, irradiation time and solvent-to-powder ratio, were optimized through response surface methodology utilizing a Box-Behnken design to achieve the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant/antiradical activities in the final extract. The optimal MAE conditions (28% v/v ethanol/water, 270 s, 670 W, and 37 mL g-1) yielded an extract with significant scavenging capacity against reactive oxygen species and remarkable inhibitory activity towards both α-amylase (IC50 = 7.73 μg mL-1) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 49.44 μg mL-1), demonstrating stronger hypoglycaemic properties than the anti-diabetic drug acarbose. Additionally, fluorescence spectroscopy results highlighted the ability of the optimized extract from HZS (OHS-E) to counteract advanced glycation end-product formation throughout the glycation cascade in a dose-dependent manner. Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry profiling unveiled the presence of fatty acids and phenolic compounds, including lignans, flavonoids, gallic acid derivatives and diarylheptanoids. Lastly, the biocompatibility of OHS-E was attested on HT29-MTX and Caco-2 intestinal cells. Altogether, these findings encourage the potential application of OHS-E as an effective nutraceutical component against type 2 diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.