Performance Of Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Articles

Concept and Design of a Multi-Polarization Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna with Symmetrical Biasing Control.

Wireless communication systems have grown rapidly, moving towards being highly compact, intelligent, and flexible to adapt to changing operating requirements. Multifunctional and highly versatile antennas are key in this development to ensure system quality. Reconfigurable antennas, particularly regarding polarization, allow frequency reuse and enable the mitigation of fading effects. This work presents a square microstrip patch antenna operating in the ISM 5.8 GHz band with reconfigurable polarization by controlling its feeding. This antenna has four different states through the application of a symmetrical DC voltage that controls an RF circuit with PIN diodes. As a result, the microstrip patch can operate with three different polarizations: linear polarization and both circular polarizations (right-handed and left-handed). The antenna was fabricated to validate the proposed concept. The good agreement between the measurement and the simulation results was possible to observe regarding its polarization behaviour, impedance adaptation and radiation pattern.

Surface Fitting Based Modelling of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating at 3 GHz Frequency

Surface Fitting Based Modelling of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating at 3 GHz Frequency

The Performance Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna Made of Polyurethane - Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Composite

In this paper, the performance of microstrip patch antenna that is made of fully biodegradable materials has been studied. The polymer resins of Polyurethane as a binder agent were produced using polyol extracted from palm oil while the host composites were made from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. The performance of Polyurethane – Oil Palm (PolyOP) Empty Fruit Bunch composite as a microwave dielectric substrate was tested by fabricating microstrip patch antenna on it. The performance of fabricated patch antenna was measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and is compared with simulation results obtained from High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) simulator. The difference of percentage in resonant frequency, return loss, bandwidth and VSWR between simulation and measurement were found to be 0.4%, 75.2%, 67.9%, and 12.7%, respectively.

Wideband Multifunctional Polarization Converter: Application to Low Radar Cross-Section Radiating System

In this article, a wideband linear-to-linear and linear-to-circular reflective polarization converter is discussed. The proposed polarization converter can efficiently convert an incoming wave with a linear polarization into a reflected wave with orthogonal polarization in the frequency ranges: 7.63–12.21 GHz and 19.34–21.2 GHz. Moreover, a circularly polarized reflected wave in the frequency band of 13.85–18.50 GHz is also obtained. The proposed polarization converter constitutes a split-ring and a metallic strip cut in the middle designed on an ultrathin single substrate layer (thickness of 0.079λ o, where λ o corresponds to wavelength at center frequency of lowest operational bandwidth). The study related to angular dependence of the proposed polarization converter is also carried out and a stability upto 15° is achieved at the lower and upper-frequency bands of operation, respectively. A prototype of the proposed polarization with 25 × 25 cells of the converter is fabricated and measured. Measurement results are in consensus with their simulated counterparts. Furthermore, a 12 × 12 array of the proposed polarization converter is used to study the radar cross-section (RCS) reduction ability of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band. The average RCS reduction of about 11 dBsm is obtained at normal incidence. The proposed polarization converter can be utilized in X/Ku/K frequency band applications. IMPACT STATEMENT The polarization property of an EM wave often needs to be modified to suit various applications, owing to its wide range of uses such as antenna radome, sensors, satellites, and radiometry. Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) provide a simple and effective means to achieve this modification of the polarization property of an EM wave. Despite of number of polarization converters reported, there are still limited studies on multifunctionality, and with the advancements in technology, there is a growing desire for structures that can perform multiple functions like conversion of incident linear polarization to cross and circular polarization across a broader range of frequencies simultaneously. In this manuscript, a wideband multifunctional polarization converter functioning in reflective mode is presented. The proposed polarization converter can efficiently convert an incoming wave with a linear polarization into a reflected wave with orthogonal polarization in the frequency ranges: 7.63–12.21 GHz and 19.34–21.2 GHz and a circularly polarized reflected wave in the frequency band 13.85–18.50 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, a 12 × 12 array of the proposed polarization converter is used to study the radar cross-section (RCS) reduction ability of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band. The proposed polarization converter can be utilized in X/Ku/K frequency band applications.

Enhancing circular microstrip patch antenna performance using machine learning models

Machine learning (ML) will be heavily used in the future generation of wireless communication networks. The development of diverse communication-based applications is expected to boost coverage and spectrum efficiency in relation to conventional systems. ML may be employed to develop solutions in a wide range of domains, such as antennas. This article describes the design and optimization of a circular patch antenna. The optimization is done through ML algorithms. Six ML models, Decision Tree, Random Forest, XG-Boost Regression, K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), and Light Gradient Boosting Regression (LGBR), were employed in this work to predict the antenna's return loss (S11). The findings show that all of these models work well, with KNN having the highest accuracy in predicting return loss of 98.5%. The antenna design & optimization process can be accelerated with the support of ML. These developments allow designers to push beyond the limits of antenna technology, optimize performance, and offer novel solutions for emerging applications such as 5G, 6G, IoT, and flexible wireless communication systems).

Lossy and Loss Free Material Research Taking Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating on the Band n261 as the Case

The focus of this paper is to discuss the loss mechanism of the antenna and its effect on the antenna performance. This paper will follow the order of design basis, design idea, design content, and design results. Based on an antenna design for an n261 band, experiments are conducted in CST studio using different materials under lossy and lossless conditions. It includes 8 different sets of experiments. The lossy material will perform worse than the lossless material by processing the data through the program. When designing antennas, the performance of lossy materials will be worse. The material has a low tangential loss, and the loss of the antenna will be reduced. When designing an antenna, the antenna’s performance should be measured comprehensively by S11, Z11, as well as radiation efficiency and electric field results, instead of looking at only one parameter. Meanwhile, microstrip antenna design can be used to design antenna arrays or multi-band antennas.

The Development of Broadband Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications

The small volume of microstrip antennas has low production costs and easy production, which has accelerated the work in this area. The disadvantages are narrow bandwidth and low gain. In wireless communication, antennas with low return loss and high bandwidth are required. The bandwidth and power gain of the microstrip patch antennas should be increased optimally. This article presents the design of the broadband microstrip patch antenna operating in the ISM 2.4 GHz band (2400-2485 MHz). The study includes three-dimensional antenna model, simulation phase and fabrication / measurement phase. For the low cost of the antenna, FR-4 with the relative dielectric constant 4.3 and the loss tangent tan 0.02 is preferred as the substrate material. Dielectric material thickness is determined as 1.6 mm. The length of the feed line and the dimensions of the rectangular patch were found by mathematical calculations with the transmission line model. There are slots on the antenna, which is a very simple method in order to improve the bandwidth, gain and directivity parameters of the antenna. In the article, four different designs are presented, the results are compared and the proposed antenna has 979 MHz bandwidth and 2.68 dBi directivity gain at -10 dB at the resonance frequency of 2.316 GHz. The changes made in the antenna design have improved the results such as gain and bandwidth compared to the conventional microstrip patch antenna. The proposed antenna is suitable for use in mobile communication.

Simulation Design of Low-Profile Equilateral Triangle Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating at 28 GHz

This study is established for designing an Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (ETMPA) operating at 28GHz suitable for 5G application technologies. The design procedure is performed by considering inset fed techniques and implementing both Computer Simulation Technology (CST) and High Frequency Simulator Structure (HFSS) in order to assess their performance through the computation of antenna parameters. In order to arrive at the aforementioned objectives, different substrate materials with different heights and various conductor patch material types are utilized and their effect on the antenna radiation performance is investigated. The simulation results reveal that a minimum low-profile (ETMPA) of the order of (4.59 mm3) with reliable radiation performances is generally achieved by Taconic-TLX-9 dielectric substrates of height (h=0.2mm) and with copper patch material. Based on the specifications provided above, the results show that the S11, VSWR, efficiency, directivity, gain and bandwidth with both CST and HFSS techniques are, respectively, (-26.24, -14.60), (1.102, 1.53), (81%, 87.6%), (6.31, 6.52) dB, (5.39, 5.94) dB and (0.708 GHz, 0.503 GHz). Besides, a good agreement between the presented optimum antenna parameters is also observed as compared to the ones previously obtained experimentally or theoretically by other researchers for different patch shapes operating at 28 GHz. In addition, the computed results of the antenna parameters display generally that the CST provides better results than HFSS as compared to the ones experimentally obtained by previous researchers. Finally, the proposed antenna design has the advantage of size reduction in comparison to most of the other works and it is one of the 5G technology requirements.

Design and Interpretation of Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating at 2.4GHz for Wireless WI-FI Application

With the renewed and changing technology in recent years, wireless communication has increased its importance in engineering, communication, transportation and almost every field. In this study, a Wi-Fi antenna with 2.4 GHz operating frequency, which is one of the leading studies of antenna technology, which can be used in wireless communication technology, has been designed. Wi-Fi antenna is very important for this technology, which has become indispensable for everyone today. To design the Wi-Fi antenna, the operating frequency specified in the IEEE 802.11 standards has been taken into account. While choosing the antenna model, micro-strip antenna was preferred due to its geometry, lightness, low production cost and compactness. While designing the antenna, CST Microwave Studio program was used and necessary measurements were made. While designing the antenna, FR-4 substrate with a dielectric coefficient of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm was used. Copper was used as the material for the ground and patch parts. As a result of the design, most of the intended goals were achieved. Graphs were analyzed from the CST microwave studio program. When the required S parameter value is examined; The antenna obtained as a result of this study operates in the 2.26 GHz-2.38 GHz band range, which is the targeted frequency of 2.4 GHz. The Wi-Fi antenna obtained in this study; return loss value is 25.90dB and gain value is 4.66 dBi. These results are acceptable according to the standards

Investigation on Performance of Microstrip Patch Antenna for a Practical Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Application

Abstract: The performance of a microstrip patch antenna for a practical wireless local area network application is investigated in this research. This design is built around the transmission line concept. The antenna design substrate is FR4 (lossy) with a dielectric constant (Er) of 4.3 dielectric material, and the ground and patch materials are copper (annealed). The substrate is 71.62mm in width and 55.47mm in length. The height of the dielectric material is 1.6mm, which is the normal size for FR4 material. The conducting patch element has a width of 35.81mm and a length of 27.73mm for a resonance frequency of 2.573 GHz. A simulation with CST studio suite was used to optimise the antenna design. Keywords: Microstrio patch antenna, CST suite, WLAN application, Transmission line, Antenna design

Potential to use microstrip patch instead of dipole antennas in 2.4 GHz wireless sensor networks

This paper describes the process of designing, simulating and measuring antenna parameters in order to perform a comparative analysis of the performance of microstrip patch antennas and dipole antennas intended for use in wireless sensor networks. The implemented antennas are designed for the unlicensed ISM band of 2.402-2.480 GHz as one of the most widely used bands for this type of network. The patch antenna was created based on calculation and tested in simulation software, and then adjusted with appropriate measurements to suit the intended purpose. Measurements in real conditions were made to compare the patch and dipole antennas in the same frequency range. The patch antenna was further tested, due to the specificity of the implementation within the WSN, in an enclosed and open enclosure made of a conductive material that simulates the enclosure of wireless sensor network nodes in certain applications. The aim of this paper is to show the possibility of using patch antennas instead of dipole antennas in the enclosures of wireless sensor networks nodes.

A Review on Microstrip Patch Antenna Performance Improvement Techniques on Various Applications

Antennas are metallic structure elements developed for transmitting signals through radio waves. Nowadays, antennas are available in different shape depending upon their application and signal strength. The antennas which are employed for space and large signal communication utilizes a bowl shape structure for focusing the signals on a single point. Certain antennas are designed to move on both horizontal and vertical directions for their signal transmission. The microstrip patch antennas are very small in size and it comes under the type of printed antennas. The microstrip patch antennas are widely employed on mobile phone communications and medical applications. The performances of the microstrip patch antennas are increased in recent years and the motive of the review work is to analyse the methodology followed behind it. In the same way, the work analyses the merits and limitations of the recent techniques developed for the performance improvement of the microstrip patch antennas.

Performance of microstrip patch antenna for single and array element with and without EBG

In this paper, a compact single patch antenna and microstrip array antenna with EBG structures at 6 GHzhave been compained. A surface wave effect is often considered undesirable, since it increased the side lobes, and decreased the antenna gain and effeciency. This problem can be solved by utilizing EBG to suppress of such waves. Above the antenna substrate, the mushroom-like EBG were proposed. The side lobes have been improved from −6.8 dB to −16.5 dB, and better directivity was achieved from 5.77 dBi to 10 dBi and the efficiency improved from (80%) to 95% by using EBG with rectangular antenna. Additionally, the array antenna radiation pattern with EBG was improved to −23.5 dB, and the directivity and effeciency have been improved to 14.3 dBi and to 91.5 respctively. These antenna structures have a great eventuality for use in C band application.

Mathematical model on the effects of conductor thickness on the centre frequency at 28 GHz for the performance of microstrip patch antenna using air substrate for 5G application

The use of microstrip patch configuration in the 5th generation (5G) wireless network is expected to fulfill the demands of smartphone users by significantly increasing the capacity of communication technology. The main objective of this paper is to report the development of a mathematical model on the effects of conductor thickness on the center frequency for the performance of a low profile, cost-effective antenna in the application of 5G devices. This mathematical model is proposed for an antenna system incorporated with air substrate occupying a 5.43 × 4.54 × 0.5 mm3 volume which resonated at 28 GHz. The impacts of varying thickness of conductive material and substrate on the bandwidth, gain, and efficiency of the antenna in 5G applications were studied. The model is successfully developed. The fabricated antenna used in this study had provided a gain of 9.47 dBi, an impedance bandwidth of 1.72 GHz, and a performance efficiency of 90.1%.

Design and Comparison of the effect of SRR Metamaterial on the performance of Microstrip Patch Antenna of various shapes at millimetre-wave band Useful for 5G enabled Internet of Things Applications

5G is the creation of apprehending the total potential IoT. Since the request for 5G and Web of things, applications such as e-health, keen homes, e-learning, work from domestic, virtual conferences, and another gushing of online high-quality video substance is exponentially expanding day by day. The authors in this research have designed, compared and examined the execution of different Microstrip Antenna geometrical patches with and without metamaterial such as Circular Shape, Rhombus Shape, Square shape, Elliptical shape, and Triangular shape for 5G enabled IoT systems at 27 GHz, millimeter-Wave Band. In this research, authors have utilized Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with 50-ohm Microstrip Transmission line nourish. After Comparing and Examining the performance, authors have found square Patch Microstrip Antenna appears way better execution and exceedingly proficient than other shapes.

Performance of the Microstrip Patch Antenna Model Design for 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz Working Frequency

The development of communication systems for several processes at this time makes the use of the frequency spectrum of cellular communication more and more. Antenna system which is an important component in a communication system that works on more than one frequency, such as a mobile phone that works with a working frequency of GSM frequency of 900 MHz and Bluetooth frequency of 2.4 GHz. The two antennas with different frequencies are expected to have optimal power in active conditions. This study shows the performance and design analysis of the prototype circular microstrip patch antenna using the coaxial probe feeding method at a frequency of 900 MHz, the dipole microstrip patch antenna using the coaxial probe feeding method at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, and the rectangular microstrip antenna operating at two frequencies, 900 MHz and 2, 4 GHz. The type of substrate used is PCB FR4 with a dielectric of 4.4 and h=1.6. The design of this microstrip antenna uses a mathematical approach. The results obtained from measurements at frequencies of 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz have a loss of less than -58.4897 dB and the two microstrip antennas do not interfere with each other, when the microstrip antenna is in a vertical position the transmit power is optimum and there is no interference when the microstrip antenna is in the vertical position. The loop patch and the dipole microstrip patch antenna are activated simultaneously.

Microstrip patch antenna performance analysis with Defected Ground structures: A review

Over last few decades, wireless communication system has sought more attention and plays predominant role in different areas for human personal and commercial applications. Day by day, with advancements in technology, wireless gadgets got more compact due to microelectronics fabrication and integration techniques. So, such applications put great demand over new design specifications on antenna structures used in transmitter and receiver for radio wave communication. In wireless applications depending upon, frequency bands and bandwidth requirements numerous compact antenna structures are used with improved efficiency. Microstrip patch antennas are highly regarded due to its compact size, easy integration with microwave circuits. In study of patch antenna, Defected Ground structures gain popularity these days due to its various benefits to enhance antenna performance. This research article, provides extensive literature survey over use of Defected Ground Structures (DGS) in microstrip patch antenna with its design consequences. This article also explores the enhancement in antenna parameters with implementation of DGS’s. DGS concept is used in microstrip patch antenna and microwave engineering for performance improvement of these devices. DGS can be merged with other techniques to enhance antenna operational parameters like gain, bandwidth, VSWR and spurious radiations.

Microstrip patch antenna performance analysis with Defected Ground structures: A review

Over last few decades, wireless communication system has sought more attention and plays predominant role in different areas for human personal and commercial applications. Day by day, with advancements in technology, wireless gadgets got more compact due to microelectronics fabrication and integration techniques. So, such applications put great demand over new design specifications on antenna structures used in transmitter and receiver for radio wave communication. In wireless applications depending upon, frequency bands and bandwidth requirements numerous compact antenna structures are used with improved efficiency. Microstrip patch antennas are highly regarded due to its compact size, easy integration with microwave circuits. In study of patch antenna, Defected Ground structures gain popularity these days due to its various benefits to enhance antenna performance. This research article, provides extensive literature survey over use of Defected Ground Structures (DGS) in microstrip patch antenna with its design consequences. This article also explores the enhancement in antenna parameters with implementation of DGS’s. DGS concept is used in microstrip patch antenna and microwave engineering for performance improvement of these devices. DGS can be merged with other techniques to enhance antenna operational parameters like gain, bandwidth, VSWR and spurious radiations.

RETRACTED: Design and deployment of android based mobile application for performance analysis of micro strip patch antenna

One of the main factors used to analyze the performance of microstrip patch antennas in Android-based mobile applications, rather than licensing-based antenna design software due to its cost-effectiveness. It can be used to develop significant mobile applications to calculate the gain, return loss, and efficiency in different types of microstrip patch antenna with various input parameters. A literature review of various mobile applications and their development techniques is presented in this work. The main goal is that “Performance Analysis of Microstrip Patches” is to create a complete Android application that can calculate the parameters using the Non-Linear Vector Decomposed Neural Network (NVDN) method. Modern handheld devices, such as smartphones and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), have become more powerful in recent years. A major breakthrough in processing power, along with the additional features included in these devices has opened the door to a wide range of business opportunities. The proposed mobile applications of Android OS with neural network models have been evaluated the different parameters of Micro Strip Antennas (MSAs). The proposed android App is made for the user in a simple graphical friendly. The simulation results of the proposed model are compared with numerous references, and a decent arrangement is come to among them.

Investigating the effect of air permeability and moisture on 2.5GHz textile microstrip patch antenna performance

When discussing textile antenna and its comfortable use, the effect of air permeability and atmospheric moisture are eminent factors which have direct influence on textile antenna transmission characteristics and comfort of the wearer when used practically. The rate of airflow under certain air pressure passing through any surface is termed as air permeability of that surface and amount of moisture regained by a material when exposed to varying environmental humidity ranges compared to dry weight of that material is its moisture regain. Fleece and spacer fabrics were selected each having different air permeability and moisture regain values but both fabrics constitute polyethylene terephthalate - PET. Microstrip patch antennas that resonate at 2.45GHz were constructed utilizing both textile fabrics. Spacer fabric has high air permeability and low moisture regain compared to fleece fabric. Spacer fabric is a knitted 3-dimensional structured fabric whereas fleece is nonwoven in structure. FlecTron® is utilized as the conductive part of the microstrip patch antenna. Antenna made off spacer fabric showed better transmission characteristics and are least altered due to change in humidity compared to antenna made off fleece fabric. In this research, we conclude that the selected textile spacer fabric, with its high air permeability and low moisture regain, is the most favourable textile material in the construction of textile antennas.