Microstrip Feed Line Research Articles

Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications

Microstrip antenna is broadly used in the modern communication system due to its significant features such as light weight, inexpensive, low profile, and ease of integration with radio frequency devices. The fractal shape is applied in antenna geometry to obtain the ultra-wideband antennas. In this paper, the sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna (SCFMA) is developed for base case, first iteration and second iteration to obtain the wideband based on its space filling and self-similar characteristics. The dimension of the monopole patch size is optimized to minimize the overall dimension of the fractal antenna. Moreover, the optimized planar structure is proposed using the microstrip line feed. The monopole antenna is mounted on the FR4 substrate with the thickness of 1.6 mm with loss tangent of 0.02 and relative permittivity of 4.4. The performance of this SCFMA is analyzed in terms of area, bandwidth, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, radiation pattern and gain. The proposed fractal antenna achieves three different bandwidth ranges such as 2.6-4.0 GHz, 2.5-4.3 GHz and 2.4-4.4 GHz for base case, first and second iteration respectively. The proposed SCFMA is compared with existing fractal antennas to prove the efficiency of the SCFMA design. The area of the SCFMA is 25×20 mm<sup>2</sup>, which is less when compared to the existing fractal antennas.

Design of circular-shaped microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications

Using circular geometry has a great influence on many fields of science and engineering, one of which is antenna. Communication systems were oriented towards fifth generation (5G) because of large- bandwidth systems, compact requirements, high-data rates. In this research, a design and simulation are made to a microstrip circular patch antenna. The patch has two circles a compact structure of the first circle radius is 2.5 mm and second circle radius is 1 mm with thickness 0.35 mm. The proposed antenna has three resonant frequencies 41.08 GHz with a return loss of -12.4 dB, 47.4 at -18.86 dB and 54.4 at return loss -24.3 dB. The bandwidths are 150 MHz, 222 MHz and 219 MHz, the gains of three resonant frequencies are 6.16 dB, 9.89 dB and 5.54 dB, with efficiency of 98%. A technique of inset feed transmission line was utilized to match the fifty Ω microstrip feedline and the radiating patch. Based upon the proposed design, a Roger RT Duroid 5880 substrate that possesses loss tangent of 0.0009 with a height of 0.5 mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is employed. A computational process is conducted and analyzed by the use of computer simulation technology microwave studio.

A compact five-element printed MIMO antenna with pattern and polarization diversity for 2.45 GHz WLAN applications

A five-element pattern and polarization (linear/circular) diversity multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system has been presented in this article for application in 2.45 GHz WLAN. The proposed configuration consists of a circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna element and four monopole antenna elements placed orthogonal to each other. Broadside CP characteristics are achieved by using a square patch antenna with circular chamfered corners and central axis feed. Simple rectangular monopole antenna elements with microstrip line feed produce four linearly polarized (LP) end-fire directive radiation patterns. It achieves a bandwidth (BW) of 24.1% and 5.1% for the end-fire LP antenna element and broadside CP antenna element (corresponding axial ratio BW is 1.64%), respectively, with minimum port isolation of 15 dB. The ECC and CLL are below 0.03 and 0.5 bits/s/Hz, respectively, showing good MIMO performance. Due to its simple design, compact footprint (93 × 93 mm2), planar structure, and competitive features, the proposed antenna is suited for practical WLAN applications.

Considerations of Dielectric Property Deviation and Mechanical Limitations for Antenna-in-Package Fabrication by SiP-Based Stacked Organic Dielectric Substrates at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

Wireless communications at millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies suffer high propagation loss and low energy efficiency. The feeding circuits in dielectric substrates may also result in antenna excitation distortions in both phases and amplitudes. Antenna-in-package (AiP) integrating active RF transceivers is considered a reliable means to shorten RF circuit path lengths and connectors to enhance user equipment (UE) antennas’ radiation characteristics. However, due to the several mechanical limitations and fabrication uncertainty at mmW frequencies, AiP implementation should better consider geometric parameter effects, which may degrade its radiation performance, to reduce beamforming complexity for easy design and low-cost fabrication. Besides, by taking advantage of active RF transceiver modules to provide output amplitude ratios and phase variations, the feeding circuits can be simplified to shorten the feeding microstrip line lengths. These effects are examined and presented in this article for a practical design of an AiP fabricated for validation by comparing full-wave simulations and measurement results. Simulations and measurements also validate using the calibration technique to simplify the feeding structures to demonstrate the feasibility.

Evaluation of a novel hook‐shaped multiband monopole antenna based on the AHP method

Here, a multi-band microstrip-fed antenna is presented. The compact size of the antenna is 32 × 18 mm2, which makes it attractive to mobile devices. Antenna prototype is fabricated using FR4 dielectric material with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. The radiating patch of the antenna consists of four hook-shaped rings and truncated ground-plane helps to achieve good impedance matching. A very compact microstrip feedline is utilized to couple electromagnetic energy to radiating patch. The measured S11 ≤ -10 dB of the multiband antenna is achieved at the GSM 1800 /1900 MHz, Bluetooth 2.4 GHz, WLAN 2.4/5.2 GHz and WiMAX 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz bands. The antenna's performance reveals that it operates in several bands, has a high gain, and radiates in an omnidirectional pattern. Simulated and measured results are presented to show good accommodation. In addition, to have a good view and better show the innovation presented in this article, the suggested multi-band monopole antenna is compared to various previously presented multiband microstrip antennas using the Analytic Hierarchy Process approach which is an accurate and fair method for selecting the best candidate and is used a lot in various cases.

Transparent 2-Element 5G MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Applications

A dual-port transparent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna resonating at sub-6 GHz 5G band is proposed by using patch/ground material as transparent conductive oxide (AgHT-8) and a transparent Plexiglas substrate. Two identical circular-shaped radiating elements fed by using a microstrip feedline are designed using the finite element method (FEM) based high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software. The effect of the isolation mechanism is discussed using two cases. In case 1, the two horizontally positioned elements are oriented in a similar direction with a separate ground plane, whereas in case 2, the elements are vertically placed facing opposite to each other with an allied ground. In both cases, the transparent antennas span over a −10 dB band of 4.65 to 4.97 GHz (300 MHz) with isolation greater than 15 dB among two elements. The diversity parameters are also analyzed for both the cases covering the correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), diversity gain (DG), and channel capacity loss (CCL). The average gain and efficiency above 1 dBi and 45%, respectively with satisfactory MIMO diversity performance, makes the transparent MIMO antenna an appropriate choice for smart IoT devices working in the sub-6 GHz 5G band by mitigating the co-site location and visual clutter issues.

Differential-Fed, Dual-Aperture Based, Quasi-End-Fire 5G mmWave Antenna-in-Package Design

A low-profile, wideband antenna-in-package (AiP) design is proposed for 5G mmWave mobile applications. The aperture-coupled feeding incorporated with the microstrip feed line through the slots in the ground is used to excite the patch antenna. Firstly, a thin quarter-wave shorted patch antenna (QW-SPA) with the dominant <i>TM</i>^<i>z</i>_1/2,0,0 mode is realized. To broaden the operating band, the QW-SPA is extended along its resonant length so that the <i>TM</i>^<i>z</i>_1,0,0 mode can also be excited. The offset introduced into the two slots together with the additional shorting via wall are applied to enhance the beam tilt toward the end-fire direction. The proposed single-patch design shows a wide fractional bandwidth, covering the 5G mmWave band n257 (26.5&#x2013;29.5 GHz). Furthermore, to increase more beam tilt, the differential-fed, two-patch sub-array formed by two QW-SPAs spaced a half-wavelength at 28 GHz apart is also presented. Compared with the single-patch design, the beam-tilt enhancement of around 10&#x2013;27 degrees is obtained over the desired frequency band with the peak gain of around 8.2 dBi for the sub-array AiP design.

Dual-Band (28/38 GHz) Wideband MIMO Antenna for 5G Mobile Applications

A dual-band wideband composite patch antenna constructed from a modified circular primary patch and secondary parasitic patch element is presented in this work. A microstrip feed line is employed to inset-feed the primary patch. The secondary patch is fed indirectly through edge coupling with the main patch. The composite antenna is printed on Rogers Ro3003™ with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\epsilon _{\mathrm {r}}=3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and thickness 0.25 mm. The antenna design stages are presented in detail. A MIMO antenna system is constructed from two elements of the proposed composite patch with two different configurations. A prototype is fabricated for the single element and the two-port MIMO antenna configurations. Numerical and experimental results are presented showing good performance regarding impedance matching at the operating bands 28 and 38 GHz, bandwidth, radiation patterns, and gain. The impedance matching bandwidths are 1.23 GHz at 28 GHz and about 1.06 GHz at 38 GHz. The minimum value of the reflection coefficient for 28 GHz 28 GHz band is −34.5 and is −27.3 dB for 38 GHz. The gain of the radiation pattern has a peak of 6.6 dBi at 28 GHz and 5.86 dBi at 38 GHz. For both bands, the radiation patterns are balloon-like omnidirectional. The antenna total dimensions are <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$7.5\times 8.8\times0.25$ </tex-math></inline-formula> excluding the transmission line. The MIMO system with two-ports for both proposed configurations has appropriate values for ECC and the DG which are calculated through electromagnetic simulations.

Z-Shaped Metasurface-Based Wideband Circularly Polarized Fabry–Pérot Antenna for C-Band Satellite Technology

This research proposes a low-profile Z-shaped metasurface (MTS)-based wideband circularly polarized (CP) Fabry&#x2013;P&#x00E9;rot antenna for C-band satellite communication. The proposed low-cost and low-complexity CP Fabry&#x2013;P&#x00E9;rot antenna is realized by using three substrate layers: upper, middle, and lower. The substrates are of FR-4 type with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and loss tangent of 0.025. The upper substrate contains 9 &#x00D7; 9 periodically-arranged Z-shaped MTS unit cells functioning as the partially reflecting surface and circular polarization conversion, and at the center of the middle substrate sits a corners-truncated square patch. The lower substrate consists of a copper plate with an H-shaped slot at the center of the ground plane and a microstrip feed line. The lower and middle substrates function as the source antenna. The periodic Z-shaped MTS unit cells are utilized to enhance the impedance bandwidth (IBW) and gain of the source antenna and also to convert linearly polarized into CP wave. The antenna dimension is 1.5&#x03BB;0 &#x00D7; 1.5&#x03BB;0 &#x00D7; 0.51&#x03BB;0. Simulations are performed and experiments carried out. The measured IBW and axial ratio bandwidth are 64% (4.4 &#x2013; 7.6 GHz) and 18% (4.4 &#x2013; 5.3 GHz) at the center frequency of 5 GHz. In addition, the proposed antenna scheme achieves a measured 3-dB boresight gain bandwidth of 30% (4.3 &#x2013; 5.8 GHz) with the maximum gain of 12.88 dBic at 4.7 GHz, rendering the proposed Z-shaped MTS-based CP Fabry&#x2013;P&#x00E9;rot antenna operationally suitable for satellite communication. In essence, the novelty of this research lies in the use of the low-cost and low-complexity Z-shaped MTS unit cell to effectively enhance the antenna gain and convert LP into CP wave.

A novel compact broadband and radiation efficient antenna design for medical IoT healthcare system.

This paper investigates and develops a novel compact broadband and radiation efficient antenna design for the medical internet of things (M-IoT) healthcare system. The proposed antenna comprises of an umbrella-shaped metallic ground plane (UsMGP) and an improved radiator. A hybrid approach is employed to obtain the optimal results of antenna. The proposed solution is primarily based on the utilization of etching slots and a loaded stub on the ground plane and rectangular patch. The antenna consists of a simple rectangular patch, a 50 Ƹ microstrip feed line, and a portion of the ground plane printed on a relatively inexpensive flame retardant material (FR4) thick substrate with an overall compact dimension of 22 × 28 × 1.5 mm3. The proposed antenna offers compact, broadband and radiation efficient features. The antenna is carefully designed by employing the approximate calculation formulae extracted from the transmission line model. Besides, the parameters study of important variables involved in the antenna design and its influence on impedance matching performance are analyzed. The antenna shows high performance, including impedance bandwidth of 7.76 GHz with a range of 3.65Ƀ11.41 GHz results in 103% wider relative bandwidth at 10 dB return loss, 82% optimal radiation efficiency in the operating band, reasonable gain performance, stable monopole-shaped radiation patterns and strong current distribution across the antenna lattice. The suggested antenna is manufactured, and simulation experiments evaluate its performance. The findings indicate that the antenna is well suited for medical IoT healthcare systems applications.

Annular Ring Ultra Wideband Antenna Integrated With Metallic via Array for IoT Applications

An annular ring microstrip antenna (ARMSA) with metallic drilled holes and a defected ground structure is proposed for ultra-wideband applications. The annular ring microstrip patch antenna is excited by the microstrip line feed. The outer radius of the annular ring was optimized in this paper to choose the resonant frequency corresponding to the highest mode. The inner radius boosts the structure&#x2019;s gain. A defected conductive strip with an arc in the center increases bandwidth at the lower end, increases gain and suppresses Co and Cross-pole isolation. Incorporating a metallic via array excites and includes several closely spaced lower order modes, increasing the fractional bandwidth to 108%. The gain of the proposed configuration is 10dBi at the resonance frequency. It offers Front to back lobe ratio (FBR) of 34dB and 97% radiation efficiency. The performance of the fabricated prototype agrees well with the simulated one.

Sustainable dual-band microstrip patch antenna with paper-based substrate and aluminum for multipoint distribution systems and WiMAX application

In this study, a microstrip patch antenna design with a U-shaped patch and a paper-based substrate is presented. Metallic parts such as the patch, ground plane and microstrip line feed are designed in aluminum. Utilization of recyclable paper and aluminum yields a sustainable and environmentally friendly design. The dual-band antenna operates between 1.950-2.125 GHz and 2.650-2.825 GHz with a bandwidth of 0.175 GHz for both frequency ranges. It is suitable for multipoint distribution systems (2.076-2.111 GHz) and WiMAX application (2.700-2.800 GHz). Monopolar radiation patterns are obtained for the operation frequencies of both frequency ranges. Maximum gain values are 5.009 dBi and 5.413 dBi for the operation frequencies of multipoint distribution systems and WiMAX application, respectively. While the antenna can be used indoors and outdoors, radome design is not considered in the structure. No parasitic elements or slots are included in the antenna. All simulations are carried out by using AN-SYS HFSS software package.

A Compact Rhombus Shaped Antenna with Extended Stubs for Ultra-Wideband Applications

Ultra-wideband (UWB) is highly preferred for short distance communication. As a result of this significance, this project targets the design of a compact UWB antennas. This paper describes a printed UWB rhombus-shaped antenna with a partial ground plane. To achieve wideband response, two stubs and a notch are incorporated at both sides of the rhombus design and ground plane respectively. To excite the antenna, a simple microstrip feed line is employed. The suggested antenna is built on a 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate. The proposed design is very compact with overall electrical size of 0.18λ × 0.25λ (14 × 18 mm2). The rhombus shaped antenna covers frequency ranging from 3.5 to 11 GHz with 7.5 GHz impedance bandwidth. The proposed design simulated and measured bandwidths are 83.33% and 80%, respectively. Radiation pattern in terms of E-field and H-field are discussed at 4, 5.5 and 10 GHz respectively. The proposed design has 65% radiation efficiency and 1.5 dBi peak gain. The proposed design is simulated in CST (Computer Simulation Technology) simulator and the simulated design is fabricated for the measured results. The simulated and measured findings are in close resemblance. The obtained results confirm the application of the proposed design for the ultra-wide band applications.

A New Arraying Technique for Band-Switchable and Polarization-Reconfigurable Antenna Arrays With Wide Bandwidth

Modern antenna arrays desire antenna apertures which can support a wide frequency range and reconfigurable polarization states. It is challenging to realize such antenna apertures with high isolation among different antenna elements when they are closely packed, particularly for wide-band (&#x003E;2:1 frequency ratio) operations. In this paper, we demonstrated switchable-band antenna arrays which can be reconfigured from S to C band with an instantaneous bandwidth close to 2:1. The major novelty in this antenna array is that a new arraying technique is adopted to reduce the number of feeding ports by 50%. As a result, the isolation among antenna elements can be significantly improved, thereby increasing the overall radiation efficiency. It should be noted that vertical, horizontal and circular polarizations are supported by this antenna array when all ports are provided with appropriate phases. Herein two arrays are demonstrated. Array I is based on a fractal-shaped slot-ring structure. Each antenna element is fed by a microstrip along the diagonal direction. The common antenna aperture can be reconfigured to operate at 2.5-4.0 GHz or 4.2-7.2 GH, using PIN diode switches. Array II is extended from Array I but with an Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) ground to enhance the instantaneous bandwidth to 2:1. The length of the microstrip feeding lines are reduced to enable modular design. In addition, PIN diode switches are embedded in the feeding lines to further improve the isolation and radiation efficiency. The return losses, port isolations, radiation patterns, gains, radiation efficiencies and IIP3 are simulated and measured.

H-Shaped Eight-Element Dual-Band MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G Smartphone Applications

The design of an eight-element H-shaped dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for sub-6 GHz fifth-generation (5G) smartphone applications is presented in this work. The radiating elements are designed on the side edge frame of the smartphone, placed on both sides of the main printed circuit board (PCB). Each side edge consists of four radiating elements, which ensures low mutual coupling between antenna elements. The total size of the main PCB is 150&#x00D7;75 mm², while the size of the side edge frame is 150&#x00D7;7 mm². A single antenna consists of an H-shaped radiating element fed using a 50&#x03A9; microstrip feeding line designed on the main board of the smartphone. The results show that, according to -6 dB impedance bandwidth criteria, the designed MIMO antenna radiates at two different frequency ranges within the allocated FCC 5G spectrums, i.e., 3.1-3.78 GHz and 5.43-6.21 GHz with 680 MHz and 780 MHz bandwidths, respectively. It is also observed that the antenna elements are able to provide spatial and pattern diversity for both the frequency bands. Furthermore, an isolation of &#x003E;12 dB is observed between any two given radiating elements. Various MIMO key performance parameters are evaluated, such as channel capacity (CC), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and diversity gain (DG). A prototype is fabricated and measured, and it is found that the measured and simulated results are in good agreement. Based on performance attributes, it can be said that the proposed MIMO system may find its application in 5G communication systems.

On Design of a Triple Elliptical Super Wideband Antenna for 5G Applications

A novel compact triple elliptical monopole antenna has been designed, analyzed and fabricated for super wideband applications. To enhance the impedance bandwidth, the author proposed a monopole antenna with a triple elliptical patch excited by a 50&#x03A9; triangular tapered microstrip feedline. Further improvement is achieved by optimally modifying the Defected Ground Structure (DGS) of the antenna. The proposed patch structure is mounted on a Roger&#x2019;s RT-Duroid 5880 substrate (&#x03F5;_r= 2.2, tan &#x03B4; = 0.0009) and has compact physical dimensions of 27 mm &#x00D7; 29.5 mm. The fabricated antenna covers the frequency band from 1.91 GHz to 43.5 GHz for S₁₁ &#x2264; -10 dB with a fractional bandwidth of &#x003E;183.17% and has a ratio bandwidth of 22.77:1. This extended bandwidth coverage permits the antenna to operate for wide range of application including 5G and Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed antenna has a very Bandwidth Dimension Ratio (BDR) of 5761.87 which makes it the best candidate for superwideband antenna. Far field measurements disclose an omnidirectional radiation pattern across the frequency of operation. Further, the farfield Radar Cross Section (RCS) is analyzed through simulation and it is to be noted that relatively low values are obtained through out the frequency of operation. In addition, the compactness of the proposed antenna is theoretically verified with the aid of fundamental dimension limit theorem.

Design and Simulation of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Triple Slot for X Band

Abstract: In the present work an attempt has been made to design and simulation of rectangular microstrip patch antenna with triple slot for X band using microstrip feed line techniques. HFSS High frequency simulator is used to analyse the proposed antenna and simulated the result on the return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the proposed antenna. The antenna is able to achieve in the range of 8-12 GHz for return loss of less than -10 dB. The operating frequency of the proposed antenna is 8.4 GHz &amp; 11 GHz with dielectric substrate, ARLON of = 2.5 and h= 1.6mm. Keywords: ARLON substrate material, FEM, Microstrip Feed Line, X band

Optimized Bandwidth Enhanced Wideband Microstrip Antenna for 5G Applications

In this article, a single port with truncated corner and common T-shaped notch loaded microstrip patch antenna for bandwidth enhancement is presented which is useable for mid band of 5G applications. The design of this prototyped antenna is obtained by loading truncated corner and T-shaped notch on rectangular patch antenna having 50 Ω microstrip line feed. The optimized antenna 5 is selected as proposed antenna at design frequency 3 GHz among antenna 1- antenna 5after study of simulated results through IE3D Mentor Graphics simulation software. Proposed antenna covers a wide bandwidth from 2.39 to 4.04 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 51.3% with pair of resonance frequency having return loss of -23.38 dB and -29.65 dB respectively.

Gain and Bandwidth Enhanced Optimized Notch Loaded Microstrip Antenna for 5G Applications

In this paper, a rectangular patch antenna is presented loaded with T-shaped notch as well as having truncated corner for the enhancement of gain and bandwidth which is bring into play for mid band of 5G applications. With design frequency of 3 GHz, this prototyped design antenna having 50 Ω microstrip line feed for impedance matching and simulation has been performed using IE3D Mentor Graphics simulation software. Fractional impedance 51.3% has been observed from 2.39 to 4.04 GHz. An enhanced peak gain of 5.05 dBi and maximum directivity of 6.214 dBi has been observed at 4.22 GHz and 4.34 GHz respectively.

Light-weight wideband antenna array with low sidelobes for SAR applications

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to achieve the low-cost, light-weight and compact antenna array with wide bandwidth and low side lobe levels for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications in Ku frequency band.Design/methodology/approachA compact design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna array using multilayered dielectric structure is presented in Ku-band for advanced broadband SAR systems. In this design, stepped pins are used to connect the microstrip feed lines to the radiating patches.FindingsThe simulation and fabrication results of the multilayered antenna and a 1×16-element linear array of the antenna with Taylor amplitude distribution in the feeding network are presented. The antenna element has a 10-dB impedance bandwidth of more than 26%, and the linear array shows reduction in bandwidth percentage (about 15.4%). Thanks to Taylor amplitude tapering, the side lobe level (SLL) of the array is lower than −24 dB. The maximum measured gains of the antenna element and the linear array are 7 and 19.2 dBi at the center frequency, respectively.Originality/valueIn the communication systems, a high gain narrow beamwidth radiation pattern achieved by an array of multiple antenna elements with optimized spacing is a solution to overcome the path loss, atmospheric loss, polarization loss, etc. Also, wideband characteristics and compact size are desirable in satellite and SAR systems. This paper provides the combination of these features by microstrip structures.