Microscale Resolution Research Articles

Electric field-assisted micro-scale direct ink writing for electronic textiles

High-performance Kevlar fabric is widely employed in protective clothing. A recent trend involves the fusion of flexible conducting materials with protective textiles to create multifunctional E-textiles with microscale circuits. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) stands out as one of the most promising conducting polymers for flexible electronic applications, owing to its remarkable electrical, chemical and mechanical properties. Until recently, the production of PEDOT:PSS material on Kevlar fabric predominantly relied on dip coating and drop coating methods, presenting significant challenges for achieving microscale customized applications. Direct ink writing (DIW) has gained popularity due to its ability to fabricate a wide range of materials with programmed patterns and three-dimensional architectures, making it increasingly attractive for electronic printing. However, the rough surface of textiles and the die-swelling phenomenon exhibited by DIW printable materials have posed challenges for microscale E-textile fabrication. In previous studies, it was discovered that an electric field could facilitate material deposition on rough surfaces. This work investigates the potential to print PEDOT:PSS-based material patterns on rough textiles with a microscale resolution. It not only validated the effectiveness of the electric-field-assisted direct ink writing when printing PEDOT:PSS-based conducting inks on Kevlar but also identifies significant factors for achieving the microscale printing resolution. Additionally, this work characterizes the resistivity of the printed micro-traces and circuits. This research opens up possibilities for further exploration in customizing microscale circuits on various textiles.

3D Printing of Metals with sub-10µm Resolution.

The ability to manufacture 3D metallic architectures with microscale resolution is greatly pursued because of their diverse applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) including microelectronics, mechanical metamaterials, and biomedical devices. However, the well-developed photolithography and emerging metal additive manufacturing technologies have limited abilities in manufacturing micro-scaled metallic structures with freeform 3D geometries. Here, for the first time, the high-fidelity fabrication of arbitrary metallic motifs with sub-10µm resolution is achieved by employing an embedded-writing embedded-sintering (EWES) process. A paraffin wax-based supporting matrix with high thermal stability is developed, which permits the printed silver nanoparticle ink to be pre-sintered at 175°C to form metallic green bodies. Via carefully regulating the matrix components, the printing resolution is tuned down to ≈7µm. The green bodies are then embedded in a supporting salt bath and further sintered to realize freeform 3D silver motifs with great structure fidelity. 3D printing of various micro-scaled silver architectures is demonstrated such as micro-spring arrays, BCC lattices, horn antenna, and rotatable windmills. This method can be extended to the high-fidelity 3D printing of other metals and metal oxides which require high-temperature sintering, providing the pathways toward the design and fabrication of 3D MEMS with complex geometries and functions.

Mapping the strain-stiffening behavior of the lung and lung cancer at microscale resolution using the crystal ribcage.

Lung diseases such as cancer substantially alter the mechanical properties of the organ with direct impact on the development, progression, diagnosis, and treatment response of diseases. Despite significant interest in the lung's material properties, measuring the stiffness of intact lungs at sub-alveolar resolution has not been possible. Recently, we developed the crystal ribcage to image functioning lungs at optical resolution while controlling physiological parameters such as air pressure. Here, we introduce a data-driven, multiscale network model that takes images of the lung at different distending pressures, acquired via the crystal ribcage, and produces corresponding absolute stiffness maps. Following validation, we report absolute stiffness maps of the functioning lung at microscale resolution in health and disease. For representative images of a healthy lung and a lung with primary cancer, we find that while the lung exhibits significant stiffness heterogeneity at the microscale, primary tumors introduce even greater heterogeneity into the lung's microenvironment. Additionally, we observe that while the healthy alveoli exhibit strain-stiffening of ∼1.75 times, the tumor's stiffness increases by a factor of six across the range of measured transpulmonary pressures. While the tumor stiffness is 1.4 times the lung stiffness at a transpulmonary pressure of three cmH2O, the tumor's mean stiffness is nearly five times greater than that of the surrounding tissue at a transpulmonary pressure of 18 cmH2O. Finally, we report that the variance in both strain and stiffness increases with transpulmonary pressure in both the healthy and cancerous lungs. Our new method allows quantitative assessment of disease-induced stiffness changes in the alveoli with implications for mechanotransduction.

3D printed micro-structured hydrogel device with transmittance-changeable soft ‘armor’ camouflage for dual-encryption

Hydrogel-based physical dual-encryption typically relies on the reversible shape-deformation of polymer chains for the decryption. However, the stored information is confronted by indecipherability at the microscale because the intrinsic relaxation of polymer chains would disrupt the fidelity of encoded information. Inspired by female Doryteuthis opalescens squid’s camouflage strategy (i.e., switching a stripe on its mantle from nearly transparent to opaque white), we devised a reversible transmittance-changeable hydrogel layer to fully cover the mono-encrypted information layer for dual-encryption. The micro-structured hydrogel was manufactured via 3D printing to encode the information, which can be decoded by UV-induced fluorescent emission. Then, the white camouflage hydrogel was constructed to conceal the mono-encrypted layer, which will not affect the information encoding layer during the reversible polymer chain mobility. The information can be decoded with alkaline solution and UV irradiation in a rapid speed, i.e., in 4 min, with good reusability. Moreover, the information was accurately unveiled even at microscale resolution, holding great promise for high-level encryption at the device level.

Biophysical characterization of summer Arctic sea-ice habitats using a remotely operated vehicle-mounted underwater hyperspectral imager

The impact of a rapidly shifting sea-ice cover on climate, ecosystem processes and biophysical habitat properties is not yet fully understood, particularly in the central Arctic Ocean, due to a lack of spatially representative observations. From June to July 2020 during the year-long Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC, leg 4) in the Transpolar Drift, we deployed an underwater hyperspectral imager (UHI) mounted on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to characterize the biophysical properties of different sea-ice habitats. We conducted UHI surveys along two transects: i) under level first-year sea ice (FYI), which had a mean sea-ice draft of 1.4 m and was composed of primarily level FYI but also had a relatively shallow ridge (keel depth ∼2.6 m); and ii) under the flank of a ridge, named Jaridge, with a mean ice draft of 1.7 m, which was composed of a mix of level ice and thicker ridge blocks with over 3 m draft. We present a new unsupervised bio-optical quantification algorithm for hyperspectral surveys, the relative ice algal biomass index (RBI), using spectral mixture analysis (SMA). We compare this method to the supervised machine learning habitat classification algorithm, Support Vector Machine (SVM). The RBI showed good agreement to literature-based normalized difference indices (NDI) and PCA analyses, which confirm the RBI as a reliable unsupervised index for ice algal biomass. Our biophysical characterization of the two surveyed regions showed an association of sea-ice algal biomass with sea-ice ridge features. Our surveys also indicate that ice algal spatial distribution may be influenced by ice melt rates, and the formation of under ice meltwater layers and false bottoms. With high spatial coverage (>100 m) at microscale resolution (∼cm) we documented large spatial variability of summer Arctic sea-ice algal biomass and different patterns between adjacent ice habitats. We further demonstrate the need for improved understanding of sea-ice algal spatial variability as a complementary tool for sea-ice biogeochemical sampling using destructive ice core sampling.

Fully inkjet-printed Ag2Se flexible thermoelectric devices for sustainable power generation

Flexible thermoelectric devices show great promise as sustainable power units for the exponentially increasing self-powered wearable electronics and ultra-widely distributed wireless sensor networks. While exciting proof-of-concept demonstrations have been reported, their large-scale implementation is impeded by unsatisfactory device performance and costly device fabrication techniques. Here, we develop Ag2Se-based thermoelectric films and flexible devices via inkjet printing. Large-area patterned arrays with microscale resolution are obtained in a dimensionally controlled manner by manipulating ink formulations and tuning printing parameters. Printed Ag2Se-based films exhibit (00 l)-textured feature, and an exceptional power factor (1097 μWm−1K−2 at 377 K) is obtained by engineering the film composition and microstructure. Benefiting from high-resolution device integration, fully inkjet-printed Ag2Se-based flexible devices achieve a record-high normalized power (2 µWK−2cm−2) and superior flexibility. Diverse application scenarios are offered by inkjet-printed devices, such as continuous power generation by harvesting thermal energy from the environment or human bodies. Our strategy demonstrates the potential to revolutionize the design and manufacture of multi-scale and complex flexible thermoelectric devices while reducing costs, enabling them to be integrated into emerging electronic systems as sustainable power sources.

A versatile laser-based apparatus for time-resolved ARPES with micro-scale spatial resolution.

We present the development of a versatile apparatus for 6.2eV laser-based time and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with micrometer spatial resolution (time-resolved μ-ARPES). With a combination of tunable spatial resolution down to ∼11 μm, high energy resolution (∼11meV), near-transform-limited temporal resolution (∼280fs), and tunable 1.55eV pump fluence up to 3 mJ/cm2, this time-resolved μ-ARPES system enables the measurement of ultrafast electron dynamics in exfoliated and inhomogeneous materials. We demonstrate the performance of our system by correlating the spectral broadening of the topological surface state of Bi2Se3 with the spatial dimension of the probe pulse, as well as resolving the spatial inhomogeneity contribution to the observed spectral broadening. Finally, after in situ exfoliation, we performed time-resolved μ-ARPES on a ∼30 μm flake of transition metal dichalcogenide WTe2, thus demonstrating the ability to access ultrafast electron dynamics with momentum resolution on micro-exfoliated materials.

Three-Dimensional Electrically Conductive Scaffolds to Culture Cardiac Progenitor Cells.

Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds provide cell support while improving tissue regeneration through amplified cellular responses between implanted materials and native tissues. So far, highly conductive cardiac, nerve, and muscle tissues have been engineered by culturing stem cells on electrically inert scaffolds. These scaffolds, even though suitable, may not be very useful compared to the results shown by cells when cultured on conductive scaffolds. Noticing the mature phenotype the stem cells develop over time when cultured on conductive scaffolds, scientists have been trying to impart conductivity to traditionally nonconductive scaffolds. One way to achieve this goal is to blend conductive polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, PEDOT:PSS) with inert biomaterials and produce a 3D scaffold using various fabrication techniques. One such technique is projection micro-stereolithography, which is an additive manufacturing technique. It uses a photosensitive solution blended with conductive polymers and uses visible/UV light to crosslink the solution. 3D scaffolds with complex architectural features down to microscale resolution can be printed with this technique promptly. This chapter reports a protocol to fabricate electrically conductive scaffolds using projection micro-stereolithography.

Coaxial Electrohydrodynamic Printing of Microscale Core-Shell Conductive Features for Integrated Fabrication of Flexible Transparent Electronics.

Reliable insulation of microscale conductive features is required to fabricate functional multilayer circuits or flexible electronics for providing specific physical/chemical/electrical protection. However, the existing strategies commonly rely on manual assembling processes or multiple microfabrication processes, which is time-consuming and a great challenge for the fabrication of flexible transparent electronics with microscale features and ultrathin thickness. Here, we present a novel coaxial electrohydrodynamic (CEHD) printing strategy for the one-step fabrication of microscale flexible electronics with conductive materials at the core and insulating material at the outer layer. A finite element analysis (FEA) method is established to simulate the CEHD printing process. The extrusion sequence of the conductive and insulating materials during the CEHD printing process shows little effect on the morphology of the core-shell filaments, which can be achieved on different flexible substrates with a minimum conductive line width of 32 ± 3.2 μm, a total thickness of 53.6 ± 4.8 μm, and a conductivity of 0.23 × 107 S/m. The thin insulating layer can provide the inner conductive filament enough protection in 3D, which endows the resultant microscale core-shell electronics with good electrical stability when working in different chemical solvent solutions or under large deformation conditions. Moreover, the presented CEHD printing strategy offers a unique capability to sequentially fabricate an insulating layer, core-shell conductive pattern, and exposed electrodes by simply controlling the material extrusion sequence. The resultant large-area transparent electronics with two-layer core-shell patterns exhibit a high transmittance of 98% and excellent electrothermal performance. The CEHD-printed flexible microelectrode array is successfully used to record the electrical signals of beating mouse hearts. It can also be used to fabricate large-area flexible capacitive sensors to accurately measure the periodical pressure force. We envision that the present CEHD printing strategy can provide a promising tool to fabricate complex three-dimensional electronics with microscale resolution, high flexibility, and multiple functionalities.

Micropatterning the organization of multicellular structures in 3D biological hydrogels; insights into collective cellular mechanical interactions

Control over the organization of cells at the microscale level within supporting biomaterials can push forward the construction of complex tissue architectures for tissue engineering applications and enable fundamental studies of how tissue structure relates to its function. While cells patterning on 2D substrates is a relatively established and available procedure, micropatterning cells in biomimetic 3D hydrogels has been more challenging, especially with micro-scale resolution, and currently relies on sophisticated tools and protocols. We present a robust and accessible ‘peel-off’ method to micropattern large arrays of individual cells or cell-clusters of precise sizes in biological 3D hydrogels, such as fibrin and collagen gels, with control over cell–cell separation distance and neighboring cells position. We further demonstrate partial control over cell position in the z-dimension by stacking two layers in varying distances between the layers. To demonstrate the potential of the micropatterning gel platform, we study the matrix-mediated mechanical interaction between array of cells that are accurately separated in defined distances. A collective process of intense cell-generated densified bands emerging in the gel between near neighbors was identified, along which cells preferentially migrate, a process relevant to tissue morphogenesis. The presented 3D gel micropatterning method can be used to reveal fundamental morphogenetic processes, and to reconstruct any tissue geometry with micrometer resolution in 3D biomimetic gel environments, leveraging the engineering of tissues in complex architectures.

Microscale Imaging of Thermal Conductivity Suppression at Grain Boundaries.

Grain-boundary engineering is an effective strategy to tune the thermal conductivity of materials, leading to improved performance in thermoelectric, thermal-barrier coatings and thermal management applications. Despite the central importance to thermal transport, a clear understanding of how grain boundaries modulate the microscale heat flow is missing, owing to the scarcity of local investigations. Here, thermal imaging of individual grain boundaries is demonstrated in thermoelectric SnTe via spatially resolved frequency-domain thermoreflectance. Measurements with microscale resolution reveal local suppressions in thermal conductivity at grain boundaries. Also, the grain-boundary thermal resistance - extracted employing a Gibbs excess approach - is found correlating with the grain-boundary misorientation angle. Extracting thermal properties, including thermal boundary resistances, from microscale imaging can provide comprehensive understanding of how microstructure affects heat transport, crucially impacting the materials design of high-performance thermal-management and energy-conversion devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

High-resolution single pulse LA-ICP-MS mapping via 2D sub-pixel oversampling on orthogonal and hexagonal ablation grids – A computational assessment

Laser beam profiles in analytical laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) instruments are in general homogenized to produce a flat-top beam profile. However, in practice, they are mostly super-Gaussian in nature, and for small laser beam sizes (<5 μm) they even approach a Gaussian profile. This implies that the amount of surface material sampled by the laser (=ablation volume) directly depends on the beam profile and ablation grid. By contraction of the ablation grid (=sub-pixel mapping) not only more accurate surface sampling is realized, but also a higher pixel density, an improved spatial resolution, and a better signal-to-noise ratio. Although LA sampling is predominantly performed on an orthogonal grid, hexagonal or staggered/interleaved sampling may further improve the image quality as regular hexagons are more compact than squares (=lower perimeter/area) and suffer less from orientation bias (=lower anisotropy). Due to the current limitations of LA stages in executing precise hexagonal sampling with small beam sizes, computational protocols were employed to simulate LA-ICP-MS mapping. Simulation was performed by discrete convolution using the crater profile as the kernel, followed by the application/addition of Poisson/Flicker noise related to the local concentration and instrumental sensitivity/noise. A freely accessible online app was developed (https://laicpms-apps.ki.si/webapps/home/) to study the effect of sampling grid contraction (orthogonal and hexagonal) on the image map quality (spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio) by virtual ablation of phantoms. Comparison of experimental LA-ICP-MS maps obtained through orthogonal and hexagonal sampling methods could only be performed using a beam size of 150 μm and a macroscale inkjet-printed resolution target. This was due to the unavailability of precise hexagonal sampling stages and microscale resolution targets, which prevented the use of smaller beam sizes.

Controllable Wetting Transitions on Photoswitchable Physical Gels.

Softness plays a key role in the deformation of soft elastic substrates at the three-phase contact line, and the acting forces lead to the formation of a wetting ridge due to elastocapillarity. The change in wetting ridge and surface profiles at different softness has a great impact on the droplet behavior in different phenomena. Commonly used materials to study soft wetting are swollen polymeric gels or polymer brushes. These materials offer no possibility to change the softness on demand. Therefore, adjustable surfaces with tunable softness are highly sought-after to achieve on-demand transition between wetting states on soft surfaces. Here, we present a photorheological physical soft gel with adjustable stiffness based on the spiropyran photoswitch that shows the formation of wetting ridges upon droplet deposition. The presented photoswitchable gels allow the creation of reversibly switchable softness patterns with microscale resolution using UV light-switching of the spiropyran molecule. Gels with varying softness are analyzed, showing a decrease in the wetting ridge height at higher gel stiffness. Furthermore, wetting ridges before and after photoswitching are visualized using confocal microscopy, showing the transition in the wetting properties from soft wetting to liquid/liquid wetting.

Development of Electro-Conductive Composite Bioinks for Electrohydrodynamic Bioprinting with Microscale Resolution.

Bioprinting has attracted extensive attention in the field of tissue engineering due to its unique capability in constructing biomimetic tissue constructs in a highly controlled manner. However, it is still challenging to reproduce the physical and structural properties of native electroactive tissues due to the poor electroconductivity of current bioink systems as well as the limited printing resolution of conventional bioprinting techniques. In this work, an electro-conductive hydrogel is prepared by introducing poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) into an RGD (GGGGRGDSP)-functionalized alginate and fibrin system (RAF), and then electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-bioprinted to form living tissue constructs with microscale resolution. The addition of 0.1 (w/v%) PEDOT: PSS increases the electroconductivity to 1.95 ± 0.21 S m-1 and simultaneously has little effect on cell viability. Compared with pure RAF bioink, the presence of PEDOT: PSS expands the printable parameters for EHD-bioprinting, and hydrogel filaments with the smallest feature size of 48.91 ± 3.44µm can be obtained by further optimizing process parameters. Furthermore, the EHD-bioprinted electro-conductive living tissue constructs with improved resolution show good viability (>85%). The synergy of the advanced electro-conductive hydrogel and EHD-bioprinting presented here may provide a promising approach for engineering electro-conductive and cell-laden constructs for electroactive tissue engineering.

Water treatment by cavitation: Understanding it at a single bubble - bacterial cell level

Cavitation is a potentially useful phenomenon accompanied by extreme conditions, which is one of the reasons for its increased use in a variety of applications, such as surface cleaning, enhanced chemistry, and water treatment. Yet, we are still not able to answer many fundamental questions related to efficacy and effectiveness of cavitation treatment, such as: “Can single bubbles destroy contaminants?” and “What precisely is the mechanism behind bubble's cleaning power?”. For these reasons, the present paper addresses cavitation as a tool for eradication and removal of wall-bound bacteria at a fundamental level of a single microbubble and a bacterial cell. We present a method to study bubble-bacteria interaction on a nano- to microscale resolution in both space and time. The method allows for accurate and fast positioning of a single microbubble above the individual wall-bound bacterial cell with optical tweezers and triggering of a violent microscale cavitation event, which either results in mechanical removal or destruction of the bacterial cell. Results on E. coli bacteria show that only cells in the immediate vicinity of the microbubble are affected, and that a very high likelihood of cell detachment and cell death exists for cells located directly under the center of a bubble. Further details behind near-wall microbubble dynamics are revealed by numerical simulations, which demonstrate that a water jet resulting from a near-wall bubble implosion is the primary mechanism of wall-bound cell damage. The results suggest that peak hydrodynamic forces as high as 0.8 μN and 1.2 μN are required to achieve consistent E. coli bacterial cell detachment or death with high frequency mechanical perturbations on a nano- to microsecond time scale. Understanding of the cavitation phenomenon at a fundamental level of a single bubble will enable further optimization of novel water treatment and surface cleaning technologies to provide more efficient and chemical-free processes.

Thermosensitivity through Exchange Coupling in Ferrimagnetic/Antiferromagnetic Nano-Objects for Magnetic-Based Thermometry.

Temperature is a fundamental physical quantity important to the physical and biological sciences. Measurement of temperature within an optically inaccessible three-dimensional (3D) volume at microscale resolution is currently limited. Thermal magnetic particle imaging (T-MPI), a temperature variant of magnetic particle imaging (MPI), hopes to solve this deficiency. For this thermometry technique, magnetic nano-objects (MNOs) with strong temperature-dependent magnetization (thermosensitivity) around the temperature of interest are required; here, we focus between 200 K and 310 K. We demonstrate that thermosensitivity can be amplified in MNOs consisting of ferrimagnetic (FiM) iron oxide (ferrite) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) cobalt oxide (CoO) through interface effects. The FiM/AFM MNOs are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (STEM/TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Raman spectroscopy. Thermosensitivity is evaluated and quantified by temperature-dependent magnetic measurements. The FiM/AFM exchange coupling is confirmed by field-cooled (FC) hysteresis loops measured at 100 K. Magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) measurements were performed at room temperature to evaluate the MNOs MPI response. This initial study shows that FiM/AFM interfacial magnetic coupling is a viable method to increase thermosensitivity in MNOs for T-MPI.

Maskless, Reusable Visible-Light Direct-Write Stamp for Microscale Surface Patterning.

We report a straightforward method for creating large-area, microscale resolution patterns of functional amines on self-assembled monolayers by the photoinduced local acidification of a flat elastomeric stamp enriched with photoacid. The limited diffusivity of the photoactivated merocyanine acid in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) enabled to confine efficient deprotection of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl amino group (N-Boc) to line widths below 10 μm. The experimental setup is very simple and is built around the conventional HD-DVD optical pickup. The method allows cost-efficient, maskless, large-area chemical patterning while avoiding potentially cytotoxic photochemical reaction products. The activation of the embedded photoacid occurs within the stamp upon illumination with the laser beam and the process is fully reversible. Preliminary positive results highlight the possibility of repeatable use of the same stamp for the creation of different patterns.

Nanoscale electric field sensing using a levitated nano-resonator with net charge

The nanomechanical resonator based on a levitated particle exhibits unique advantages in the development of ultrasensitive electric field detectors. We demonstrate a three-dimensional, high-sensitivity electric field measurement technology using the optically levitated nanoparticle with known net charge. By scanning the relative position between nanoparticle and parallel electrodes, the three-dimensional electric field distribution with microscale resolution is obtained. The measured noise equivalent electric intensity with charges of 100 e reaches the order of 1 μV ⋅ cm − 1 ⋅ Hz − 1 / 2 at 1.4 × 10 − 7 mbar . Linearity analysis near resonance frequency shows a measured linear range over 91 dB limited only by the maximum output voltage of the driving equipment. This work may provide an avenue for developing a high-sensitivity electric field sensor based on an optically levitated nano-resonator.

Toward Characterizing 3-D Microwave Field With Microscale Resolution Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Toward Characterizing 3-D Microwave Field With Microscale Resolution Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Three-Dimensional Printing of Highly Conducting PEDOT: PSS-Based Polymers

Abstract Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most successful conducting polymers for electronic applications. Most commonly, the spin coating process is used to fabricate PEDOT:PSS thin films from an aqueous solution, yet it is unsuitable for fabricating complicated two-dimensional (2D) structures. Extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes have been investigated for 3D printing PEDOT:PSS-based polymers with free-form architecture. However, such methods imply strict requirements on the rheological properties of materials and, as a result, have limited choices of appropriate materials. In the past, additives have been added to improve the 3D printing processability of PEDOT:PSS materials, which, however, usually deteriorate the electrical conductivity. This article reports a new type of PEDOT:PSS material capable of addressing the previously listed challenges and characterized by high processability and electrical conductivity (72 S/cm). In addition, a novel extrusion-based AM technology, electrostatically-assisted direct ink writing (eDIW), is investigated for printing materials containing PEDOT:PSS. The eDIW method prints lines at micro-scale resolution at an ultra-high speed (1.72 m/s). This combination is often deemed impossible in the framework of classical extrusion-based AM techniques. This work lays the foundation for future explorations of applications of PEDOT:PSS-based conducting polymers in fields that require superb properties and custom geometry, which were conventionally impossible.