Microsatellite Stable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Research Articles

Safety and Efficacy of Vicriviroc (MK-7690) in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancer

BackgroundPembrolizumab, a monoclonal antibody against PD-1, has shown limited efficacy in patients with microsatellite stable or mismatch repair proficient (MSS/pMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated vicriviroc (small-molecule C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 antagonist) plus pembrolizumab in patients with advanced or metastatic MSS/pMMR CRC Patients and MethodsThis open-label, phase 2 trial (NCT03631407) enrolled adults with histologically confirmed, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic CRC that was MSS per local assessment. All patients had received previous treatment with standard therapies. Patients were randomized 1:1 to vicriviroc 150 mg orally once daily plus pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks or vicriviroc 250 mg orally once daily plus pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks for up to 35 cycles (2 years). Primary endpoints were the objective response rate (ORR) as assessed by the investigator per RECIST v1.1, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), adverse events (AEs), and discontinuations due to AEs. ResultsForty patients were enrolled and treated. ORR was 5% (95% CI, 0.1%–24.9%) in both treatment groups. There were no complete responses; 1 patient in each treatment group experienced a partial response. No patient in the vicriviroc 150 mg plus pembrolizumab group experienced a DLT. Two patients in the vicriviroc 250 mg plus pembrolizumab group experienced DLTs (one grade 4 encephalopathy and one grade 4 pneumonitis). ConclusionThe combination of vicriviroc at doses of 150 or 250 mg plus pembrolizumab 200 mg showed limited antitumor activity in patients with advanced or metastatic MSS/pMMR CRC. Toxicity with the combination was manageable. MicroAbstractThis phase 2 study evaluated the combination of vicriviroc plus pembrolizumab in patients with advanced or metastatic microsatellite stable or mismatch repair proficient colorectal cancer. Forty patients were enrolled and treated. Vicriviroc plus pembrolizumab demonstrated limited antitumor activity at the evaluated doses. Toxicity with the combination was manageable.

Abstract CT007: Phase 1/2 trial of copanlisib in combination with nivolumab for microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC)

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha (PIK3CA) is frequently mutated in CRC, leading to constitutive activation and enhanced cellular growth. PI3K also regulates immunity; inhibition of this pathway suppresses Tregs and myeloid derived suppressor cells resulting in enhanced anti-tumor immune responses. Murine experiments combining PD-1 and PI3K inhibition showed an increased CD8+ T cell:Treg ratio and improved survival compared to either alone. We launched a multicenter phase I/II investigation of copanlisib (PI3K inhibitor) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) in 2 cohorts of patients with metastatic MSS CRC, Cohort 1: PIK3CA mutant (PI3KCAm) and Cohort 2: PIK3CA wild type (PIK3CAwt). From 2/2019 to 4/2022, 39 patients were enrolled: 6 in the phase 1 portion and 33 in phase 2 (22 PIK3CAm/17 PIK3CAwt). All patients had received at least 2 lines of prior therapy. Patient demographics and best treatment responses are in Table 1. There were no dose-limiting toxicities; toxicities were as expected and tolerable, most commonly hypertension in 16 (41%) patients and maculopapular rash in 4 (10%) patients. 3 patients in cohort 1 (14%) had partial responses (PR) and 3 had stable disease (SD): (range 1.7-4.7 mo.). One patient in Cohort 2 (6%) had a PR and 4 had SD: (range 3.8-7.4 mo.). Notably, all 4 responses have lasted more than 2 years. The trial incorporated robust translational correlates for mechanism interrogation with serial biopsies and blood draws. We will report circulating cytokine profiling, mass cytometry on PBMCs, and highly multiplexed immunofluorescence imaging (CyCIF) on paired pre- and on-treatment tissue specimens to i) dissect immune and PI3K pathway changes with treatment ii) correlate these to clinical responses and iii) determine baseline biomarkers of response and mechanism of effect. Overall copanlisib/nivolumab was well tolerated. The PIK3CAm CRC cohort met the primary endpoint for objective response rate but later than 6 months as responses were evolving. Table 1: Demographics and Best Treatment Responses of Patients Treated on NCT03711058: Study of Copanlisib and Nivolumab in MSS Colorectal Cancer Age Sex Race RAS-RAF status Best Response TMB Total (n=39) 58 (40-83) F: 53%(21), M: 47%(18) AA: 15%(6), AS: 8%(3), W: 77%(30) Altered: 67%(26), Wild type: 33%(13) PR: 10%(4), SD: 18%(7), PD: 72%(28) 5 (1-10) PIK3CA mutant (n=22) 57.5 (42-83) F: 73%(16), M: 27%(6) AA:23%(5), AS: 9%(2), W: 68%(15) Altered: 73%(16), Wild type: 27%(6) PR: 14%(3), SD: 14%(3), PD: 73%(16) 5 (1-10) Exon 9 mutation (n=13) 58 (45-83) F: 77%(10), M: 23%(3) AA: 15%(2), AS: 8%(1), W: 77%(10) Altered 85%(11), Wild type: 15%(2) PR: 8%(1), SD: 8%(1), PD: 85%(11) 7.9 (1-18) Exon 20 mutation (n=5) 62 (43-76) F: 80%(4), M: 20%(1) AA: 20%(1), W: 80%(4) Altered: 80%(4), Wild type: 20%(1) PR: 20%(1), SD: 20%(1), PD: 60%(3) 4 (3-8) Other (n=4) 46 (42-54) F: 50%(2), M: 50%(2) AS: 25%(1), AA: 50%(2), W: 25%(1) Altered: 75%(3), Wild type: 25%(1) PR: 25%(1), PD: 75%(3) 5.3 (3-7.6) PIK3CA wild type (n=17) 59 (40-81) F: 29%(5), M: 71%(12) AA: 6%(1), AS: 6%(1), W: 82%(15) Altered: 59%(10), Wild type: 41%(7) PR: 6%(1), SD: 24%(4), PD: 71%(12) 5.5 (1-9) AA: African American, AS: Asian, C: Caucasian, F: Female, M: Male, PD: Progressive disease, PR: Partial Response, SD: Stable disease Citation Format: Eric S. Christenson, Jeremiah A. Wala, Rose Parkinson, Natalie B. Collins, Christopher Jakubowski, Jea-Ren Lin, Hao Wang, Won Jin Ho, Sabrina Chan, Rachel Klein, Yvette Cetasaan, Emma Johnson, Maureen Berg, Jeffrey Meyerhardt, Benjamin Schlechter, Harshabad Singh, Peter K. Sorger, Marios Giannakis, Nilofer Azad. Phase 1/2 trial of copanlisib in combination with nivolumab for microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr CT007.

Results of a phase 1b/2 study of ADG126 (a masked anti-CTLA-4 SAFEbody) in combo with pembrolizumab (Pembro) in patients (Pts) with metastatic microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC).

127 Background: ADG126 is a fully human anti-CTLA-4 IgG1 SAFEbody that has a cleavable masking peptide that blocks the antigen binding site. ADG126 is preferentially activated in the tumor microenvironment to afford prolonged on-tumor drug exposure and limited off-tumor toxicity. Activated ADG126 binds to a unique CTLA-4 epitope to prime T cells via partial ligand blockade and deplete immunosuppressive Tregs through strong antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)/phagocytosis (ADPC). Preclinical studies showed that ADG126/Pembro combination effectively increases Teff/Treg ratio. In Phase 1b/2 studies, ADG126 demonstrated a favorable safety profile and clinical efficacy as monotherapy and in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy. Here we present results of the entire dose escalation and ongoing dose expansion cohorts including a cohort of patients with MSS CRC free of liver metastasis (NCT05405595). Methods: This is a Phase 1b/2, open-label, multicenter dose escalation and expansion study of ADG126/Pembro. Pts received ADG126 [6 or 10 mg/kg (mpk), Q3W or Q6W, IV] plus Pembro (200 mg, Q3W, IV). Primary endpoints are safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints are PK, ADA, ORR, DCR, DOR and PFS per RECIST 1.1. Results: As of Aug 29, 2023, a total of 47 Pts have been treated in dose escalation (N=11) and expansion cohorts (N=36). The median age is 60.5 yrs (26-78); 31.9% Pts had at least 3 prior therapies, 12.8% Pts received prior IO therapies. A majority of Pts (74.5%) have what are considered immunologically “cold” tumors. ADG126 was dosed at 6 mpk Q6W (1 Pt) and Q3W (5 Pts), 10 mpk Q6W (17 Pts) and Q3W (24 Pts), and Pembro was dosed at 200 mg Q3W. No DLT or Grade 4/5 TRAE was observed at any dose level. TRAEs more than 10% are pruritis (N=9, 19.1%) and diarrhea (N=5, 10.6%). Grade 3 TRAEs were observed in 5 subjects: 1 G3 diarrhea (6 mpk, 16.7%), 1 G3 adrenal insufficiency (10 mpk Q6W, 5.9%), 1 each G3 pancreatitis, blurred vision and lipase increase (10 mpk Q3W, 12.5%); all TRAEs occurred after repeat dosing. For the MSS CRC expansion cohort, 7 SDs at ADG126 10 mpk Q6W dose level (N=11) were observed, and 2 PRs (including 1 initial PR) and 4 SDs at 10 mpk Q3W (N=13) were observed. Conclusions: ADG126/Pembro combination is well-tolerated up to the maximally administered dose of 10 mpk Q3W, with limited G3 TRAEs comparable to Pembro monotherapy. The 10 mpk ADG126 Q3W repeat dosing regimen maintains a favorable safety profile and demonstrates anti-tumor activity. The MSS CRC cohort of 10 mpk ADG126 Q3W surpassed the threshold set for part 1 of the Simon’s 2-stage design, and the second stage of the cohort is now enrolling. In conclusion, ADG126/Pembro has a significantly improved therapeutic index over the same class agents in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy, and encouraging early outcomes in patients of MSS CRC without liver metastasis. Clinical trial information: NCT05405595 .

Immunotherapy strategies and traditional Chinese medicine treatment for microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer

Immunotherapy strategies and traditional Chinese medicine treatment for microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer

Efficacy, safety, and predictors of fruquintinib plus anti-programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) antibody in refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer in a real-world setting: a retrospective cohort study.

Patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) have few alternatives for salvage therapy and a large unmet clinical need. Preclinical studies demonstrate that fruquintinib combined with anti-programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) has a synergistic anti-tumor effect. But a few phase 2 clinical studies show inconsistent efficacy of this combination therapy in CRC. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy, safety, and predictors of fruquintinib plus PD-1 antibodies in refractory MSS metastatic CRC (mCRC) in a real-world setting. We performed a retrospective single-center analysis to assess the outcomes of patients with MSS mCRC who were treated with fruquintinib plus anti-PD-1 antibodies subsequent to the failure of standard therapies at the Hunan Cancer Hospital. The overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and toxicity were reviewed and evaluated. The primary endpoint was OS. The impact on OS and PFS was examined using the Cox regression model. Between 1 January 2019 and 30 June 2022, we enrolled 70 eligible patients. The median follow-up was 17.2 months (range, 5.3-32.9 months). The median OS (mOS) and median PFS (mPFS) were 19.48 and 5.5 months respectively. The ORR was 11.43% and the DCR was 84.29%. Multivariate Cox regression analysis reveals liver metastasis (LM) without local treatment was a risk factor for OS [hazard ratio (HR) =5.31, P=0.0184], whereas that with local treatment (HR =2.19, P=0.263) was not. The most common adverse events were hand-foot syndrome (37.14%), hypertension (34.29%), mucositis oral (32.86%). No serious adverse effects or adverse effect-related deaths were reported. There were no instances of severe adverse effects or deaths related to adverse effects reported. Our study indicates that the combination of fruquintinib and anti-PD-1 antibodies can improve the OS and PFS with a tolerable toxicity profile for Chinese patients with refractory MSS mCRC. LM without local therapy is a negative prognostic factor for OS, but those with local treatment can significantly prolong survival. We require additional well-structured, prospective, and extensive studies to confirm and validate these findings.

Fecal microbiota transplantation plus tislelizumab and fruquintinib in refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: an open-label, single-arm, phase II trial (RENMIN-215)

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) shows a low response to PD-1 inhibitors. Antiangiogenic therapy can enhance anti-PD-1 efficacy, but it still cannot meet clinical needs. Increasing evidence supported a close relationship between gut microbiome and anti-PD-1 efficacy. This study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of the combination of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and tislelizumab and fruquintinib in refractory MSS mCRC. In the phase II trial, MSS mCRC patients were administered FMT plus tislelizumab and fruquintinib as a third-line or above treatment. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), duration of response (DoR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), safety and quality of life. Feces and peripheral blood were collected for exploratory biomarker analysis. This study is registered with Chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2100046768. From May 10, 2021 to January 17, 2022, 20 patients were enrolled. Median follow-up was 13.7 months. Median PFS was 9.6 months (95% CI 4.1-15.1). Median OS was 13.7 months (95% CI 9.3-17.7). Median DoR was 8.1 months (95% CI 1.7-10.6). ORR was 20% (95% CI 5.7-43.7). DCR was 95% (95% CI 75.1-99.9). CBR was 60% (95% CI 36.1-80.9). Nineteen patients (95%) experienced at least one treatment-related adverse event (TRAE). Six patients (30%) had grade 3-4 TRAEs, with the most common being albuminuria (10%), urine occult blood (10%), fecal occult blood (10%), hypertension (5%), hyperglycemia (5%), liver dysfunction (5%), hand-foot skin reaction (5%), and hypothyroidism (5%). No treatment-related deaths occurred. Responders had a high-abundance of Proteobacteria and Lachnospiraceae family and a low-abundance of Actinobacteriota and Bifidobacterium. The treatment did not change the structure of peripheral blood TCR repertoire. However, the expanded TCRs exhibited the characteristics of antigen-driven responses in responders. FMT plus tislelizumab and fruquintinib as third-line or above treatment showed improved survival and manageable safety in refractory MSS mCRC, suggesting a valuable new treatment option for this patient population. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82102954 to Wensi Zhao) and the Special Project of Central Government for Local Science and Technology Development of Hubei Province (ZYYD2020000169 to Yongshun Chen).

Immunotherapy response in microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer is influenced by site of metastases

BackgroundPrior studies indicate that colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases did not benefit from regorafenib, nivolumab (REGONIVO) or regorafenib, ipilimumab, nivolumab (RIN) treatments, while those without liver metastases showed significant response. This study explores the impact of metastatic sites on treatment outcomes. MethodsChemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancer patients treated with REGONIVO or RIN were evaluated, focusing on 2-month organ-specific response, ORR, PFS and OS based on metastatic sites. ResultsOf the 96 patients analyzed (58 REGONIVO, 38 RIN), liver or peritoneal metastases led to poor outcomes, with 0 % ORR, and median PFS of 2.0 and 1.5 months respectively. In contrast, lung-only metastases had an ORR of 56.3 % and a PFS of 14 months. The presence of concurrent LN or other extrahepatic metastatic disease in patients with lung metastatic disease diminished but did not prohibit responses. The 2-month response assessment revealed activity in the lungs, soft tissues, and distant lymph nodes. ConclusionsREGONIVO and RIN were most active in lung-only metastases. Liver and peritoneal metastases were resistant. Future checkpoint inhibitor trials in MSS colorectal cancer should stratify patients based on metastatic locations.

111P Comparison of the efficacy and safety of fruquintinib and fruquintinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic microsatellite stable colorectal cancer: A real-world study

111P Comparison of the efficacy and safety of fruquintinib and fruquintinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic microsatellite stable colorectal cancer: A real-world study

Regorafenib alone or in combination with high/low-dose radiotherapy plus toripalimab as third-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: protocol for a prospective, randomized, controlled phase II clinical trial (SLOT).

https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05963490?cond=NCT05963490&rank=1, identifier NCT05963490.

Phase II trial of nivolumab and metformin in patients with treatment-refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer

BackgroundPreclinical studies showed metformin reduces exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and potentiates programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade. We hypothesized that metformin with nivolumab would elicit potent antitumor and immune modulatory...

618P Efficacy and safety of vactosertib and pembrolizumab combination in patients with previously treated microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer

618P Efficacy and safety of vactosertib and pembrolizumab combination in patients with previously treated microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer

Refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer with ERBB2/ERBB3 mutation may be preferred population for regorafenib plus PD-1 inhibitor therapy: a real-world study.

Microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) has been referred to as the "cold tumor" because of almost no response to anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibody. A recent REGONIVO trial showed that regorafenib plus nivolumab had an encouraging efficacy in MSS metastatic CRC (mCRC). However, only a small subset of patients may benefit from the combination therapy. We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety data of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with regorafenib in refractory MSS mCRC and to discover biomarkers that can effectively stratify the beneficial patient population. We retrospectively analyzed patients with MSS mCRC who received regorafenib combined with anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. The objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and status of gene mutation were reviewed and evaluated. Twenty-one patients received combination treatment. At a median treatment duration of 4 months, one patient achieved complete response, three patients achieved partial response, and two patients achieved stable disease as the best response. The ORR and DCR were 19% and 28.5% in the overall population, respectively. The median PFS was 4 months, and the median OS was 25 months. Only erbb2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2/erbb3 receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (ERBB2/ERBB3) mutation status was confirmed to be a potential predictive factor for effective treatment. In patients with ERBB2/ERBB3 mutation, ORR, DCR, and PFS exhibited significant improvements in comparison with that in wild-type patients. Grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events occurred in three patients (14.3%). Regorafenib in combination with PD-1 inhibitor provides a feasible treatment regimen for refractory MSS mCRC with tolerated toxicity. Patients with ERBB2/ERBB3 mutation may be the preferred population for this combination regimen.

Regorafenib, Ipilimumab, and Nivolumab for Patients With Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancer and Disease Progression With Prior Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy combinations with activity in patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer need to be identified. To determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of regorafenib, ipilimumab, and nivolumab (RIN) and evaluate its activity in an expansion cohort of patients with MSS metastatic colorectal cancer. This nonrandomized clinical trial was a single-center 3 + 3 dose de-escalation study with an effectiveness expansion cohort at the RP2D. After the identification of the RP2D, a study amendment was executed to explore a regorafenib dose optimization strategy to mitigate skin-related toxic effects. Study enrollment occurred between May 12, 2020, and January 21, 2022. The trial was conducted at a single academic center. A total of 39 patients with MSS metastatic colorectal cancer whose disease progressed after standard chemotherapy and who had not received prior regorafenib or anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy were included. Patients received regorafenib daily for 21 days every 4 weeks; fixed-dose ipilimumab, 1 mg/kg, intravenously every 6 weeks; and fixed-dose nivolumab, 240 mg intravenously every 2 weeks. Patients were treated until progression, unacceptable toxic effects, or completion of 2 years of therapy. The primary end point was RP2D selection. Secondary end points were safety and overall response rate (ORR) according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours at the RP2D level. A total of 39 patients were enrolled, 23 (59.0%) were female, median age was 54 years (range, 25-75 years), 3 were Black (7.7%), and 26 were White (66.7%). No dose-limiting toxic effects were noted in the first 9 patients at the starting dose of RIN, with regorafenib dosed at 80 mg daily. No dose de-escalation was needed. This dose was declared the RP2D. Twenty more patients were enrolled at this level. The ORR, median progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in the RP2D cohort were 27.6%, 4 months (IQR, 2-9 months), and 20 months (IQR, 7 months to not estimable), respectively. For the 22 patients without liver metastases, the ORR, PFS, and OS were 36.4%, 5 months (IQR, 2-11), and greater than 22 months, respectively. A dose optimization cohort with regorafenib at 40 mg/d on cycle 1 and 80 mg/d on cycle 2 and beyond was associated with lower skin and immune toxic effects but had limited activity with stable disease for 5 of 10 patients as the best response. Results of this nonrandomized clinical trial suggest that RIN at the RP2D demonstrated interesting clinical activity in patients with advanced MSS colorectal cancer without liver metastases. These findings should be confirmed in randomized clinical trials. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04362839.

Comparative analysis of tumor immune microenvironment in primary tumors vs metastatic tissue in microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer.

187 Background: We previously demonstrated differences in responses to checkpoint inhibitors between liver and non-liver metastases (mets) in microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Here, we investigate differences in tumor microenvironment (TME) and mutational landscape of primary and mCRC sites. Methods: We used the Tempus clinicogenomic database to select de-identified cases of MSS mCRC which underwent Tempus xT testing. Tempus xT is a 648-gene NGS panel that detects somatic alterations and includes RNA sequencing. Gene expression patterns of different immune cells were used to predict their relative abundance within the tumor. Analyzed tumors were divided into 4 categories based: primary tumor (colon), liver, lung, and peritoneal mets. Demographics, genomic alterations, tumor mutational burden (TMB), PD-L1 expression, and proportions of B, T (CD4+, CD8+), NK cells, and macrophages were compared between all 4 categories. Chi-squared/Fisher’s exact tests or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess statistical significance. Results: Genomic profiles from 4,345 unique mCRC patients were analyzed (Primary CRC = 1734; Liver = 1825; Lung = 443; Peritoneal = 343). Median TMB and PD-L1 expressions had small differences across sites that were statistically significant. KRAS mutations were more frequent and SMAD4 mutations were less prevalent in lung mets. RNA-Seq revealed significant differences in immune cell composition. Lung mets exhibited a higher percentage of B cells and lower percentage of macrophages than liver and peritoneum (p< 0.001), similar to primary tumors. CD4+ T cells were highest in primary tumors, whereas CD8+ T cells were highest in lung mets (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The TME of lung mets has a more favorable immune composition (increased CD8+ T cells and B cells, decreased macrophages) than that of liver and peritoneal mets, suggesting that MSS mCRC to the lung may potentially be more responsive to immunotherapy.[Table: see text]

Phase Ib open-label, multicenter study of pixatimod, an activator of TLR9, in combination with nivolumab in subjects with microsatellite-stable metastatic colorectal cancer, metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and other solid tumors

BackgroundPixatimod is a unique activator of the Toll-like Receptor 9 pathway. This phase I trial evaluated safety, efficacy and pharmacodynamics of pixatimod and PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab in immunologically cold cancers.Methods3+3...

110P Fecal microbiota transplantation in combination with fruquintinib and tislelizumab in refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: A single center phase II trial

Microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is one of the tumor type in which PD-1 inhibitor as monotherapy has proven less effective. Studies have shown that anti-VEGF therapies may enhance anti-PD-1 efficacy and microbiome-based therapies can overcome resistance to anti-PD-1. This study was to explore the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) combined with anti-VEGF and anti-PD-1 therapy in advanced mCRC with MSS.

160P COLUMBIA-1: A phase Ib/II, open-label, randomized, multicenter study of durvalumab plus oleclumab in combination with chemotherapy and bevacizumab as first-line (1L) therapy in metastatic microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer (MSS-mCRC)

Despite advances in the treatment of mCRC combining chemotherapy regimens with biologics, most patients (pts) still progress within 11 months of receiving 1L chemotherapy. Addition of novel therapies to the standard of care (SoC) to improve antitumor activity is urgently needed. The randomized part 2 of COLUMBIA-1 (NCT04068610) evaluated the safety and efficacy of combining SoC (bevacizumab [BEV] + FOLFOX) with the PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab (D) and the anti-CD73 monoclonal antibody oleclumab (O).

Regorafenib with or without a programmed cell death protein 1 antibody as third-line treatment for microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer.

Although the use of regorafenib plus nivolumab demonstrates promising outcomes in patients with refractory microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), this effect has not been substantiated in other studies. Moreover, a comparison between the outcomes of regorafenib and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody combination therapy and regorafenib monotherapy remains unexplored. In this study, we aimed to assess whether regorafenib and PD-1 antibody combination therapy is superior to regorafenib monotherapy as a third-line treatment for MSS mCRC. Patients with MSS mCRC who received regorafenib and PD-1 antibody or regorafenib monotherapy as third-line treatment were eligible for inclusion. In total, 179 patients were enrolled, of which 84 were administered regorafenib combined with a PD-1 antibody and 95 were administered regorafenib monotherapy. Patients administered regorafenib combined with a PD-1 antibody had similar progression-free survival (PFS) as those on regorafenib monotherapy (median PFS was 2.4months and 1.9months, respectively, p=0.086). The administration of regorafenib combined with a PD-1 antibody resulted in significantly longer PFS than that seen with regorafenib monotherapy in both male (5.2months vs. 2.4 months, p=0.001) and female (3.9months vs. 1.8 months, p=0.037) patients without liver metastasis. Female patients with liver metastasis who were administered regorafenib combined with a PD-1 antibody had shorter PFS than those administered regorafenib monotherapy (1.8months vs. 2.0 months, p=0.030). Liver metastasis and sex are predictors of survival benefit following the addition of a PD-1 antibody to regorafenib in patients with MSS mCRC.

CXD101 and nivolumab in patients with metastatic microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer (CAROSELL): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase II trial

Patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal carcinoma (CRC) do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Preclinical models suggested synergistic anti-tumour activity combining CXD101 and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 treatment; therefore, we assessed the clinical combination of CXD101 and nivolumab in heavily pre-treated patients with MSS metastatic CRC (mCRC). This single-arm, open-label study enrolled patients aged 18 years or older with biopsy-confirmed MSS CRC; at least two lines of systemic anticancer therapies (including oxaliplatin and irinotecan); at least one measurable lesion; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0, 1 or 2; predicted life expectancy above 3 months; and adequate organ and bone marrow function. Nine patients were enrolled in a safety run-in study to define a tolerable combination schedule of CXD101 and nivolumab, followed by 46 patients in the efficacy assessment phase. Patients in the efficacy assessment cohort were treated orally with 20 mg CXD101 twice daily for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks, and intravenously with 240 mg nivolumab every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was immune disease control rate (iDCR). Between 2018 and 2020, 55 patients were treated with CXD101 and nivolumab. The combination therapy was well tolerated with the most frequent grade 3 or 4 adverse events being neutropenia (18%) and anaemia (7%). Immune-related adverse reactions commonly ascribed to checkpoint inhibitors were surprisingly rare although we did see single cases of pneumonitis, hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism. There were no treatment-related deaths. Of 46 patients assessable for efficacy, 4 (9%) achieved partial response and 18 (39%) achieved stable disease, translating to an immune disease control rate of 48%. The median overall survival (OS) was 7.0 months (95% confidence interval 5.13-10.22 months). The primary endpoint was met in this phase II study, which showed that the combination of CXD101 and nivolumab, at full individual doses in the treatment of advanced or metastatic MSS CRC, was both well tolerated and efficacious.

PD-1 Inhibitor Combined with Radiotherapy and GM-CSF with or not IL-2 (PRaG regimen) in Patients with Microsatellite Stable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> Immunotherapy has improved outcomes for metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC) patients with MSI-H/dMMR but has not been effective in MSS/pMMR tumors, which comprise 95% of mCRC. Radiotherapy is able to stimulate tumor specific immune response and improve the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in metastatic cancers. The synergistic effects of radiotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors can be reinforced by adding cytokines like granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2(IL-2). Our previous PRaG trial demonstrated that radiotherapy in combination with PD-1 inhibitors and GM-CSF could improve clinical response in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors, which was presented at the ASTRO congress 2021. We found that mCRC patients with MSS/pMMR could also benefit from the PRaG regimen. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> Patients of mCRC with MSS/pMMR were collected from the PRaG trial and PRaG 2.0 trial. A treatment cycle consisted of radiotherapy (5 or 8 Gy × 2-3f) delivered for one metastatic lesion, PD-1 inhibitor dosing within one week after completion of radiotherapy, GM-CSF 200μg subcutaneous (SC) injection once daily for 14 days(d1-14), or GM-CSF 200μg (d1-7), and then sequentially followed by IL-2 200 million IU SC once daily for 7 days(d8-14). PRaG regimen was repeated every 21 days for at least 2 cycles until no appropriate lesions for irradiation or reached the tolerance dose. Pooled analysis of response rate (ORR), median progression-free survival (PFS), and treatment-related adverse events were calculated. The PRaG trial was registered in chictr.org.cn (No. ChiCTR1900020175) and the PRaG 2.0 trial was registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04892498). <h3>Results</h3> With the cutoff date of 15 February 2022, a total of 12 mCRC patients with MSS/pMMR were enrolled. All of the patients completed at least 2 cycles of PRaG therapy and one evaluation. The median follow-up was 7.0 months (95%CI, 4.7, 9.3). The ORR was 25%, and the disease control rate (DCR) was 58.3%. The median PFS was 4.7 months (95%CI, 0.9 to 8.5). One patient got complete remission, with PFS over 18 months. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) occurred in 10 of 12 (83.3%) patients. One patient (8.3%) occurred Grade3 TRAE of renal insufficiency. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our preliminary results suggest that the PRaG regimen could improve clinical outcomes in mCRC patients with MSS/pMMR with acceptable toxicity. Radiotherapy could have radiosensitization effect on immunotherapy of mCRC with MSS/pMMR.