Food Fortification Research Articles

Development of beetroot powder-enriched inks for 3D food printing based on hydrogel/oleogel bigels

3D printing with bigel inks exhibits substantial potential for food structuring and nutritional innovation, particularly through the enrichment of foods with vegetables rich in health-promoting bioactive compounds. This study focuses on the preparation of bigels incorporating beetroot powder. Hydrogels based on xanthan gum, carrageenan, and guar gum were used in combination with monoglyceride oleogels to formulate suitable inks for extrusion-based 3D food printing. This study investigated the effects of hydrogel type, vegetable powder content, and hydrogel:oleogel mass ratio on the microstructure, rheological properties, and extrusion behavior of the bigels. Furthermore, the printability of the selected formulations was evaluated. The inclusion of beetroot powder enhanced the structure and mechanical strength of all the hydrogels. Bigels prepared with an 80:20 mass ratio yielded homogeneous materials for all three hydrogelators. They exhibited maximum storage modulus values of 1.1E4, 7.8E3, and 3.3E3 Pa for guar gum, carrageenan, and xanthan gum, respectively. Moreover, these bigels partially recovered of their initial structure after the application of high strain and demonstrated appropriate flowability for extrusion through 1.2 and 2 mm 3D printer nozzles. Successful printing of 2D (grid) and 3D (cube) structures was achieved using guar gum-based bigels, followed by carrageenan-based counterparts, which displayed superior dimensional accuracy, structural integrity, enhanced line resolution, and minimal printing errors and deformations. These findings provide valuable insights and lay the groundwork for developing more complex and functional food structures.

Different polysaccharide-enhanced probiotic and polyphenol dual-functional factor co-encapsulated microcapsules demonstrate acute colitis alleviation efficacy and food fortification

Probiotics and polyphenols have multiple bioactivities, and developing co-encapsulated microcapsules (CM) is a novel strategy to enhance their nutritional diversity. However, the development of CMs is challenged by complicated processing, single types, and unclear in vivo effects and applications. In this study, the co-microencapsulations of polyphenol and probiotic were constructed using pectin, alginate (WGCA@LK), and Fu brick tea polysaccharides (WGCF@LK), respectively, with chitosan-whey isolate proteins by layer-by-layer coacervation reaction, and their protective effects, in vivo effectiveness, and application potential were evaluated. WGCA@LK improved the encapsulation rate of polyphenols (42.41 %), and remained high viability of probiotics after passing through gastric acidic environment (8.79 ± 0.04 log CFU/g) and storage for 4 weeks (4.59 ± 0.06 log CFU/g). WGCF@LK exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (19.40 ± 0.25 μmol/mL) and its prebiotic activity removed the restriction on probiotic growth. WGCA@LK showed strong in vitro colonic adhesion, but WGCF@LK promoted in vivo retention of probiotics at 48 h. WGCF@LK showed excellent anti-inflammatory effects and alleviated symptoms of acute colitis in mice. These findings provide unique insights into the fortification of probiotic-polyphenol CMs by different polysaccharides and the development of novel health foods with rich functional hierarchies and superior therapeutic effects.

Iron Deficiency Anemia: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Approaches

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common health problem that affects about 1.24 billion people around the world, mostly children and women of childbearing age. IDA happens when the body doesn't get enough iron, loses too much iron, or can't absorb it properly. This makes erythropoiesis, cellular metabolism, and immune function worse. The World Health Organization says that 40% of women who are pregnant and 32.5% of women who are not pregnant have anemia. People with IDA often feel tired, weak, pale, and have trouble thinking clearly. Lab tests, such as hemoglobin, blood ferritin, and transferrin saturation, are used to make the diagnosis. You can treat the condition in two ways: by taking iron supplements by mouth, such as ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate; or, for serious cases, by giving iron through an IV. Strategies for prevention depend on increasing the amount of iron you get from food, making it more bioavailable, and keeping infections under control. Food addition and fortification programs have been shown to help lower the number of people with IDA. However, problems still exist, especially in areas with poor economies. Recent advance in acknowledging how iron is used and controlled has implications for creating targeted therapeutic approaches. A key regulator of iron balance, hepcidin, is a key player in the pathophysiology of IDA. This review shows how complicated IDA is and how important it is to have treatment plans that consider underlying causes, dietary factors, and socioeconomic factors. Keywords: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), Erythropoiesis, Hemoglobin, Nutritional Deficiencies, Neurological Disorders, Iron Supplements.

Quantum dot-based biomimetic fluorescence immunoassays for enrofloxacin detection in animal-derived foods.

Long-term consumption of foods with excessive enrofloxacin (ENRO) residues may cause the accumulation of ENRO in the human body, thus damaging human health. In this study, quantum dot-based biomimetic fluorescence immunoassays were used for enrofloxacin detection in food of animal origin. Under the most suitable conditions, the detection limit (IC15) of the method in standard solution was 0.13 ± 0.02 ng L-1 and the sensitivity (IC50) was 0.13 ± 0.18 μg L-1. The recoveries for ENRO from four fortified food samples, including chicken, eggs, shrimp, and milk, ranged from 85.74% to 114.19% and the coefficients of variation were 0.01-18.09%. The established method shows good agreement with the results obtained using commercial ELISA kits, with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. The proposed method shows the advantages of high sensitivity, specificity and wide detection range. It can be used as an alternative method for the rapid and sensitive detection of ENRO in food of animal origin.

Industrial Production of Functional Foods for Human Health and Sustainability

Functional foods significantly affect social stability, human health, and food security. Plants and microorganisms are high-quality chassis for the bioactive ingredients in functional foods. Characterised by precise nutrition and the provision of both nutritive and medicinal value, functional foods serve a as key extension of functional agriculture and offer assurance of food availability for future space exploration efforts. This review summarises the main bioactive ingredients in functional foods and their functions, describes the strategies used for the nutritional fortification and industrial production of functional foods, and provides insights into the challenges and future developments in the applications of plants and microorganisms in functional foods. Our review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the development of functional foods, ensure the successful production of new products, and support the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals, including no poverty, zero hunger, and good health and well-being.

Can Fasting Practices Improve Vitamin D Levels?

Vitamin D deficiency is emerging as a very serious public health problem. Numerous epidemiological studies link vitamin D deficiency to the pathophysiological process of several acute and chronic diseases. Sun exposure, vitamin D supplementation, and fortification of foods with vitamin D are the present strategies adopted to tackle this epidemic. While this can be effective, recent evidence suggests the need to consider the multifaceted causation of vitamin D deficiency such as impaired liver function, kidney function, hyperparathyroidism, and endocrine dysfunction. Therapeutic fasting, a popular nutritional approach has shown to have a positive association with vitamin D levels. This perspective attempts to provide an overview of literature discussing fasting and vitamin D, the possible mechanisms behind this association, and discusses the future possibilities of using fasting as a public/clinical tool in mitigating vitamin D deficiency.

Thiamine: An indispensable regulator of paediatric neuro-cardiovascular health and diseases.

Physicians are recommended to have a low threshold for suspecting thiamine deficiency especially in vulnerable populations. Laboratory diagnosis of thiamine deficiency needs to be implemented as a standard of care, especially in endemic regions. Further, public health policies on food fortification, mandatory supplementation, and surveillance are imperative to eliminate thiamine deficiency-induced health hazards. • South Asian countries report a higher incidence of neonatal and under-five mortalities, many of which are attributed to maternal and perinatal micronutrient deficiencies. • Preventable causes of neonatal/ infantile deaths include birth factors (low birth weight, birth asphyxia), infectious diseases (pneumonia, diarrhoea, tetanus, tuberculosis, measles, diphtheria, malaria, acute infections), deficiency diseases and genetic diseases (vitamin & mineral deficiencies, IEMs, congenital heart disease, unexplained PPHN, SIDS etc). • Acute thiamine deficiency presenting as multisystemic syndromes, has unfortunately been a long standing unresolved public health concern. However, accessible surveillance and diagnostic strategies remain elusive in most clinical settings. • Despite decades of reports and emerging guidelines, diagnosis of thiamine deficiency is often missed and policy mandates at national level are yet to be implemented even in endemic countries. • This review provides a comprehensive summary of the biochemical role of thiamine, its key functions and effects on major organ systems, the diagnostic gap, the enigmatic presentation of acute thiamine deficiency, the plausible role of thiamine in other pathologies and the preventive measures at individual and community level.

Microencapsulation of Ferrous Sulfate in Lipid Matrices Produced by Spray Chilling: Characterization, Controlled Release, and In Vitro Gastric Behavior

ABSTRACTIron deficiency is a global nutritional concern, and food fortification is a strategy to address it. However, direct iron fortification can negatively impact sensory attributes. Spray chilling microencapsulation offers a solution while enhancing iron bioavailability. This study aimed to produce iron‐containing microparticles using spray chilling with varying ratios of beeswax and cocoa butter. The ratios had minimal impact on overall yield (73%–75%). The microparticles exhibited β and β′ polymorphic forms, and the inclusion of cocoa butter led to a more amorphous and heterogeneous matrix, resulting in more complex thermal behavior. Higher cocoa butter content improved iron retention (79%–81%) compared with higher beeswax concentrations (69%–70%). LPMs with greater cocoa butter content exhibited reduced iron release, with release kinetics following diffusion and relaxation mechanisms. Iron release across different temperatures ranged from 0.11 to 0.42 mg L−1, influenced by the lipid matrix, particle distribution, and size. The highest release was attributed to smaller, more homogeneous particles containing only one lipid in the matrix. LMPs effectively protected iron release under simulated gastric conditions, allowing significant release in simulated intestinal conditions (36.1%–56.3%). These iron microparticles show potential for use in the food industry, particularly for fortifying various food products, including infant formulas and supplements.

Society for Birth Defects Research and Prevention Symposium: Health Disparities Within Communities of Color.

High-risk pregnancies and birth defects are often greater within communities of color where resources for a healthy pregnancy are generally lacking. Infant and maternal mortality, preterm birth, and instances of increased developmental and physical defects are related to environmental exposures (e.g., pesticides, lead in water, wildfire smoke), dietary additives, and lack of access to adequate healthcare. More frequently people of color and other under-served groups, are affected by historical inequality and unconscious bias. Compounding these disparities, research into these issues and efforts to address them are poorly supported. The speakers in this symposium presented evidence for health disparities within communities of color to foster research aimed at identifying toxic levels of potentially hazardous dietary chemicals, or exposures in the pediatric population can focus on addressing the current inadequacy of translating scientific findings into enforceable policies. The disparities discussed within this symposium highlighted key areas in desperate need of policy reform. In the United States, regulatory exposure levels have been established for lead exposures but frequently exceed these limits without mitigation. Neural tube defects can be prevented by a simple dietary solution such as fortification of staple foods with folic acid. Recent literature on gender as a social determinant of health has determined women suffer more negative health consequences due to social attitudes. Ultimately, this symposium provided an understanding of the experience of disadvantaged and marginalized persons during pregnancy, illustrated the disparities that exist in reproductive health, and described the need to address and prevent them.

Current and potential contributions of large-scale food fortification to meeting micronutrient requirements in Senegal: a modelling study using household food consumption data

IntroductionMicronutrient deficiencies are common among women of reproductive age (WRA) and children in Senegal. Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) can help fill gaps in dietary intake.MethodsWe used household food consumption data...

Food Fortification: Role of Fish-Based Derivatives

Fish is recognized as a valuable source of both micro and macronutrients. However, its consumption remains inadequate due to various barriers, such as cost, sensory preferences, and availability. Meanwhile, convenience foods have gained popularity due to their utility, affordability, and accessibility. This review explores the integration of various fish derived products into convenience foods to address inadequate consumption. Given the inherent perishability of fish, converting it into a relatively stable form can help mitigate these problems to some extent. Various fish-derived products, including Fish protein concentrate (FPC) or Fish powder, Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH), Fish oil, and Fish calcium are a few that find potential application in various foods and are examined in this review along with their incorporation levels.

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Children Aged Between 1 to 16 Years: An Observational Study

Introduction: Vitamin D is crucial for bone growth, mineralization, and various metabolic processes in the body. Consequently, a deficiency or insufficiency of this vitamin can lead to long-term consequences, especially in children. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency vitamin D deficiency in children aged between 1 to 16 years. Methods: This was an observational study conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Dr. Sirajul Islam Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka & Ad-Din Akij Medical College Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh during the period from July 2023 to July 2024. The study enrolled children aged 1 to 16 years from the pediatric department, excluding those with specific health issues. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS 23, and ethical approval was obtained from Dr. Sirajul Islam Medical College & Hospital and Ad-Din Akij Medical College Hospital. Results: In our study, we included 100 children with vitamin D deficiency symptoms who attended the paediatrics department of our study institutions. Participants were categorized into four age groups: 1-3 years (30%), 4-6 years (15%), 7-10 years (21%), and 11-16 years (34%). The sample comprised 59% females and 41% males, with an average age of 12.84 years. Most were from middle-class families (39%), and 48% were in primary school. Common health issues included leg pain (58%), growth retardation (47%) and muscle pain/bone pain (39%). Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent, with rates of 50.00% in 1-3 years, 53.33% in 4-6 years, 47.62% in 7-10 years, and 61.76% in 11-16 years, indicating increased insufficiency with age. Conclusion: This study shows that vitamin D deficiency is high among our study children. A comprehensive action plan, including supplementation and food fortification, is crucial to prevent this deficiency in Bangladesh.

The costs and the potential allocation of costs of bouillon fortification: The cases of Nigeria, Senegal, and Burkina Faso.

Food and condiment fortification programs are needed to address micronutrient deficiencies and their health, developmental, and mortality consequences; but these programs are never free. Knowing program costs and their allocation across stakeholders is essential to design and manage effective, efficient, and sustainable programs. We developed 10-year hypothetical bouillon fortification program cost models for Nigeria, Senegal, and Burkina Faso that included start-up and operational costs for government and industry, as well as premix costs generated by an embedded premix cost calculator to allow for alternative premix formulas in cost calculations. The main drivers of total costs were total bouillon consumption and the types and amounts of fortificants in the micronutrient premix. For a premix that meets 30% of Codex Nutrient Reference Values in 2.5g of bouillon for vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12, zinc, and iron, the cost per metric ton of fortified bouillon was ∼$325 for all countries (∼$0.01 per 2.5g serving). Annual start-up costs ranged from ∼$324k (Burkina Faso) to ∼$455k (Nigeria); nonpremix annual operating costs ranged from ∼$108k (Burkina Faso) to ∼$3.9m (Nigeria); and annual premix costs varied from ∼$2.4m (Burkina Faso) to ∼$76m (Nigeria). In policy discussions, program costs should be set alongside nutritional benefits.

Impact of Various Extraction Technologies on Protein and Chlorophyll Yield from Stinging Nettle.

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) has gained attention as a sustainable protein source due to its rich bioactive compound profile and medicinal properties, but research on optimizing its protein extraction remains limited. This research explores various cell disruption methods, including pulsed electric fields and high-pressure homogenization, combined with extraction techniques like isoelectric precipitation, ultrafiltration, and salting-out, to enhance protein yield and assess its impact on chlorophyll content. The findings indicate that high-pressure homogenization combined with isoelectric precipitation achieved the highest protein yield of 11.60%, while pulsed electric fields with ultrafiltration significantly reduced chlorophyll content from 4781.41 µg/g in raw leaves to 15.07 µg/g in the processed sample. Additionally, the findings suggest that innovative extraction technologies can improve the efficiency and sustainability of protein isolation from stinging nettle, offering a valuable addition to the repertoire of alternative protein sources. These advancements could pave the way for broader applications of stinging nettle in food fortification and functional ingredient development.

Impact of bamboo shoot powders on the quality attributes of cassava-based crackers

Bamboo shoots are a nutritious food rich in protein and dietary fibre, low in carbohydrates and fats, and with good mineral and vitamin profiles. Bamboo shoots are projected to be a superfood, although at present they are considered a neglected food commodity that is restricted to a few Asian countries. The use of bamboo shoot powder (BSP) in food fortification represents a promising avenue for enhancing the nutritional value of foods. This study evaluated the differences in nutrient composition and functional properties of two BSP species (Gigantochloa levis and Bambusa vulgaris), and their effects on the proximate analysis, physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of cassava crackers. G. levis BSP had greater amounts of moisture, protein, fat, ash, and total dietary fibre than B. vulgaris BSP. Both types of BSP had good WHC and swelling power which suggest that they could easily be incorporated into food systems. B. vulgaris BSP had better WHC and swelling power than G. levis BSP. The cassava crackers were formulated as C control (0 % BSP), B5 (5 % B. vulgaris), B10 (10 % B. vulgaris), G5 (5 % G. levis), and G10 (10 % G. levis). Adding BSP significantly increased (p<0.05) the moisture, protein, ash, crude fibre and total dietary fibre of the crackers. G. levis BSP had a stronger influence on the colour (p<0.05) of cassava crackers. The overall liking score of cassava crackers containing 5 % G. levis BSP was the highest (p<0.05). In conclusion, BSP enhanced the nutritional properties while improving the sensory characteristics of cassava crackers. BSP is potentially useful as a functional ingredient in cassava crackers and snack products.

A Feasibility Study of a Music Enrichment Program on Relative Reinforcing Value of Food and Home Environmental Enrichment among Families of Low Socioeconomic Status.

Emerging evidence suggests that low socioeconomic status (SES) home environments may play a role by promoting excess energy intake through a lack of access to non-food reinforcers. Because of the deleterious effects of SES-related disparities on child health and development, feasible and culturally acceptable interventions are urgently needed. Community-based music enrichment programs may be an ideal intervention strategy. In collaboration with a local non-profit organization and music studio, we conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of a music enrichment program versus a play date control in a group of 9-24-month-old healthy infants (N = 16). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City. This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05868811). Overall, we found some intervention effects on the relative reinforcing value of food (RRVfood) and the home environmental enrichment measures (i.e., increased music use at home and the home language environment). Our intervention demonstrated large effects on the increased use of music at home. We did not find significant group differences in the RRVfood and home language environment, but some of the effect sizes were medium-to-large. Results also suggest that our intervention is feasible and acceptable. Parent feedback indicated that the intervention was well-liked and that the steps we took to help reduce barriers worked. Music enrichment programs may be a high-impact, low-cost strategy to address socioeconomic disparities.

Ready-to-use therapeutic food as a promising therapy for the prevention and cure of undernutrition in pre-school children: A review

The nutritional status of pre-school children is a reflection of health of children in the world and forms the basis for the development of success-oriented interventional programs. This study indicates the prevalence of under-nutrition in under five children in the world, Africa and Nigeria. It also showed the prevalence of under-nutrition in the six geopolitical regions in Nigeria, with the Northern regions reported to have the highest burden of under-nutrition compared to the other regions due to several factors such as inadequate breast feeding, lack of access to healthcare, lack of clean water, armed conflict, inadequate dietary intake, inappropriate feeding, foetal growth restriction, inadequate sanitation, lack of parental education, large family size, incomplete vaccination, poverty and low socio-economic status and desire to have more children. Several nutritional interventions have been put in place to prevent and cure under-nutrition in pre-school children, which include Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, Micronutrient supplementation, Food fortification, Nutrition education, Complimentary feeding, and Cash transfer programs, Ready-to-use therapeutics foods (RUTF), Nutritional rehabilitation centers, Parenteral nutrition, and Nutritional counseling and education. However, RUTF has been reported to have an effective intervention in the prevention and treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in pre-school children. It is an energy dense, shelf stable and ready to eat food which composed of peanut butter, sugar, full fat milk and mineral-vitamin premix. Other plant-based ingredients such as chickpea, soybean, sesame, maize, oats, sorghum and sunflower oil have also, been used in the production of RUTF and reported to be effective for complete recovery of SAM children.

Burden of neural tube defects in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

One of the most common and serious congenital defects is neural tube defect (NTD) in India. The data about the NTDs in India is lacking. The objective of this meta-analysis is to provide an estimate of NTDs in India with regional variations. This study was conducted by doing a literature search using PubMed (Medline) and Embase databases for studies published from their inception to 1 October 2023 by using relevant keywords. We have prepared our study protocol by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist, and our study is registered in PROSPERO. Pooled prevalence was calculated by using the Der Simonian-Liard method and random effect model to find out the burden of NTD in India. Additionally, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute) tool was used for assessing the study quality. A total of 1129 articles were identified by using the predefined keywords in which 27 articles were selected which were fitting the selection criteria defined in our study. The prevalence of NTDs in our meta-analysis was found to be 9.46 per 1000 births with a 95% confidence interval of 8.01 to 10.91 per 1000 births with significant heterogeneity with I2 of 99.15%. Our study highlights the increasing trend of NTDs over the past decades, with significant regional variation in India. There is an urgent need for comprehensive prevention strategies such as advocacy and awareness, antenatal screening for NTDs, folic acid supplementation, and food fortification. Future research is required for identification and implementation for a target-based approach for region specific.

Effects of thermal processing and pH on the physicochemical properties, stability, and structure of taxifolin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers

In the present study the potential of nanolipid carriers (transfersomes) for improving the oral delivery of taxifolin, a poorly water-soluble bioactive compound with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated. Two transfersome formulations were prepared using lecithin, Span®60, and Tween®80, with cholesterol as a stabilizer (FA) and without cholesterol (FB), by the Ethanol Injection Method (EIM). The influences of thermal treatment (60-90°C) and pH (2, 4, 6, and 8) on physical stability, structure, and taxifolin degradation were evaluated. The transfersomes were physically and chemically stable during heating at lower temperatures (≤70°C), while thermal treatment at 80–90°C led to an increase in particle size (an increase of around 200 nm) and a decrease in taxifolin encapsulation. Moreover, there was no significant difference in particle size or polydispersity index (PDI) at high temperatures. The particle sizes of transfersomes FA and FB increased from 128 and 182 nm at pH 7 to 224 and 331 nm at pH 2, respectively. Both transfersome preparations remained relatively stable, with consistent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.64 mg/ml) over four weeks of storage at different temperatures (4, 25, and 40°C), showing higher stability at lower temperatures. The in vitro digestion experiment indicated physical stability after exposure to the simulated stomach stage. However, the reduction in the nanovesicles' surface charge after incubation with gastric juice, increased particle size. Based on these results, taxifolin-loaded transfersomes can be pasteurized at low temperatures, for incorporation into enriched food and beverage products.

The Potential for Bouillon Fortification to Reduce Dietary Micronutrient Inadequacy: Modeling Analyses Using National Survey Data from Cameroon, Ghana, and Haiti

BackgroundBouillon is commonly consumed in some countries where micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent, but it has not been widely adopted as a micronutrient fortification vehicle. ObjectivesWe modeled the potential impacts of bouillon fortification on dietary micronutrient adequacy to inform future discussions around bouillon fortification programs. MethodsWe analyzed the dietary intake of women of reproductive age (WRA) and 1- to 5-y-old children from a national dietary survey in Cameroon, and “apparent intake” (using the nutrient density approach) of WRA, children, and men from 3 household surveys in Cameroon, Ghana, and Haiti. We examined (apparent) intake of bouillon and simulated the impacts of bouillon fortification with varying levels of vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, and zinc on inadequate intake (below the estimated average requirement) and intake above the tolerable upper intake level (UL). Scenarios accounted for current mandatory fortification programs and different assumptions about iron absorption from bouillon. ResultsBouillon was consumed by >67% of households in Ghana and >90% in Haiti and Cameroon. Median (apparent) consumption ranged from 1.6 to 2.1 g/d for WRA, 0.7 to 1.0 g/d for children, and 1.8 to 2.2 g/d for men. Bouillon fortification at the highest micronutrient concentration modeled was predicted to reduce dietary inadequacy by 21–52 percentage points (pp) for vitamin A; 3–47pp for folic acid, and 4–90pp for vitamin B12, depending on the country and population group. In contrast, predicted impacts for iron were modest (2–17pp reduction) but would increase if absorption of iron from bouillon were enhanced. Simulated zinc fortification reduced inadequacy by 12–50pp, but zinc intake above the UL exceeded 10% among children in almost all scenarios. ConclusionsModeling indicates that bouillon fortification could improve dietary micronutrient adequacy beyond existing fortification programs. Further work is needed to identify fortification levels that meet criteria for nutritional benefit, technical and commercial feasibility, affordability, and cost-effectiveness.