Plaque Microflora Research Articles

Certain aspects of the systemic etiopathogenesis of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases (a literature review)

Aim. To study the main pathogenetic mechanisms in the development of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases by analyzing scientific research results covered in current specialized literature. Material and methods. Searching, systematization, processing and analysis of scientific sources, which present modern theories of pathogenesis and development of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases. Results. The conducted data analysis from modern literary sources proves that the progression of dystrophic-inflammatory periodontal diseases depends not only on the development of local inflammation in the periodontal tissues caused by the dental plaque microflora, but also it is a reaction to the influence of systemic factors. They lead to profound changes in the body internal environment and, as a result, to structural damage of the periodontal tissues. At the same time, the results obtained do not allow the authors to clearly assess the nature of these relationships and require further in-depth studies. Conclusions. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanism of periodontal diseases allow developing optimal measures for their diagnosis, prevention and treatment.

Molecular Microbiological Characteristics of Gingival Pockets in the Periodontal Diseases of Dogs.

Canine periodontitis results among other factors from a disturbed balance of dental plaque microflora and an inadequate host inflammatory response to a stimulus. This investigation sought to identify microorganisms associated with canine periodontitis. Microbiological analysis was undertaken of gingival pockets in an experimental group of 36 dogs with periodontal diseases. Swabs were collected with the use of Pet Test (MIP Pharma, Berlin, Germany) from patients with gingival pockets deeper than 5 mm. Samples were aggregated and placed in separate shipping containers with the Pet Test kit. Identification was made of the most common microorganisms, e.g. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Prevotella intermedia. The red complex constituted the largest proportion of all analysed organisms (84.26%). Capnocytophaga gingivalis was isolated from 33 dogs, Peptostreptococcus micros from 32 dogs, Fusobacterium nucleatum from 29 animals and P. intermedia from 20. The highest percentage of pathogens was supplied by P. gingivalis (61%). It is thought that dogs acquire them by means of cross-species transmission. The inter-study variability of results may depend not only on the method of periopathogen detection, but also on environmental factors, host immune status or genetic background. Depending on the state of periodontal disease, patients show varied microbiological profiles of the gingival pockets.

Gingipain Genotyping as a Potential Predictor for the Assessment of Periodontal Health and Disease Condition

Oral hygiene maintenance is important to maintain optimal oral health. Oral health is affected by dysbiotic oral microflora in the dental plaque. Virulent factors of pathogenic organisms, such as gingipain, are responsible for tissue degradation and host tissue invasion in periodontal disease. We sought to investigate the distribution of gingipain genotypes (rgpA and kgp) of P. gingivalis in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals. The study included individuals positive for P. gingivalis, with 95 samples in the chronic periodontitis (CP) group and 35 samples in the healthy (H) group. We found that kgp-I and kgp-II types were prevalent in 67.36% and 32.64% of the samples in the CP group, respectively. In the H group, kgp-II was highly prevalent (97.14%). The rgpA genotype, type A was found in 78.95% and 82.85% of the samples in the CP and H group, respectively. The mean level of PD and CAL were increased in the presence of kgp-I and decreased in the presence of kgp-II. The mean level of P. gingivalis was increased in the presence of kgp-I and rgpA, type A. Our results show that kgp-I and kgp-II are strongly associated with disease and health condition, respectively.

Comparison of the Oral Microbiota Structure among People from the Same Ethnic Group Living in Different Environments.

The characteristics of the oral microbiota may depend on oral health, age, diet, and geography, but the influence of the geographic setting on the oral microbiota has received limited attention. The characteristics of oral microbiota have been reported to differ between urban and rural environments. In order to minimize the influence of genetic background, we recruited 54 volunteers from the same ethnic group, living in urban and rural areas of Gansu Province, China. We collected dental plaque samples and divided them into four groups according to the participant's area of residence and dental caries status. We sequenced the 16S rRNA of these samples using the Pacific Biosciences sequencing platform and analyzed the correlation between the geographic area and the characteristics of the oral microbiota. Analysis of the alpha and beta diversity revealed that there were significant differences in diversity and composition of dental plaque microflora among the four groups. Cluster analysis revealed that geographic area played an important role in determining the oral microbiota. Network analysis of oral microorganisms showed that geographic differences had major influence on the composition characteristics and internal structure of oral microorganisms. We found that some dominant strains which may play a key role in maintaining oral health, such as Streptococcus oralis, Capnocytophaga sputigena, Porphyromonas catoniae, Corynebacterium matruchotii, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Prevotella loescheii, were less affected by the geographic setting. These results provide a deeper understanding of factors influencing the composition of the oral microbiota and could contribute to early diagnosis and effective prevention of dental caries in different settings.

Alzheimer disease and the periodontal patient: New insights, connections, and therapies.

Loss of cognitive function in the aging population, particular those with Alzheimer disease, presents unique challenges to health practitioners. For the dental practitioner these include management of periodontal diseases, caries, and other dental conditions in this special population. It is well established in the cognitively impaired patient that a lack of adherence to dental hygiene routines and professional care leads to increases in the prevalence and severity of these dental conditions, leading to increased loss of teeth. More recent evidence has indicated a possible role of the microbiota of dental plaque associated with periodontal diseases in the development and progression of Alzheimer disease, thereby supporting a two-way interaction of these two diseases. New therapies are needed to address the potential upstream events that may precede overt signs of Alzheimer disease. One of these approaches would be to target these various bacterial, viral, and other microbial pathogens associated with periodontal disease that can translocate into the bloodstream and then to distal sites, such as the brain. Such microbial translocation would lead to local inflammation and buildup of the hallmark signs of Alzheimer disease, including amyloid beta deposits, tau fragmentation and tangles, breakdown of host protective molecules, such as the apolipoproteins, and neuron toxicity. In this review, evidence for the biological basis of the role of the periodontal disease microflora on the initiation and progression of Alzheimer disease will be presented with a focus on the potential role of the keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis with its family of gingipain enzymes. The various mechanisms for which P.gingivalis gingipains may contribute to the initiation and progression of Alzheimer disease are presented. Small-molecule inhibitors of these gingipains and their effects on reducing biological markers of Alzheimer disease may have beneficial effects for the initiation and progression of loss of cognitive function in Alzheimer disease. In addition to these targeted therapies for specific periodontal pathogens, considerations for the dental practitioner in applying more general approaches to reducing the periodontal plaque microflora in the management of the cognitively impaired patient are discussed for this special population.

MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTS AS INDICATORS OF CARIES RISK

Fixed orthodontic appliances are widely used in the correction of dentoalveolar anomalies. Examinations prior the beginning of orthodontic treatment revealed numerous cases of dental caries of moderate intensity; moreover, caries prevalence increases with age that is the number of carious teeth goes up, while the number of filled teeth and the level of oral hygiene become lower. A voluminous body of reports indicates that children and adolescents wearing orthodontic appliances have a significantly higher incidence of caries than patients who do not wear them. Plaque microflora is one of the main risk factors for the development of caries. According to the researchers, caries is initiated by streptococci, lactobacilli, actinomycetes, and Candida fungi. To assess the content of cariogenic microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus), there are special microbiological tests available. Kits for rapid tests are manufactured in different countries around the world. In 2013, the researchers of the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy investigated the microbiocenosis in the oral cavity in young people aged 19-25 years with different intensity of the carious process. The percentage and quantitative content of microflora was studied. The results of the study showed that an increase in the intensity of dental caries is accompanied by changes in the balance in the composition of the oral microflora. This study elaborated the indicators for identifying lactobacilli, streptococci (including haemolytic streptococci, which include S. mutans), fungi of the genus Candida and actinomycetes. But the results obtained did not match the application range of the above mentioned tests. It means the tests reflecting the number of representatives of the studied microbiocenosis in order to determine their activity, are not sufficiently objective. However, rapid tests assessing the indices of cariogenic microflora are in demand in dental practice that allows us to recommend their application in orthodontics. Further study of microbiocenoses should be carried out to determine their functional properties.

The unique properties of microorganisms that form a biofilm of the oral cavity

The purpose of our work was to highlight contemporary ideas about the features of the oral microbiome existence as a biofilm on its surfaces, to summarize the results of modern studies on the composition, formation and properties of microorganisms that form biofilm by reviewing the scientific literature. A majority of the oral bacteria exist in form of specifically organized biofilms rather than bacteria in a planktonic state. The biofilm mode of growth leads to the expression of gene sets which determine the features of metabolism and properties of microorganisms in biofilms. Bacterial biofilm-specific phenotypes are more virulent and highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Biofilms offer bacteria several environmental and physiological benefits. These advantages lie in the fact that biofilms are a protective physical barrier for nonspecific and specific bacterial protection during infection; they provide resistance to antimicrobial agents. Modern research methods have been used to study biofilms, which greatly have detailed its composition, structure, properties, and mechanisms of interaction between microorganisms in biofilm. Taking into account the difference in the properties of planktonic cultures and collected in a biofilm, saliva can not be an adequate sample for etiological studies. Despite the fact, that the studies of oral biofilms have obtained important scientific results, control of biofilms remains an unresolved problem and should be one of the important directions of modern research. Conclusions. Dental plaque, which is a typical biofilm of the oral cavity, has several stages of formation and its microbial composition varies from the initial streptococcus burden with high content of actinomycetes and other gram-positive bacteria in biofilm. Microflora of a mature dental plaque is varied with the predominance of anaerobic microorganisms.

Analysis of Plaque Microflora in Patients Pretreatment and during Treatment with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: An In vivo Study

Analysis of Plaque Microflora in Patients Pretreatment and during Treatment with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: An In vivo Study

Microflora analysis in the postchemotherapy patients of oral cancer.

Background:To assess changes in oral microflora in dental plaque from cancer patients within 7 days of the first course of chemotherapy and the relationship of the changes with mucositis.Materials and Methods:Thirty cancer patients, divided into a test group undergoing chemotherapy and a control group not undergoing chemotherapy, were enrolled in this pilot study. Oral microflora was cultured from three samples of dental plaque at t0 (before chemotherapy), t1 (1 day after chemotherapy), and t2 (7 days after chemotherapy). Single and crossed descriptive analyses were used to establish prevalence, and the Chi-square test was used to establish the statistical significance of the differences observed in distributions (significance level: P < 0.05).Results:In most patients (55%), oral microflora consisted mainly of Gram-positive cocci, while the remaining 45% of the bacterial flora also had periodontal-pathogenic species. No Porphyromonas gingivalis appeared in the test group. Actinobacillus was the least frequently found bacterium among periodontal pathogens in the test group, while Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most frequently found. No significant differences were found in quantitative bacterial changes between t0, t1, and t2 in either the test or control groups, or between the two groups. According to World Health Organization scores, oral mucositis developed in 10 patients (66.6%) in the test group.Conclusions:The results of this pilot study indicate that there were no changes in microflora in dental plaque in cancer patients within 7 days of the first course of chemotherapy. No correlations between oral mucositis and specific microorganisms were assessed.

Effectiveness of single use over multiple use toothbrushes on negative oral microflora of plaque.

Context:Role of toothbrush in decreasing oral microflora.Aims:To evaluate the effectiveness and compare the negative oral microbial flora of dental plaque after the use of a self-contaminated multiple use toothbrush and that of a single-use toothbrush.Settings and Design:Sixty healthy individuals without any systemic conditions.Methods and Materials:The study conducted with 60 participants who were free from any systemic or oral disease and without any adverse habits. In these participants, plaque samples were collected after 1 month use of a self-contaminated multiple use toothbrush. Each participant was given a set of 30 new toothbrushes and a toothpaste tube and instructed to use one toothbrush everyday and discard it after use. The plaque samples were collected on seven days interval and cultured on Mitis Salivarius agar. The colonies were identified and their count was recorded.Statistical Analysis Used:Student t test was applied.Results:Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguis, S. milleri, and Candida were identified from the samples. A highly marked decrease in their numbers was found after the use of a single-use toothbrush over multiple use toothbrushes.Conclusions:As a self-contaminated multiple use toothbrushes can aid microorganisms to grow rapidly into the oral cavity, it may be preferable to change the toothbrush as frequently as possible.

Мікробіологічне обґрунтування використання препарату для підвищення резистентності твердих тканин зубів у пацієнток з дисбалансом естрогену

Objective. Studying the species composition of microorganisms of bacterial plaque, improving oral hygiene and increasing the resistance of hard tooth tissues in patients with estrogen imbalance. Materials and methods. For microbiological evaluation of the effect of the coating to increase the resistance of dental hard tissues on the in vivo microbial colonization process, a number of representatives of the oral bacterial microflora were isolated, cultured and identified. Bacteriological examination was subject to 60 patients aged 40 to 50 years who had an imbalance of estrogen. We investigated soft plaque from the surface of the teeth. Bacteriological research was carried out on the 28-th day after the start of observation. A qualitative or specific study of the microflora of the oral cavity was carried out using the technique of aerobic cultivation. For the identification of anaerobic bacteria, a biochemical identification system for anaerobic bacteria «ANAERotest 23» by LACHEMA was used. To confirm the imbalance of estrogen, all patients underwent a study on the level of estrogen (estradiol) in the body. All patients were in the period of menopause, that is, they did not have cyclic fluctuations in hormone levels. The study was conducted three times: at the beginning of treatment, on days 14 and 28. Results. The obtained results indicate the diversity of microbial associations in plaque in the comparison group with a predominance of aerobic ones, the study of the microbial landscape of which showed the most frequent isolation of Staphylococcus aureus golden and epidermal (79.8 %) in monocultures or associations with other types of microorganisms. Streptococcus was 17.2 %, the remaining aerobes were represented by proteom and pseudomonads in isolated cases. In the main group, the prevalence of aerobic associations of microflora with the predominance of cultures of Streptococcus mutans (43.4 %) and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 35.6 % was found. Among non-spore-forming anaerobes, Fusobacterium (24.3 %), Peptococcus (22.8 %), Veilonella (17.4 %), Prevotella (13.5 %), Bacteroides (11.3 %) were the leaders. Other types of anaerobes were determined less frequently: Propionibacterium, Porphyromonas, Actinomices. Anaerobic bacteria isolated from 47.5 % of the examined are presented both in monocultures and in associations, which corresponds to the literature. Most often, anaerobic associations are represented by two species (62.0 %). The most threatening patients in patients with estrogen imbalance is aerobic-anaerobic associations, due to the complex effect of pathogenicity factors of these groups of microorganisms. Conclusions. In patients of the main group, the microbial spectrum of aerobic microflora of plaque differs from that in the comparison group. There is a decrease in the detection of Staphylococcus aureus in relation to the comparison group (2.6 % and 46.1 %, respectively). When using coatings in the main group to increase the resistance of hard tooth tissues, the detection of anaerobic microorganisms was observed to be 2.73 times less compared to the comparison group. In this case, a predominance of non-pathogenic saprophytic microflora, similar to the microflora of the oral cavity, is normal. Key words: caries prophylaxis, estrogen imbalance, decamethoxin, microbiological examination.

Analysis of Plaque Microflora in Patients Pretreatment and during Treatment with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: An In vivo Study

Analysis of Plaque Microflora in Patients Pretreatment and during Treatment with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: An In vivo Study

Flexible Denture Induced Changes in Palatal Micro Flora Versus Conventional Complete Denture

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate which more hygienic denture base for complete denture wearers; (Poly methyl methacrylate or thermoplastic flexible denture base). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty complete dentures were constructed for ten patients, ten manufactured from Poly methyl methacrylate and other ten were constructed from flexible thermoplastic resin material. Three swabs were taken of two dentures for each patient, first swab at zero time, second swab after one weak and the third swab after one month. The swabs were obtained from the palate of the patient and from the fitting surface of upper denture, to find out which type of denture bases were showing more Candida adhesion and bacterial accumulation especially streptococci and staphylococci. RESULTS: In conventional denture the highest mean value was found in (At zero time) followed by (After 4 weeks), while the lowest mean value was found in (At 1 week).In flexible denture the highest mean value was found in (After 1 week) followed by (After 4 weeks), while the lowest mean value was found in (At zero time). CONCLUSION: Both conventional and flexible dentures induced changes in palatal micro flora and formation of dental plaque but flexible dentures are more because of porosity which act like niches in which microorganism protected even from sheer forces and oral hygiene measures.

Explorative study on mucosal and major salivary secretion rates, caries and plaque microflora in head and neck cancer patients.

To analyse mucosal and major salivary secretion rates, caries and plaque microflora in connection with treatment for cancer in the head and neck region. Thirty-three patients were included and the number of teeth, filled surfaces and caries lesions registered. The labial and buccal gland secretion and stimulated whole salivary secretion rates were determined. Supragingival plaque microflora was analysed using cultivation technique. Data were collected pretreatment, during treatment and 6months, 1year and 2years post-treatment. Two years post-treatment, 36% had new caries lesions, which had been restored. The labial secretion was comparable with pretreatment, while the buccal secretion was lower (P<.001). The stimulated secretion rate was lower compared with pretreatment (P<.001) and was ≤0.7mL/minute for 50%. Growth of lactobacilli increased during treatment (P<.001) and remained increased (P<.001), while growth of mutans streptococci was decreased (P<.01) 2years post-treatment. Growth of Candida increased over time and was higher 2years post-treatment compared with pretreatment (P<.001) while growth of Prevotella was lower (P<.01). Two years post-treatment, the stimulated salivary secretion rate was substantially decreased, acid-tolerant lactobacilli and Candida increased, acid-sensitive microorganisms decreased, and the caries prevalence was low.

Antibacterial Properties of Aqueous Colloid Solutions of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles against Dental Plaque Bacteria

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are considered a basis for the development of antibacterial agents of new generation. Dental drugs are among the promising fields of their application. Experimental samples are obtained and microbiological studies are carried out with the dental plaque microflora and aqueous solutions of Fe3O4, SnO, ZnO, Ag, and Cu nanoparticles 10–100 nm in size and with a mass concentration of 1.53–10.12 mg/L. The study of the effect of colloid solutions on the culture of dental plaque microflora shows that the antibacterial properties predominantly depend on the chemical composition of the particles of the dispersed phase. Dispersed systems containing magnetite with an initial concentration of 2.11 mg/L, as well as silver (2.39 mg/L), copper (2.07 mg/L), and zinc oxide (7.03 mg/L), prove to be the most efficient ones. The results of this study may be used to develop promising mouth rinse and other antibacterial drugs based on aqueous solutions of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.

Effects of sodium fluoride solution, chlorhexidine gel and fluoride varnish on the microbiology of dental plaque – A randomised controlled trial

Background: Reducing microbial load in the oral cavity will provide an additional rationale for the prevention of dental diseases. Antibacterial properties of topical fluorides and chlorhexidine (CHX) are well documented with certain limitations. However, effects of topical applications of 2% sodium fl uoride solution (NaF soln), 1% CHX gel, and 2.26% NaF varnish on plaque microfl ora and following its termination are less explored. Hence, there is a need to study the comparative effects on these agents in vivo. Aim: The aim was to assess quantitative and qualitative changes in the plaque microflora following topical application of 2% NaF soln, 1% CHX gel, and 2.26% NaF varnish. Materials and Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial. A total of willing sixty schoolchildren of Nellore city with apparently good health aged 9–13 years were randomly allocated to three interventional groups as follows: Group A (NaF soln, 20), Group B (CHX gel, 20), and Group C (NaF varnish, 20). NaF soln and CHX gel were applied four times on a weekly interval and NaF varnish was applied only once. Once patients enrolled to participate in the clinical trial, an identification number was sequentially assigned, allowing maintenance of a double-blind, randomized study design. Plaque samples were collected at baseline (P0) and at seven different time intervals (P1: 1st week, P2: 2nd week, P3: 3rd week, P4: 4th week, P5: 8th week, P6: 12th week, and P7: 16th week) and cultured on nutrient agar medium. The number of microbial colony-forming units (CFUs) was calculated using a digital colony counter. Statistical significance within and between groups was calculated using Chi-square test, paired t-test, ANOVA, Dunnett's multiple comparison test, and Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results: There was reduction in the CFU in all the three groups at P2, P3, and P4 when compared to P0 (P 0.05). Single application of NaF varnish was equally potent as four times application of NaF soln and CHX gel, but there was no statistical significance in-between groups in terms of CFU reduction (P > 0.05). P7 sample estimation showed Lactobacilli species with 100% resistance followed by other organisms. Conclusion: All the three agents used demonstrated significant reduction of microbial load in plaque but allowed recolonization following termination of intervention.

Interaction between chlorhexidine and fluoride in a mouthrinse solution—a 4-day and 6-week randomized clinical pilot study

The aim of the present investigation was to study if there is a reduced clinical effect and fluoride retention of a mouthrinse solution containing both chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium fluoride (NaF). Two clinical trials were designed as double-blind, randomized, cross-over studies. In study I, 16 healthy subjects were asked to rinse twice daily for 1min during 4days of no tooth brushing with four solutions: (1) 0.12% CHX+0.2% NaF, (2) 0.2% NaF, (3) 0.12% CHX, and (4) placebo. In study II, another 16 healthy subjects rinsed with the same four solutions twice daily after tooth brushing during a 6-week period. Plaque formation, gingivitis, and microbiological samples from plaque and saliva, as well as fluoride retention, were analyzed. Both studies showed that both CHX+NaF and CHX mouthrinses had the same clinical effect with regards to plaque formation and microflora in plaque and saliva. Similarly, fluoride retention was not altered by the CHX+NaF mouthrinse compared to the NaF solution. The combination of CHX and NaF in a mouthrinse showed the same clinical effect as the CHX solution. The retention of fluoride in the oral cavity was not affected by the combination of NaF and CHX. A mouthrinse solution containing a mixture of CHX and NaF may be an interesting product for risk patients for caries and periodontal disease. However, this should be verified in further long-term clinical studies.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of oral Treponema species

Treponemes occur in the microflora of the dental plaque. Certain Treponema species that are frequently isolated from chronic periodontitis lesions are involved in its initiation and progression. In addition to mechanical instrumentation, antimicrobial agents are used as an adjunctive treatment modality for periodontitis. Despite its importance for successful antimicrobial treatment, information about susceptibility is limited for Treponema species. The aim of this study was to assess the susceptibility of Treponema denticola strains, Treponema socranskii, and Treponema vincentii to eleven antimicrobial agents. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of these antimicrobial agents revealed strain-specific variation. Doxycycline, minocycline, azithromycin, and erythromycin were effective against all Treponema species tested in this study, whereas fluoroquinolones only exhibited an equivalent effectiveness on T. socranskii. The susceptibility of one T. denticola strain, T. socranskii, and T. vincentii to kanamycin was influenced by prior exposure to aerobic conditions. The susceptibility to quinolone drugs varied among strains of T. denticola, although they share an amino acid sequence identity of greater than 99% for DNA gyrase (type II topoisomerase) subunit A. In addition, an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter inhibitor assay for T. denticola indicated that the transport of quinolone drugs is partially related to this transporter, although there may be parallel transport mechanisms. Our results provide important insights into antimicrobial agent-Treponema dynamics and establish a basis for developing an appropriate adjunctive therapy for periodontal disease.

Microbiological analysis of dental plaque in children with Down syndrome

Topical focus of modern dentistry is improving the prevention of dental diseases in children with Down syndrome. The goal of this work is to assess the species composition of the microflora of dental plaque in children with Down syndrome in comparison with conditionally healthy children. Materials and methods. In this work we have used the results of bacteriological research of clinical material of 10 children with Down syndrome and 15 conditionally healthy children. Swabs from cervical part of the teeth have been taken with the help of a sterile disposable tampon. Microbiological research has included a discharge of microorganisms, identification by morphological, cultural and biochemical properties of cultures. The research has been conducted on clinical strains of microorganisms discharged from dental plaque in children with Down syndrome and conditionally healthy children. The results. In the investigated material of children with Down syndrome, we have detected gram-positive microorganisms, such as Streptococcus spp with α-hemolytic activity, Bacillus spp and Candida fungi, as well as gram-negative bacteria: E. aerogenes , K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, Neisseria spp ( Table 1 ). In the microflora of dental plaque, facultative anaerobic microorganisms have been discharged more often than aerobes. Conclusions. In control and main group, dental plaque microflora is more often presented by associations of bacteria and Candida fungi. The discharge rate of Streptococcus spp with α-hemolytic activity and Candida albicans is equal in both groups. Nonpathogenic Neisseria species have been presented in 9.1 % of strains in the main group, whereas in the control group there have been 35 % of strains. In children with Down syndrome we have detected gram-negative bacilli – enterobacteria with a density of microbial colonization of E. aerogenes Ig (4.66 ± 0.6) cfu/g, pseudomonads and gram-positive spore-forming bacilli – Ig (5.0 ± 0.0) cfu/g, which are representatives of the allochthonous (transitory, fickle) microflora of the oral cavity. Their long stay in the oral cavity prevents the effect of nonspecific protective factors, as well as antagonistic activity of autochthonous microflora. In case of some disorders of physiological state, representatives of allochthonous microflora can linger in the oral cavity, multiply and cause pathological processes.

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS FEATURES OF INFLAMMATORY PERIODONTAL DISEASES (Review)

Aim. Conduct the analysis of modern literature on the etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Materials and methods. Analysis of literature in the last 5 years in E-library and PudMed systems. Results . The leading role of parodontopathogenic microflora in the emergence of periodontitis is demonstrated. The data of studies confirming that the occurrence of inflammatory periodontal diseases is caused not only by the action of the microflora of the dental plaque as the main parodontopathogen but also by a number of local and general factors reducing the resistance of the whole organism and determining the prevalence and nature of the inflammation in the periodontium. Conclusion . The etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases are rather complex, diverse, and have not been fully disclosed to date. The researches in this field are conducted on the regular and the methods of diagnosis and treatment are improving.