Microencapsulation Efficiency Research Articles

Microencapsulation of phase change materials (PCMs) at low temperature using a novel thin film UV reactor

Phase-change materials (PCMs) have shown great promise for energy management in buildings and gained attention in the field of sustainable and energy-efficient construction. However, to fully utilize PCMs, their proper containment is vital. In this study, a photo-induced polymerization process using a new thin film UV reactor at room temperature for PCM microencapsulation in polymer shells of different acrylate-based monomers was investigated. Four different acrylate-based monomers were investigated: namely, methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl acrylate (EAA), butyl acrylate (BAA), and tert-butyl acrylate (TBMA). Commercial Rubitherm’s RT21 PCM (Tpeak,melting ∼ 21 °C and ΔH = 123 kJ/kg) and Irgacure® 819 as a photosensitive initiator were used. When MMA or EAA were used, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed smooth surfaces of PCM microcapsules (m-PCMs) with a hemispherical shape. While m-PCMs with rough surfaces, buckles, and dimples were found when BAA and TBMA were applied. The results showed that the highest levels of microencapsulation efficiency, yield, and PCM content were observed for MMA and EAA samples. The TBMA sample shows low values of microencapsulation efficiency and yield (about 29.1 and 53.4 %, respectively). Furthermore, results showed that adding cross-linking agents to the recipe has had multiple favourable effects. It has mitigated sub-cooling, increased PCM content, improved microencapsulation efficiency, and boosted the overall yield of PCM. In conclusion, the current work will contribute to the development of a microencapsulation technology of PCMs that overcomes the shortcomings of long time and high temperature needed in the present traditional microencapsulation procedure.

Microencapsulation of noni fruit extract using gum arabic and maltodextrin – Optimization, stability and efficiency

Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) has many health-supporting compounds, but its biological extracts need protection against environmental impacts for stability and efficiency. To address this, microencapsulation is an advanced technology in food applications that require optimization of coating component and temperature regime. Gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) were suitably combined at 2:1 ratio, which showed good and stable structure as well as successful microencapsulation efficiency of the enzymatic-ultrasonic assisted noni extract. A coating density of 20 % for the GA:MD formula was with highest performance. The heat setting of spray drying was optimized at 175 and 82 °C for inlet and outlet, respectively using response surface methodology with experimental validation of maximized TFC and TSC at 88.3 and 90.3 %, respectively. Noni microencapsulated powder was assessed via a series of reliably advanced techniques such as microscopy, spectrophotometry, diffraction, and calorimetry for structural properties. Noni powder was additionally tested for storage stability, heat exposure stability, and release efficiency in pH condition and in vitro digestive tract. Promising results were obtained with at least one year storage stability, better microcapsule stability at 60 and 100 °C, quite good release at pH 7.4, and suitable release efficiency in digestive tract simulation. These properties of microencapsulated noni powder open further scalability potential and various industrial applications.

Optimizing Encapsulation: Comparative Analysis of Spray-Drying and Freeze-Drying for Sustainable Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Citrus x paradisi L. Peels.

Spray-drying and freeze-drying are indispensable techniques for microencapsulating biologically active compounds, crucial for enhancing their bioavailability and stability while protecting them from environmental degradation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these methods in encapsulating Citrus x paradisi L. (grapefruit) peel extract, focusing on sustainable recovery from waste peels. Key objectives included identifying optimal wall materials and assessing each encapsulation technique's impact on microencapsulation. The investigation highlighted that the choice of wall material composition significantly affects the microencapsulation's efficiency and morphological characteristics. A wall material mixture of 17 g maltodextrin, 0.5 g carboxymethylcellulose, and 2.5 g β-cyclodextrin was optimal for spray drying. This combination resulted in a sample with a wettability time of 1170 (s), a high encapsulation efficiency of 91.41%, a solubility of 60.21%, and a low moisture content of 5.1 ± 0.255%. These properties indicate that spray-drying, particularly with this specific wall material composition, offers a durable structure and can be conducive to prolonged release. Conversely, varying the precise compositions used in the freeze-drying process yielded different results: quick wettability at 132.6 (s), a solubility profile of 61.58%, a moisture content of 5.07%, and a high encapsulation efficiency of 78.38%. The use of the lyophilization technique with this latter wall material formula resulted in a more porous structure, which may facilitate a more immediate release of encapsulated compounds and lower encapsulation efficiency.

Microencapsulation of Essential Oils Using Faba Bean Protein and Chia Seed Polysaccharides via Complex Coacervation Method.

The aim of this study was to develop microcapsules containing juniper or black pepper essential oils, using a combination of faba bean protein and chia seed polysaccharides (in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1). By synergizing these two polymers, our goal was to enhance the efficiency of essential oil microencapsulation, opening up various applications in the food industry. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the influence of different polymer mixing ratios on the properties of the resulting microcapsules and the course of the complex coacervation process. To dissolve the essential oils and limit their evaporation, soybean and rapeseed oils were used. The powders resulting from the freeze-drying of coacervates underwent testing to assess microencapsulation efficiency (65.64-87.85%), density, flowability, water content, solubility, and hygroscopicity. Additionally, FT-IR and DSC analyses were conducted. FT-IR analysis confirmed the interactions between the components of the microcapsules, and these interactions were reflected in their high thermal resistance, especially at a protein-to-polysaccharide ratio of 2:1 (177.2 °C). The water content in the obtained powders was low (3.72-7.65%), but it contributed to their hygroscopicity (40.40-76.98%).

An in-depth comparative study of various plant-based protein-alginate complexes in the production of hemp seed oil microcapsules by supercritical carbon dioxide solution-enhanced dispersion

This study focuses on the microencapsulation of hemp seed oil (HSO) using a range of wall materials derived from plant-based proteins including hemp seed protein isolate (HPI), pea protein (PPI) and soy protein (SPI) in complexation with alginate (AL). The microencapsulation process was accomplished through the utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide solution-enhanced dispersion with water as a co-solvent. According to the results, both HPI/AL and PPI/AL microcapsules exhibited comparable and satisfactory properties in terms of water activity (5.26% and 5.33%), particle size (7.86 μm and 9.61 μm) and bulk density (0.363 g/mL and 0.349 g/mL). However, the overall findings highlighted the superiority of HPI/AL complex in producing microcapsules with the highest microencapsulation efficiency (90.56%), a spherical shape free from pores or fissures and an exceptional glass transition temperature. Furthermore, HPI/AL microcapsules displayed stronger antioxidant activities and oxidative stability, enhancing product shelf life significantly when compared to PPI/AL and SPI/AL microcapsules.

Optimisation of microencapsulation efficiency of propolis phenolic compounds by double emulsion method using response surface methodology

AbstractThe aim of this study was to optimise the microencapsulation efficiency of propolis phenolic compounds by double emulsion solvent evaporation technique (W1/O/W2). The solvent/sample ratio and the polymer and surfactant concentration parameters were optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) through Box–Behnken Design (BBD). For each parameter studied, total phenolic content encapsulation efficiency (TPCEE), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal parameters were: 31.60 mg mL−1 for sample/solvent ratio, 606.28 mg mL−1 for poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) concentrations, and 2.05 g mL−1 for poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) concentration. The optimum values obtained were: 84.62% for encapsulation efficiency of phenolic content, 51.89% for DPPH, and 48,733 mg Trolox Equivalent/100 g dry weight for FRAP. The experimental checking of results revealed the validity of elaborated models and their suitability for the prediction of both responses. The developed mathematical models have expressed a high level of significance through RSM optimisation processes for phenolic antioxidants of propolis.

The Valorisation of Melissa officinalis Distillation By-Products for the Production of Polyphenol-Rich Formulations.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is an aromatic and medicinal plant, rich in bioactive ingredients and with superior antioxidant activity. The essential oil of this plant is an expensive product, so the use of the by-products of the essential oil industry is particularly useful. The aim of this research was to process Melissa officinalis distillation by-products to develop a series of polyphenol-rich formulations. In the present research, lemon balm was distilled in a laboratory-scale distiller, and the recovered by-product was used for further successive extractions with acetone and water, using a fixed-bed semi-batch extractor. Acetone extract exhibited relatively poor results as far as yield, phenolic composition and antiradical activity are concerned. However, the aqueous extract presented high yield in both total phenolic content (i.e., 111 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, on a dry herb basis (dw)), and anti-radical capacity (205 mg trolox equivalents (TE)/g dw). On a dried extract basis, the results were also impressive, with total phenols reaching 322 mg GAE/g dry extract and antiradical capacity at 593 mg TE/g dry extract. The phenolic components of the extract were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD. Rosmarinic acid was the major component and amounted to 73.5 mg/g dry extract, while the total identified compounds were quantified at 165.9 mg/g dry extract. Finally, formulations with two different wall materials (gum arabic-maltodextrin and maltodextrin) and two different drying methods (spray-drying and freeze-drying) were applied and evaluated to assess their performance, yield, efficiency and shelf-life of total phenolic content and rosmarinic acid concentration. From the present investigation, it is concluded that after one year of storage, rosmarinic acid does not decrease significantly, while total phenolic content shows a similar decrease for all powders. According to the yield and efficiency of microencapsulation, maltodextrin alone was chosen as the wall material and freeze-drying as the preferred drying method.

Characteristics of virgin coconut oil (VCO) microencapsulation using O/W emulsification and complex coacervation methods

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is produced by processing the flesh of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). It has beneficial health effects due to the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), vitamins, and antioxidant contents. Since liquid VCO is not widely accepted by consumers for direct consumption, further processing into powder VCO can be achieved using microencapsulation methods, such as single-layer emulsification (SL), layer-by-layer emulsification (LBL), and complex coacervation (CC). Therefore, the present work aimed to determine the characteristics of microencapsulation of VCO powder by emulsification and coacervation complex methods over 30 days of storage period. Results showed that SL VCO emulsion remained stable for three days of storage, while LBL VCO emulsion experienced syneresis. The particle size of the reconstituted VCO powder was also larger than the fresh emulsion. LBL microcapsule had the highest yield at 74.17%, and there was an increase in moisture content (MC) during 30 days of storage in CC microcapsule. Meanwhile, MC of SL microcapsule was constant, and the equilibrium MC of LBL was retained during 15 days of storage. A microencapsulation efficiency of up to 78.65% was obtained for CC, and the value decreased for all microcapsules during the 30 days of storage. Different oxidative characteristics were also reported, resulting in increased peroxide value of VCO powder. Furthermore, all microcapsules had amorphous and glassy surface morphology, as well as different characteristics and stability during storage.

Effect of microencapsulation conditions on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of propolis using double emulsion solvent evaporation approach

AbstractThe aim of this work was to microencapsulate propolis phenolic compounds using polycaprolactone as wall material by double emulsion solvent evaporation (w1/o/w2). Microencapsulation experiments were carried out by investigating the effect of sample/solvent ratio (10–100 mg mL−1), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) concentrations (200–1,000 mg mL−1), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) concentrations (0.5–2.5 g mL−1), and stirring speed (200–1,000 r.p.m.) on the microencapsulation efficiency of total phenolic content (TPC%) and antioxidant activity of propolis. The best microencapsulation conditions were selected according to the total phenolic amount and their antioxidant activity. Experimental results showed that all microencapsulation conditions had significant effects (P < 0.05) on total phenolic content and antioxidant activities. The best conditions were: 30 mg mL−1, 600 mg mL−1, 2 g mL−1, and 400 r.p.m. for sample/solvent ratio, PCL concentrations, PVA concentrations, and stirring speed, respectively, with values of 86.98 ± 0.03% for phenolic encapsulation efficiency, 53.81 ± 0.50% for free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and 45,480 Trolox equivalent, mg TE/100 g dry weight for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Under all encapsulation conditions, a significant positive correlation was observed between ferric reducing antioxidant power, free radical scavenging activity, and phenolic content.

Use of Ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) mucilage as a wall material in microencapsulation by complex coacervation

Innovative materials for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds are a permanent challenge. In this sense, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of Ora-pro-nobis mucilage (MOPN) as a wall material to replace Arabic gum (AG), in microencapsulation by complex coacervation of bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata) pulp oil. The MOPN was obtained from green leaves, and the pH, color, water activity, humidity, fixed mineral residue, proteins, lipids, and extraction effectiveness were determined. MOPN was employed as a partial or total replacement of AG in the microencapsulation of bocaiuva pulp oil. Dehydrated and wet mucilages were used to emulsion formation. The interaction between biopolymers, the effectiveness, efficiency of microencapsulation, and the morphological characteristics of microcapsules were confirmed. In addition, the bioactive compounds (chlorophyll and β-carotene) and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The microcapsules were produced using moist mucilage. Microcapsules obtained with AG/gelatin/ bocaiuva oil were considered as control samples. MOPN showed brown color and chlorophyll content of 72.44±5.74 mg 100 g-1. The interaction between AG and MOPN in microcapsule formation was proven for the formulations with 25 and 50% MOPN substitution. The effectiveness was 74.83 and 75.22%, and encapsulation efficiency was 79.18 and 74.59%, respectively, verified through optical micrograph. In addition, the microcapsules with 25 and 50% MOPN as wall material showed three times more antioxidant activity against ABTS, and two times more β-carotene compared to the control microcapsule.

Effect of different proteases on the performance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1 microcapsules prepared by hydrolysing milk proteins

Considering the wide application of probiotics in dairy products, how to use milk proteins as a wall material to embed probiotics is an area of interest. To study the method of embedding microcapsules of milk proteins and improve the survival rate of probiotics during processing, storage and consumption, the ability of different proteases to hydrolyse milk proteins for the preparation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1 microcapsules was evaluated. Microcapsules prepared with chymosin, papain or bromelain significantly improved the survival rate of L. plantarum LIP-1 in an adverse environment (p < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that the hydrolysis of casein was enhanced by chymosin in fermented skim milk, and more protein fragments suitable for microencapsulation were produced. Chymosin microcapsules had a regular spherical shape, dense surface pores, and high microencapsulation efficiency. The survival rate of L. plantarum LIP-1 in simulated gastric fluid, and the storage period, were significantly longer (p < 0.05).

Enhancing the Functional Properties of Tea Tree Oil: In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Microencapsulation Strategy.

In the context of addressing antimicrobial drug resistance in periocular infections, Tea Tree Oil (TTO) has emerged as a promising therapeutic option. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of TTO against bacterial strains isolated from ocular infections, with a particular focus on its ability to inhibit biofilm formation. Additionally, we designed and analyzed microcapsules containing TTO to overcome certain unfavorable physicochemical properties and enhance its inherent biological attributes. The quality of TTO was confirmed through rigorous analysis using GC-MS and UV-Vis techniques. Our agar diffusion assay demonstrated the effectiveness of Tea Tree Oil (TTO) against ocular bacterial strains, including Corynebacterium spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as a reference strain of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Notably, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for all tested microorganisms were found to be 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively, with the exception of Corynebacterium spp., which exhibited resistance to TTO. Furthermore, TTO exhibited a substantial reduction in biofilm biomass, ranging from 30% to 70%, as determined by the MTT method. Through the spray-drying technique, we successfully prepared two TTO-containing formulations with high encapsulation yields (80-85%), microencapsulation efficiency (90-95%), and embedding rates (approximately 40%). These formulations yielded microcapsules with diameters of 6-12 μm, as determined by laser scattering particle size distribution analysis, and exhibited regular, spherical morphologies under scanning electron microscopy. Importantly, UV-Vis analysis post-encapsulation confirmed the presence of TTO within the capsules, with preserved antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In summary, our findings underscore the substantial therapeutic potential of TTO and its microcapsules for treating ocular infections.

Lipid microspheres of different waxes containing urea enriched with a sulfur source for slow release in the rumen

The objective of this study was to obtain and characterize slow-release urea microspheres (SRU) from carnauba wax (CW) and beeswax (BW) with and without enrichment of sulfur source (S). In the 1st experimental stage, we obtained and characterized slow-release urea (SRU) microspheres with a fixed ratio of 2:1(wax:urea), enriched or not of sulfur (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) from the emulsification/lyophilization technique using urea as core into carnauba wax matrix added (CWUS) or not (CWU) of S source, and urea into beeswax matrix added (BWUS) or not (BWU) of S source. All formulated microencapsulated systems showed high yield values, raging 92.9–107% for BWU and CWU, respectively, with the highest SRU yields (P < 0.001) from CW compared to BW, and higher yields on materials without the presence of sulfur (S). The highest (P < 0.001) microencapsulation efficiency was observed in the SRU using BW, while the lowest yield occurred in the SRU-CWUS, where there was sulfur in the particle (P < 0.001). As for the determination of water activity, with values ranging 0.47–0.72, for BWU and CWUS, respectively. Thermal analyses (TG and DSC) indicated that the presence of the S source reduced the effectiveness of urea protection, and beeswax as an encapsulant showed higher thermal stability. In the 2nd experimental stage, five rumen-fistulated sheep with average body weight 48.9 ± 5.23 kg and age of 24 ± 2 months were assigned in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with five consecutive 18-day periods divided into 13-day adaptation and five treatments [Urea free (U) as control and four SRU (BWU, BWUS, CWU, and CWUS)]. The SRU showed smooth surfaces with little cavities mainly for BW particles. The use of free urea provided lower concentrations of total proteins and creatinine and higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of BUN and AST compared to animals receiving SRU regardless of the type of encapsulant or the presence of S. However, the serum concentrations of albumin, AST, cholesterol, creatinine, total protein, and triglycerides showed no significant effect comparing only SRU. The sheep show higher concentrations of serum urea 8 h after feeding in comparison to the collection before (0 h) of feeding. Although all microparticles showed potential for SRU in the rumen, the system without added S and with beeswax showed higher encapsulation efficiency and is the most suitable for the diet of adult sheep.

A New Strategy for Consumption of Functional Lipids from Ericerus pela (Chavannes): Study on Microcapsules and Effervescent Tablets Containing Insect Wax-Derived Policosanol.

In this study, we addressed various challenges associated with the consumption of functional lipids from the Ericerus pela (Chavannes), including unfavorable taste, insolubility in water, difficulty in oral intake, low bioavailability, and low psychological acceptance. Our study focused on the microencapsulation of policosanol, the key active component of insect wax, which is a mixture of functional lipids secreted by the Ericerus pela (Chavannes). We developed two innovative policosanol products, microcapsules, and effervescent tablets, and optimized their preparation conditions. We successfully prepared microcapsules containing insect wax-derived policosanol using the spray-drying method. We achieved 92.09% microencapsulation efficiency and 61.67% powder yield under the following conditions: maltodextrin, starch sodium octenyl succinate, and (2-hydroxy)propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) at a ratio of 1:1:1, core-to-wall materials at a ratio of 1:10, 15% solid content, spray dryer feed temperature at 60 °C, inlet air temperature at 140 °C, and hot-air flow rate at 0.5 m3/min. The microcapsules exhibited a regular spherical shape with a minimal water content (1.82%) and rapid dispersion in water (within 143.5 s). These microcapsules released policosanol rapidly in simulated stomach fluid. Moreover, effervescent tablets were prepared using the policosanol-containing microcapsules. The tablets showed low friability (0.32%), quick disintegration in water (within 99.5 s), and high bubble volume. The microcapsules and effervescent tablets developed in this study presented effective solutions to the insolubility of policosanol in water. These products were portable and offered customizable tastes to address the psychological discomfort related to insect-based foods, thus providing a novel strategy for the consumption and secondary processing of insect lipids.

Effect of ultrasound homogenisation on the stability of curcumin microencapsulated by spray-drying

Microencapsulated curcumin (MEC) that has been by spray-dried has the potential to improve curcumin stability during storage. In the present work, curcumin was encapsulated using soy lecithin and gum Arabic, and different ultrasound energy inputs (UE) for emulsion homogenisation were applied before spray-drying. The microencapsulation yield (MY), microencapsulation efficiency (ME), solubility, powder morphology, and curcumin degradation in the accelerated test were determined. The UE at 70 kJ/kg caused a 2.2-fold increase in the ME of the powder as compared to the control sample. Furthermore, increasing UE from 70 to 175 kJ/kg led to a decrease in particle size, MY, and ME by 32, 15, and 8.9%, respectively. The stability of MEC under different pH conditions was in the order of pH 2 &gt; 7 &gt; 9. Furthermore, MEC showed an improvement in curcumin stability after 30 days of light exposure at 70°C. In general, a lower UE energy showed better performance in terms of curcumin protection and stable morphology of the MEC powder. However, higher UE energy could create smaller particles, and increase product solubility.

Microencapsulation of Sweet Potato Leaf (Ipomoea Batatas L.) Extract With Different Concentrations of Glucomannan Konjac and Maltodextrin Using Spray Drying Method

A large amount of phenolic compounds in sweet potato leaves are a potential source of antioxidants. However, polyphenol is sensitive under certain food processing, thereby needs innovation such as microencapsulation to maintain its stability. This study aimed to determine the encapsulation efficiency and characterization of microencapsulation of sweet potato leaf extract using maltodextrin (10% and 20%) combined with Konjac glucomannan (0.5%; 0.75% and 1%). The method used was spray drying using 120 oC inlet temperature. The result showed that the total phenolic compound of sweet potato leaves was 685.06 GAE mg/g extract. The antioxidant activity of sweet potato leaf extract with the DPPH method was 52.80% with an IC50 value of 26.73 ppm. The highest antioxidant activity of the microencapsulated powder sample (10% maltodextrin: 0.75% glucomannan) was 66.84% at a concentration of 100 ppm which had the greatest percent encapsulation efficiency (89.91%).The particle size distribution showed that encapsulated sweet potato leaf extract has a micro-size of around 0.296 µm (78.3%) with good homogeneity of the particle size which can be seen from the Pdi value of 0.304. Therefore, encapsulated sweet potato leaf with 0,75% glucomannan and 10% maltodextrin has the highest encapsulation efficiency and good characteristic.

Optimization of ultra-sonicated homogenization conditions of fish oil emulsions to improve stability, efficiency and bioaccessibility of ω -3 microcapsules

This study aimed to improve the quality characteristics of fish oil microcapsules from monolayer and multilayer emulsions by optimizing the ultra-sonicated homogenization conditions to obtain a stable source of omega-3 fatty acids to add in food matrix. For that, a response surface methodology trial was firstly conducted to get optimum ultra-sonicated conditions that increase stability of emulsions and efficiency of microcapsules. Thus, optimum combinations of power of (141.01 and 141.21 kg m2/s3), time (15 and 5 min), pulse (80%) and emulsion volume (100 and 200 mL) were obtained for monolayered and multilayered emulsions, respectively. In comparison to homogenization by high-pressure, the use of ultrasounds improved most quality characteristics of emulsions (stability and drop size) and microcapsules (microencapsulation yield, total oil, microencapsulation efficiency, quantities and bioaccessibility of EPA and DHA, lipid oxidation, size, and distribution), especially in monolayered ones. It worth noting the increase in microencapsulation efficiency in multilayered and the improvement in emulsion stability and bioaccessibility of EPA and DHA in both types of microcapsules.

Spray-dried microencapsulation of bean coat flour (Phaselus vulgaris, L.) bioactive compounds: optimization, functional activity, and storage

ABSTRACT Common beans are a source of phenolic compounds. However, they are sensitive to different factors. Microencapsulation may protect those bioactive compounds (BC). Hence, it is important to study the effects of microencapsulation and increase BC stability. A mix of methanolic extract of bean coat flour was prepared with N-lok as wall material. Inlet air temperature and total solids of wall material were evaluated. Air inlet temperature (115°C) and 28.54% total solids were the optimal conditions for the drying process, obtaining the highest concentration of BC. The particle size of microcapsules was ≈20 μm, and microencapsulation efficiency reached 96.29%. The stability conditions at two temperatures (30°C and 7°C) and two water activities (0.329 and 0.765) showed that encapsulation maintained BC stability in time as compared to control. The bean coat extract can be used as a functional microencapsulate with high BC content in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

Investigating the thermostability, activation energy, and In vitro delivery of palm kernel cake enriched with synbiotic containing immobilized Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 8014

Feed additives play an important role in providing health benefits towards ruminant's production. The selection of probiotic encapsulation in pellet form gives limitation as probiotics are sensitive towards heat and delivery condition in a ruminant's stomach. Synbiotic encapsulation involves encapsulating probiotics with prebiotic ingredients to boost their viability. In this study, we investigated the best formulation of alginate (Alg) (3%, 4%, and 5%) and palm kernel cake (PKC) coating ratios (1:0, 1:1, and 1:1.5) for Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 microencapsulation, through extrusion method. The optimum formulation was selected based on thermostability, physicochemical, morphological, and in vitro release properties. The unencapsulated probiotic (initial concentration of approximately 9.30 log CFU/mL) was the control sample in this study. The average microencapsulation efficiency for all samples was greater than 97%. The encapsulated probiotics (4% Alg-supplemented with 4% PKC) had the highest survival rates after heat exposure (99.33%) and in vitro release analysis (94.67%). The addition of alginate enhanced the roughness average significantly as well as increased the size. The activation energy showed that the sample without and with PKC utilized energy ranging from 254 to 200 kJ/kmol. K and 363–400 kJ/kmol. K, respectively. Thus, an optimized formulation of 4% Alg and a coating ratio of 1:1 may be able to prevent probiotic loss in industrial feed additives.

Alginate-chitosan-microencapsulated tyrosols/oleuropein-rich olive mill waste extract for lipopolysaccharide-induced skin fibroblast inflammation treatment

The Ca2+ ion-driven emulsification-ionotropic gelation method produced chitosan-alginate microspheres (CAMSs) with a narrow particle size distribution (PSD). Particle size distribution and zeta potential studies, as well as spectral electron microscopy, were used to assess the microspheres' physicochemical properties and morphology. The tyrosols (hydroxytyrosol (HT), tyrosol (TY), and oleuropein (OE) were loaded into these microspheres using a polyphenol extract (PPE) from Koroneki olive mill waste (KOMW). The microencapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of microspheres for PPE were 98.8% and 3.9%, respectively. Three simulated fluids, including gastric (pH = 1.2), intestinal (pH = 6.8), and colonic (pH = 7.4), were used to examine how the pH of the releasing medium affected the ability of CAMSs to release bioactive phenols. At a severely acidic pH (1.2, SGF), PPE release is nearly halted, while at pH 6.8 (SCF), release is at its maximum. Additionally, the PPE-CAMPs have ameliorated the endogenous antioxidant content SOD, GST, GPx with significant values from 0.05 to 0.01 in the treated LPS/human skin fibroblast cells. The anti-inflammatory response was appeared through their attenuations activity for the released cytokines TNF-α, IL6, IL1β, and IL 12 with levels significantly from 0.01 to 0.001. Microencapsulation of PPE by CAMPs significantly improved its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities.