Microcontroller Research Articles

Система обучения программированию и выбор микроконтроллеров для управления электроприводами

Ability of university graduates to design electric drives (ED) implies that they have knowledge and skills to develop software for microcontrollers (MC) used in modern electric drive control systems (ED CS). Studies on this topic touch upon the issues of particular training courses or teaching methods, and laboratory benches mean only debug boards. Often, education process is designed on a piecemeal basis. A systematic approach is required to teach students programming of microcontrollers of ED CS. In the context of restrictions of manufacturers from the USA, Japan and Europe, the selection of microcontroller for training and developing the ED CS is also topical. When developing the interrelated training courses, the authors have used 20 years of experience of design of ED CS. Product design software packages and metalworking technologies have been used as tools to develop a specialized laboratory bench. The method of comparative analysis is used when selecting microcontrollers. A multi-level (3-stage) model of interrelated training courses to teach students programming MC of ED CS is described. The evolution of the contents of training courses is shown. The author-developed bench is presented. It includes the debug board, measuring (multimeter, oscilloscope) and debugging (interface converters) equipment placed on a special unit. A review is given, an analysis of studies on these issues is carried out, and recommendations to select MC of ED CS in the current situation are given. Implemented at the department, a systematic approach to teach students programming MC of ED CS gives them the qualifications necessary to independently perform tasks during the design of modern ED CS. The developed laboratory bench provides convenient and safety work with all debugging and measuring equipment used in the educational process. An overview and recommendations on the selection of MC of domestic and Chinese manufacturers will be useful for the developers of the electrical drive control systems.

INVESTIGATING THE ERRORS OF A DIGITAL METER OF RC-TWO-POLE PARAMETERS

A device for an invariant measurement of the electrical parameters of RC-two-pole poles based on the phase method is described. The device implements a structural-algorithmic method of increasing the accuracy of measurements with time division of the measurement channel. A programmable microcontroller (MCC) is used to control the measurement process and to process the measurement results, which allows to minimize the number of parameter and signal transformations and increase the measurement accuracy. In the measuring circuit (MC), two sample resistors are connected in series with the two-pole under study: the main and additional (switchable). The reference voltage is formed in the feedback circuit of the operational amplifier. The MC is powered by a current generator of a sinusoidal signal of a programmable frequency. The MC has two output voltages, the phase shift angle between which is an informative parameter. The output voltages of the MC are supplied to the analog inputs of the MC. In the MCC, the angle is converted into a time interval, which is measured by the discrete counting method by quantizing it with pulses of the MCC clock generator. By analyzing the MC, algorithms for determining the measured parameters are obtained. The parameters of the IC elements are calculated, at which the required measurement ranges of the investigated object parameters are provided. The main content of the article is devoted to the development of the methodology of theoretical calculation of measurement errors. The errors are caused by inaccuracy and instability of the parameters of the MC and MCC elements appearing in the obtained algorithms. The calculation technique is accompanied by numerical example applied to specific measurement ranges. It is shown that in the total errors of measurement the private error caused by the inaccuracy and instability of resistances of sample resistors used in the MC, is predominant.

INVESTIGATING THE MEASUREMENT ERRORS OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE COMPLEX RESISTANCE OF MUTUAL INDUCTION BY THE PHASE METHOD

A microcontroller measurer of the complex resistance components of mutual induction (MI) of magnetically coupled coils is considered for the case when, due to the effects of “capacitance” and “eddy currents”, an active component arises in the EMF of the secondary coil, the 90° phase shift angle between this electromotive force and the current of the primary coil is violated (“phase defect”). At the same time, corrective terms ("admixture" and "frequency correction") appear in the resistance MI. These phenomena increase with an increase in the frequency and value of the supply current of the coils, when using ferromagnetic cores. Balanced AC bridges are used in well-known resistance component MI measurers; their disadvantages are listed. The developed measurer uses the phase method using a temporary separation of the measurement channel. The measuring circuit (MC) is powered by the current of a controlled generator of sinusoidal signals. In the MC, the measured parameters are converted into the phase shift angle between the two output voltages. These voltages are supplied to the analog inputs of a programmable microcontroller (MCC), in which angle is measured by the discrete counting method. During the measurement process, the MCC sets the frequency of the MC power generator, controls the position of the electronic switch of the measurement channel, measures angle and determines the values of the components of the MI complex resistance according to the specified algorithms. A method of theoretical investigation of measurement errors has been developed. The errors are caused by the inaccuracy and instability of the parameters of the MC and MCC elements appearing in the algorithms for determining the measured values. The method of error calculation is accompanied by a numerical example. The results of calculation of measurement errors are presented.

Gait Trajectory Prediction on an Embedded Microcontroller Using Deep Learning.

Achieving a normal gait trajectory for an amputee's active prosthesis is challenging due to its kinematic complexity. Accordingly, lower limb gait trajectory kinematics and gait phase segmentation are essential parameters in controlling an active prosthesis. Recently, the most practiced algorithm in gait trajectory generation is the neural network. Deploying such a complex Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm on an embedded system requires performing the calculations on an external computational device; however, this approach lacks mobility and reliability. In this paper, more simple and reliable ANNs are investigated to be deployed on a single low-cost Microcontroller (MC) and hence provide system mobility. Two neural network configurations were studied: Multi-Layered Perceptron (MLP) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN); the models were trained on shank and foot IMU data. The data were collected from four subjects and tested on a fifth to predict the trajectory of 200 ms ahead. The prediction was made for two cases: with and without providing the current phase of the gait. Then, the models were deployed on a low-cost microcontroller (ESP32). It was found that with fewer data (excluding the current gait phase), CNN achieved a better correlation coefficient of 0.973 when compared to 0.945 for MLP; when including the current phase, both network configurations achieved better correlation coefficients of nearly 0.98. However, when comparing the execution time required for the prediction on the intended MC, MLP was much faster than CNN, with an execution time of 2.4 ms and 142 ms, respectively. In summary, it was found that when training data are scarce, CNN is more efficient within the acceptable execution time, while MLP achieves relative accuracy with low execution time with enough data.

An Experimental Study of Drift Caused by Partial Shading Using a Modified DC-(P&O) Technique for a Stand-Alone PV System

There is tremendous potential in solar energy to meet future electricity demands. Partial shading (PS) and drift are two major problems that must be addressed simultaneously to achieve the maximum power point (MPP) of a stand-alone PV system, which are discussed in this paper. Both of these factors contribute to the voltage drop due to heavy steady-state oscillation. The partial shading and drift problem are associated with severe rapid changes in the insolation. A modified drift-control perturbation and observation DC-(P&O) approach was investigated using a low-cost programmable hardware solution, i.e., the ARM Cortex M4 32-bit Microcontroller (MC) (STM32F407VGT6), with efficient embedded programming and Waijung block sets for real-time solutions. The experimental setup was accomplished on a 40-watt solar panel. It was found that the proposed method had a significant impact on drift control during abrupt changes in current and voltage caused by shading effects, with the controller conversion efficiency of 80.39% and 94.48% with percentage absolute errors of 7.3 and 7.2 for cases with and without PS and drift, respectively.

Метод выявления и исправления ошибок данных в памяти микроконтроллера на основе аппаратного подсчета контрольной суммы

A method has been developed for detecting errors in the memory of a microcontroller (MC), which is necessary for research and testing for noise immunity of the MC. The method is based on the operation of the hash function hardware unit for calculating the checksum (CS) of useful data. Based on the method, an approach is proposed for correcting erroneous bits in the memory of various computing devices. The method includes an algorithm for detecting and correcting errors, which allows to restore data in memory by calculating their CS with the organization of data storage in the form of a structure. The proposed method enables helps to recognize the object where an error occurred and to recover the erroneous memory bits. The implementation of the data verification algorithm as a system process of the real-time operating system made it possible to automate the process of searching for errors in the background and determine the cause of the failure. The software implementation of the error detection and correction method, without changing the hardware, can be used in the operation of radioelectronic equipment in difficult conditions containing any computing device.

РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ КОМП’ЮТЕРНОЇ ЦЕНТРАЛІЗОВАНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЗБОРУ ДАНИХ ВІД АНАЛОГОВИХ ДАТЧИКІВ

The article presents the architecture and operation principles of the system for collecting and analyzing information from strain gauges. These systems are used to determine the equipment performance for transporting a variety of materials. In particular, they are used to control the movement of bulk materials mixtures components. For such technological processes, it is fundamentally important to ensure constant flows intensity. The paper identifies three variants of sensor connection schemes, analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. It is established that the structure “one ADC – several sensors” allows to reduce equipment costs and at the same time to provide the minimum parameters influence of a transmission line on a useful sensor signal. The “one-to-one” scheme provides the connection of each sensor to its own ADC. “Circuit with multiplexer” allows to increase the number of sensors connected to one ADC. It is established that the best option in terms of reducing the interference effects on the analog signal and the cost of creating a system is the scheme “one ADC – several sensors”. The algorithm of information transfer from ADC to microcontroller (MC) is analysed. It is calculated that HX711 ADC chips provide the maximum data rate of 18.5 values/s. It is proposed to transfer data between the MC and the server using the TCP protocol because it avoids data loss and provides the necessary data transfer speed. The structure and formats of data that are transmitted from the mass sensor to the ADC, microcontroller, web server and database are proposed. The main speed, design parameters, advantages and disadvantages of wired and wireless data network between MK and the server are determined. Recommendations for the design of such a network depending on the characteristics of the premises in which the data collection system will be used have been developed.

Gateway‐node wireless data collection system for environmental sensing

AbstractAdvances in open‐source microcontroller (MC) technologies have created opportunities for development of low‐cost real‐time environmental data collection systems. An inexpensive system based on the ARDUINO‐MC was developed using a gateway‐node architecture enabling us to collect environmental sensor data across climates and soil types. Printed circuit boards and breakout modules made assembly quick and easy. Nodes interfaced with serial digital interface at 1200 Bd time domain reflectometry soil water sensors, which require higher input voltage and use more complex communication than other sensors commonly used with MC‐based data loggers. Maintaining time synchronization between the nodes and gateways was critical to their ability to communicate and limit field traffic. Power consumption and supply issues and the inability to regularly monitor units led to data loss. Incorporating cellular capability to the gateway gave researchers and technicians near real‐time access to data and opened opportunities for their use in automated databases and visualization dashboards. This paper describes the design, testing, and use of the system during its first two field seasons. This system exemplifies how researchers can economically collect environmental data from remote locations by leveraging the potential of microcontrollers in custom data acquisition systems. Arduino sketches and other materials are available at https://github.com/ArduinoSoilH2O.

Влияние мощных электромагнитных импульсов на работу типовых интегральных микросхем.

The effects arising in an integrated microchip (IC) of a microcontroller (MC) performing test logic operations under the action of powerful electrical impulses are investigated. The IC MC STM8S003 was chosen as a typical microcontroller. The exposure was carried out by electric pulses with an electric field strength of up to 20 kV/cm and a duration of 6 ns. It is shown that impulse influences can lead to logical failures when performing IC MC logical operations, the effectiveness of the influence depends not only on the parameters of the electromagnetic pulse, but also on the specific operation performed during which it occurred. The repetition rate of electromagnetic pulses up to 1 kHz does not significantly affect the type of failures of the IC MC. The supply voltage of the IC MC affects its stability; to create a failure, an increase in the amplitude of the electromagnetic pulse is required with an increase in the supply voltage. Passive components of a printed circuit board are more susceptible to electromagnetic influences than IC MC.

Dependence of Microcontroller Failure Parameters via Ultrashort Radio Pulses under Operation Conditions

In this paper, we studied the functional failure of microcontroller (MC) ATmega8515 under ultrashort pulse series action at clocking frequencies of 1, 8, and 15 MHz. We analyzed the probabilities of occurrence in various types of failure and their connection with clocking frequency and magnitude of field strength. The correlation of MC failure with its operation phase is shown. The possibility to study, at least qualitatively, the behavior of complex electronic systems using well-known mathematical models was demonstrated.

Effect of internal chip stripes on susceptibility to supershort ultrawideband electromagnetic pulses

Reversible functional failure of an ATmega 8515 microcontroller (MC) is used to demonstrate the importance of internal stripes of chips in radio-transparent package in the analysis of susceptibility of microelectronic components to radio-frequency radiation. Experiments under different conditions for MC irradiation are performed and induced electric voltages are calculated using the simplest model of antenna reception. The calculated results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data.

PEMANFAATAN MIKROKONTROLER AT89S51 DALAM RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM WATER INJECTION BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER PADA SEPEDA MOTOR

<p>The rapid development of information technology makes a lot of electronic components used in<br />various fields. The component that is often used is a microcontroller. The microcontroller is used as the<br />regulator and the automation system. This study aims to design a microcontroller-based water injection (WAI)<br />system on the motorcycle.<br />The experiment was conducted with an experimental method. Object of the research is honda mega<br />pro 2009 motorcycle. The design of microcontroller-based WaI done through the following steps: (1) designing<br />a microcontroller-based WaI system using the proximity sensor signals, (2) designing the voltage regulator<br />circuit, (3) designing AT89S51 microcontroller circuit, (4) designing injector circuit, (5) designing a series of<br />7-segment display, and (6) making programming the microcontrol ler on the WaI that is used to inject water or a<br />mixture of water and methanol into the fuel chamber.<br />The research showed that the microcontroller-based WaI can work correctly when applied to<br />motorcycles. This system works for injecting water or a mixture of water and methanol into the combustion<br />chamber. Injection is done when the suction valve is open. This condition is known by placing a proximity<br />sensor. On the other hand, the frequency of water or a mixture of water and methanol injection were governed<br />by the microcontroller through the injector.<br />The results showed that the microcontroller-based WaI can work correctly and properly.</p>

Investigation of Slim Type BLDC Motor Drive with Torque Ripple Minimization using Abridged Space-Vector PWM Control Method

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are becoming an increasingly popular motor of choice for its unique characteristics. The BLDC motor drive is assumed to have trapezoidal back-electromotive force (EMF), rectangular phase currents and together produces the desired torque. However, practical back-EMF waveform might not be exactly trapezoidal because of current ripple, design considerations and manufacturing limitations. The adverse effect is the torque ripple generated due to the current ripple that causes mechanical vibration, acoustic noise and affects the accuracy of speed and position control which is not desirable in motor operation. In this paper an algorithm is developed to control and minimize the generated torque ripple using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) scheme. The efficiency improvement of slim type BLDC motor is confirmed using MATLAB environment and low cost TI Piccolo F28035 microcontroller (MC).

MOBILE SNIFFER AND JAMMER

This system detects the use of GSM mobiles in mobil e restricted areas such as examination halls, hospi tals and other do not disturb areas. The sniffer keeps monitoring the RF level in the area and gives a warning indication if the RF level increases due to mobile activities. This warning indication is send as a me ssage through a GSM module and displayed on a LCD. The pic 16F877A Microcontroller contains internal flash memory of 8 kb along with a large RAM area and internal EEPROM. To make it fit for monitoring and real time system applications microc ontroller is induced with an 8 channel 10 bit A/D c onverter. Liquid crystals are materials that have a molecular structure and will flow like a liquid. It is also a low power device. Some properties of this molecular structure are associated with solids. An antenna wh ose receiving or radiating elements, such a arms of a dipole, are made in the form of an extensible system of metal tubes or rods of a pproximately equal length. Such a design facilities changing the length of antenna elements during tuning and permits the size of ante nna to be reduced when it is not in operation for e xample during transport or storage. Telescopic antennas are used principally i n conjunction with radio receivers, radio transmitt er-receivers, portable television receivers and television receivers installed in mov ing objects. To make it cost effective and to have a small dimension SIM Com is induced with in a powerful single chip processor in tegrating AMR 926EJ-S core and quad band-GSM/GPRS module of SMT type. SIM Com contains a reliable wireless module-SIM900 and is ultra compact.

Кодер и декодер фрактальных сигналов гребенчатой структуры

The article presents a coder and decoder of fractal signals of comb-type structure (FSCS) based on microcontrollers (MC). The coder and decoder consist of identical control modules, while their managed modules have different schematic constructions. The control module performs forming or recognition of signals, and also carries out the function of information exchange with a computer. The basic element of the control module is a PIC18F2550 microcontroller from MicroChip. The coder of the system forms fractal signals of a given order according to the information bits coming from the computer. Samples of the calculated values of the amplitudes of elementary rectangular pulses that constitute the structure of fractal pulses are stored in the memory of the microcontroller as a table. Minimum bit capacity of the DAC necessary for the generation of FSCS of fourth order is four bits. The operation algorithm, "wired" into the controller of the program, provides for encoding of the transmitted information by two-bit symbols. Recognition of the start of transmission of each byte in communication channel is performed by the transmission of the timing signal. In a decoder the microcontroller carries out reception and decoding of the received fractal signals which are then transmitted to the computer. The developed algorithm of the program for the microcontroller of the decoder is carried out by determination of order of fractal impulse after the value of sum of amplitudes of elementary impulses, constituents fractal signal. The programs for coder and decoder are written in "C". In the most critical places of the program influencing on the fast-acting of chart “assembler” insertions are done. The blocks of the coder and decoder were connected with a coaxial 10 meters long cable with an impendance of 75 Ohm. The signals generated by the developed coder of FSCS, were studied using a digital oscillograph. On the basis of the obtained spectrums, it is possible to draw a conclusion, that the fractal signals formed by the coder are wideband and can be used in noise-resistant and protected communication systems.

BI DIRECTIONAL SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR AND STEPPER MOTOR THROUGH MAT LAB USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER

In any industry speed control of an electric drive system is very critical and crucial. Every designer aims at achieving a co methodology having high degree of precision. But in dustry needs are ever evolving in nature. Hence it is very much essential along with conventional speed control mechanisms we must also have simple interactive graphical based control strategies. Sev algorithms/methodologies have been developed over t he years to achieve speed control of motors. In thi s context by encomp usability of Mat Lab, work has been done to control the speed of stepper motor and DC motor using micr ocontroller. Microcontr is programmed to achieve bi directional speed contr ol. The main objective of this work is to develop t motor control through mat Lab guide and the interfa ce of the same with hardware via serial communicati on. PIC is used as the

Rechargeable Automated Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

An automated Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD) is a small battery powered electrical impulse generator, implanted in patients who are in the risk of sudden cardiac death or ventricular tachycardia, and is programmed to detect the cardiac arrhythmia. Components of AICD are Leads, Electrode and Generator (1) . The electric shock is created by the generator carried by leads and delivered with the electrodes. The generator is of the size of 2 inches approximately, and 3 ounces weight. Working of AICD includes rectification of arrhythmia by means of pacing Cardioversion defibrillation. Current devices have appreciable functions including diagnosis, stored electro-grams and verification of shock appropriations and battery longevity upto 6 yrs. Here using mutual inductance (2) functions carried out with the help of a transcutaneous transformer and storing electric charge through magnetic field absolute longevity of the battery could be reached. Since, battery longevity has been tremendously increased the recurrence of surgery can be prevented. Thus, our device will bring remarkable revolution in cardiology by saving human lives from arrhythmia and periodical replacement of the device. Keywords:-ADC, Faraday's Law, Micro-controller (MC), Mutual inductance, Transcutaneous transformer.

Software–hardware method of serial interface controller implementation

A software-hardware method of serial interface controller implementation is proposed which includes separate processing of data link and physical layer functions The data link layer functions are implemented in software using a microcontroller (MC), and physical level functions -in hardware using programmable logical device (PLD). The proposed method provides optimal ratio of hardware and software costs for interface controller (IC) implementation, and effective utilization of MC computing power. Based on this method a structure of the universal serial interface controller is proposed.

RFID & Mobile Fusion for Authenticated ATM Transaction

One technical innovation can provide solution to diverse problems. Money has become plastic these days. The introduction of utility cards, mobile banking and internet banking has revolutionized the way we deal with money. The sophistication they bring into one‟s life is commendable. They make our work convenient. But there lies a potential problem, security. The thrust area is that every transaction of the account should be done with the consent of the customer or account holder. This is possible through the wide spread mobile phone technology. Here mobile phone acts as the interactive medium between account holder and bank. Ones hard earned money should not go into the hands of unworthy persons. This noble theme helped us to think of the innovation –“RFID & Mobile Fusion for Authenticated ATM Transaction”. The implementation of this takes the help of RFID card, RFID reader housed in ATM, PC, MICRO CONTROLLER, mobile network and software like AT commands, Keil and matlab.

Soft Starting of Three-Phase Induction Motor Using DSP Auto Coding and Power System Controllers (Digital Motor Controllers)

Since the rapid development of the digital controller, such as Micro-Controllers (MC) and Digital Signal Processor (DSP), to replace the traditional analogue controller, their applications in the power system control are growing in fast pace. Several algorithms have been developed to achieve the best utilization of the digital controller. This is considered a major barrier facing the power engineers. Auto coding is a term used to express the translation of the high level model, which power engineer are familiar with, to a low level assembly code targeting a specific controller. In this paper, the authors present their experience dealing with the auto coding tools from MatLab targeting Digital Signal Processor (C2000 Family). Moreover, this paper walks through the steps and the most famous mistakes for converting the power system MatLab model to an assembly code for the DSP-C2000. The paper is using an induction motor controller as an example along with the practical laboratory results.