Microcontroller Development Board Research Articles

Multifunctional gas safety monitoring and classification warning device

Due to the absence of automatic flameout and other essential functionalities in these devices, incidents such as gas leaks can easily lead to explosions. As a result, an autonomous safety monitoring and early warning device has been specifically developed for traditional gas stove equipment. This device is capable of activating a multi-tiered alarm and control mechanism when it reaches a predetermined threshold concentration. The main control of the Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller development board serves as the foundation for this device, which utilizes the MQ-5 gas sensor and 1602 liquid crystal display module to provide real-time gas concentration display. It also incorporates a sound and light alarm system that triggers when the concentration exceeds the predetermined threshold. Additionally, it employs a human infrared sensor and flame sensor as modules for fire detection and occupancy monitoring respectively. Any abnormal changes in these parameters will activate the sound and light alarm system. Equipped with an LED light and buzzer, this system provides real-time monitoring around gas stoves. Experimental results demonstrate excellent responsiveness under current conditions. Given its significant relevance in ensuring gas safety, this multifunctional gas safety monitoring device with classification early warning capabilities holds immense potential for market applications.

Implementation and Comparison of Wearable Exoskeleton Arm Design with Fuzzy Logic and Machine Learning Control

In this study, a wearable exoskeleton arm was designed and controlled with different control methods to help people with muscle disorders in their arms and support treatment. The developed robot arm was transferred to Simulink software with the Simmechanics application. Two electromyography (EMG) muscle sensors and the ADXL335 position and acceleration sensors attach to the human arm’s biceps and triceps muscle areas. As the human moved the arm, data were obtained from the EMG muscle sensors and the ADXL335 position and acceleration sensor. The received data were first trained with the fuzzy logic algorithm. The same data were then trained with machine learning algorithms in Simulink software. It has been determined that the best result is the quadratic support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The fuzzy logic algorithm trained with the PID controller block and the received sensor data have been added to the degrees of freedom regions that will enable rotation in the block diagram of the previously exported system. Later, the fuzzy logic block was removed and the machine learning algorithm, the quadratic SVM algorithm, was added. The designed system was operated with two different control systems, and the control algorithm closest to the human arm movement was determined. In addition, each part of the system, whose design was prepared, was removed and assembled separately with a 3D printer. ESP32 microcontroller development board was used to control the system, and it was run in real-time with EMG muscle sensors and position sensors.

An Experimental Set-up Involving Low-cost Digital Controller to Study the Magnetizing Inrush Current in a Transformer using Point-on-Wave Switching Technique

Abstract Generally in under-graduate studies, magnetizing inrush current (MIC) is discussed theoretically without giving much practical exposure. This paper presents the development of a low cost experimental set-up using a digital controller to study the MIC and the different parameters which can affect the same. This also helps to show how the inrush current can be minimized. This set-up also provides a hands-on experience of MIC and its control in under-graduate study, which can help an upcoming practitioner in industry as well as in further research. This paper presents a brief description of MIC, followed by a short analysis. Here, a pair of anti-parallel thyristors are connected in series with the primary winding of a single-phase power transformer. The turningon instant of this switch, with respect to the zero-crossing instant of the input supply voltage, may be adjusted through a firmware, in a PIC18F4620 from Microchip Technology microcontroller development board from Microchip Technology to control the transformer energisation instant. The firmware is developed in MPLABX-IDE from Microchip Technology, and the scheme is verified via simulations in Proteus simulation software. A suitable circuit to support the microcontroller development board to achieve the above function is designed and fabricated.

Training teachers on new topics and new tools in Physics education

We report the result of a collaboration among Universities, Schools, and Institutions to increase interest in new tools and learning environments. To address this issue, we provide scientific and didactic support to teachers through different kinds of training sessions to introduce innovative didactic methodologies for teaching and learning. The project involved a training course both in streaming and carried-out sessions with university staff as well as secondary school teachers. We selected current research such as climate change, space missions, and Einstein’s relativity since they are not commonly included in the Italian physics curriculum; we suggested an approach based on some new methodologies and technologies to introduce these topics. We used microcontroller development boards for measuring environmental parameters, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and data processing applied to Open Data from space missions or weather archives. We also suggested a new approach to teaching modern physics. For this purpose, we used a web-based platform to explore the basic concepts of relativistic physics by emphasizing its impact on Global Positioning Systems, which is of utmost importance in everyday life.

Evaluation of low-cost microcontroller-based systems for simple sensor applications

Single-board computers, such as Raspberry Pi, have enabled a wide variety of monitoring applications. Microcontroller development boards offer a similar functionality but at a lower cost. Still, they are not widely used, because they are supposed to be slow. This paper aims to evaluate the abilities of modern microcontrollers and compares them with those of single-board computers. For this purpose, experiments concerning power consumption and performance evaluation are conducted. The results suggest that promising low-cost microcontrollers exist, which could be applied to reduce cost and energy consumption per node or increase the number of nodes used simultaneously in one monitoring system.

Comparison of KNN and Random Forest Algorithms in Classifying EMG Signals

Depending on the growing average age and busy work life, muscle disorders are also increasing. Disturbing use life hurts the upper limb due to casing. Electromyography (EMG) muscle sensors are used to detect muscle diseases. To obtain more accurate results, the perception of the data received with the EMG sensors is required. This evaluation was compared with electromyography (EMG) muscle sensors used as a muscle measurement tool and those taken from the upper limb and KNN explanations and Random Forest examinations, which are the predictions of machine learning in this context and give more accurate results than other effects. Three EMG muscle sensors are attached to the upper limb of the user and taken from 0o, 45o and 90o angles with the microcontroller development board. It has been read and tested with the resulting machine-learning readings. The percentages of the accuracy of the highest accuracy KNN and Random Forest locations were chosen for their assumptions and use in use.

P15: Durable Continuous-Flow Ventricular Assist Device For Biventricular Circulatory Support

Objective: The biventricular assist device (BVAD, Fig. 1A) implantation is indicated for severe biventricular heart failure (BHF). We are developing an innovative, automatic, universal ventricular assist device (UVAD, Fig. 1B, 1C, and 1D), intended for biventricular or for single ventricular support (RVAD or LVAD). Pump rotor can move axially to regulate the impeller discharge aperture size, depending on the pressure difference between the inflow and outflow and pump speed. Herein, we report on UVAD research progress. Methods: The hardware used during RVAD/LVAD studies, consisted of a microcontroller development board (NXP FRDM-KV31F) in conjunction with a 3-phase BLDC motor driver board (NXP FRDM-MC-LVPMSM). Two UVAD pumps incorporated into the biventricular circulatory mock loop were used (Abbott Laboratories PVAD™, Abbott Park, IL, USA) to simulate BHF. Each interchangeable cannula has been designed as a four-piece assembly with a threaded connection and face seal with the inflow port of the UVAD (Fig. 1E). Computational flow dynamics (CFD) model (Fig. 1F) enabled automatic re-meshing of the internal fluid volume with vertical repositioning of the rotor and resulting changes in aperture size (ANSYS [Canonsburg, PA, USA] software, including DesignModeler, ANSYS-Meshing, CFX, and CFD-Post). Results: The hemodynamic requirements were met with both RVAD and LVAD settings. Flow pattern, shear stress, and residence times were similar at RVAD and LVAD nominal conditions. Interchangeable inflow cannulas allowed customization of cannulation strategies in RVAD and LVAD conditions, showing stable hemodynamic support with single or dual-device configurations. Conclusion: The UVAD architecture for single or dual-device configurations has been demonstrated in simulated BHF conditions. Device features such as incorporated pressure regulator and interchangeable inflow cannula enable patient centered customization of device use.Figure 1. A - BVAD setup; B - UVAD; C - Device aperture design; D - Cross section; E – Interchangeable inflow cannulas; F – Impeller regions and CFD contour plot.

Organizing the synchronous remote labworks in institutions of technical engineering education

This article has been retracted. Please see: Retraction of published article due to the author’s proposal - 5 June 2023 Implementation of the synchronous remote labwork system has been discussed in details. Original approach to controlling an arbitrary laboratory devices has been presented. Effective operational interaction system between the teacher and students and complete control over the quality and completeness has been provided. A structure and components of remote labwork that includes microcontroller development board, broadcast imaging device, assistant microcontroller with 4-pole relay have been suggested. A workstation configuration that allow any number of students to remotely connect and operate on the computer was was explained. The mode of coordination of students actions has been discussed. It is shown that in the ideal case, when the program does not need to be corrected and reworked, the student spends ~90\% of the time on developing use the working time of computers and in particular the operating time of the specified devices as rationally as possible. Program structure of the additional microcontroller Chipkit that allows the student operate with real laboratory hardware in the mode of synchronous remote laboratory work has been presented.

The Attitudes of Secondary School Teachers toward the Utilization of Microcontroller in The Classroom

The goal of this study was to determine the level of smart electronic device microcontroller development boards were used as teaching tools (BBM) in Penang secondary schools for the teaching and learning of the subject of design and technology (RBT). The effectiveness of using microcontroller development boards as instructional aids and tools (BBM) based on digital technology might enhance the quality of instruction and learning in electronic design provided by RBT teachers. As a result, this article describes the conclusions of the attitudes of RBT teachers towards fuel usage that were based on a microcontroller development board. To conduct the study, 128 RBT teachers who teach electronic design to Form 2 and Form 3 students in secondary schools were given questionnaires. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26 software was used to perform a descriptive analysis of the data to determine the frequency distribution, percentage, and mean comparison. T-tests were also run to determine whether there was a gender difference. With an average score of 3.93, the results demonstrate that Form 2 and Form 3 RBT teachers had a moderate attitude regarding the employment of microcontroller boards. The t-test results, however, revealed no gender differences between the RBT teachers' use of the microcontroller board. The same research topics were recommended to be broadened to include students in the future and explore the relationship between teachers' attitudes and the use of microcontrollers from a behavioral perspective in Malaysian classrooms.

An Open Platform Microcontroller-Based Laser Refractometer

This exercise encompassed the construction and use of a microcontroller-based laser refractometer. The instrument, which does not require a high skill level to build, primarily consisted of a line laser, optical sensor, several 3-D printed parts and printed circuit boards, and a microcontroller development board. Construction and testing of the device occurred in upper division analytical chemistry courses, either quantitative analysis or instrumental methods, and data analysis of real-world samples took place in the general chemistry laboratory. Open-source software was used to (a) communicate between a laptop and microcontroller and (b) record data in real-time directly to an Excel spreadsheet utilizing visual Basic for applications (VBA) an event driven programming language that is part of Microsoft Office applications. In addition to collecting the data, general chemistry students used Excel to generate a calibration curve and determine the concentration of ethylene glycol in an antifreeze sample. Student engagement was assessed using a Likert-type survey, and the results were analyzed using statistical methods. Laboratory reports and a postlab quiz were used to assess student learning outcomes.

Edge-Machine-Learning-Assisted Robust Magnetometer Based on Randomly Oriented NV-Ensembles in Diamond.

Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in nano- or micro-diamonds is a promising technology for precise magnetic-field sensors. Here, we propose a new, low-cost and stand-alone sensor setup that employs machine learning on an embedded device, so-called edge machine learning. We train an artificial neural network with data acquired from a continuous-wave ODMR setup and subsequently use this pre-trained network on the sensor device to deduce the magnitude of the magnetic field from recorded ODMR spectra. In our proposed sensor setup, a low-cost and low-power ESP32 microcontroller development board is employed to control data recording and perform inference of the network. In a proof-of-concept study, we show that the setup is capable of measuring magnetic fields with high precision and has the potential to enable robust and accessible sensor applications with a wide measuring range.

AeroShield: An Open-Source Propeller-Driven Pendulum Device for Control Engineering Education*

This paper introduces an open-source reference design of a miniature propeller-driven pendulum device for control engineering education. The presented design of the aeropendulum is built as a swappable and compact extension “shield” for Arduino embedded microcontroller development boards, utilizing off-the-shelf electronic components and 3D-printed mechanical parts. This fact, along with the full hardware documentation provided online, makes the low-cost replication of such hardware simple and available for public. The open-source software includes an application programming interface for Arduino IDE, MATLAB, and Simulink. In addition, typical classroom examples to demonstrate the use and the limitations of the discussed device are presented as well.

USER EXPERIENCE DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE – AN APPLICATION WITH ARDUINO

User experience design, which provides the emergence of user-oriented designs, while meeting the needs of users functionally, also deals with their emotions and perceptions. With this interactive design approach, personalized design alternatives can be offered in accordance with the expectations of the users. At the same time, the flexibility with changing conditions, demands and pleasures ensures that designs are sustainable. Architecture is one of the disciplines where user experience design can effectively use. The inability of changing of buildings in traditional architecture causes another inability that to respond user’s current needs and demands. Thus, in modern architecture many researchers and designers investigate for a solution to create different spaces. Moving, flexible and interactive spaces, which are shaped with demands and needs of the users, give importance to the user experience. In this context, a tent was designed as a temporary shelter with caring the user experience and changes depending on the demands and needs of the user, by using the Arduino Uno microcontroller development board. The prototype experiments of the tent design, which was modeled with SketchUp and rendered with Lumion, were made with the Fritzing program. Arduino Uno, sensors, lamp, relay module and servo motors were used in the tent design and the space was enabled to interact with the user's different senses. Two different sensors, temperature-humidity and sound were used in the study. The temperature-humidity sensor interacts with both the user and the environment. Since precipitation occurs when the relative humidity in the air reaches 100%, the program is coded to turn off the panel on the top of the tent when the humidity in the air reaches 70%. With the help of the sound sensor, predetermined colors are lit on the front panel of the tent with the user's hand clap. In the study, it is aimed to create different experiences by providing the interaction between the body and the space.

Benchmarking In Microcontroller Development Board Power Consumption For Low Power Iot Wsn Application

One of the advantages of Wireless Sensor Network would be its ability to reduce cost of communication system using node to node communication. However Wireless Sensor Network also had a disadvantage which is has limited energy which is include this as low power application. This small energy capacity has limit WSN node capability to operate for a long time. In this paper, we compare power consumption for 3 popular microcontroller development platforms that use for fast development and prototyping Wireless Sensor Network node. The power consumption was including active mode (using most energy) and deep sleep mode (using least energy) operation. From benchmarking we can see that lolin ESP32 as a microcontroller development platform has the most efficient in power consumption which is only 40 mA in active and 0.05 in deep sleep mode, compare with arduino pro mini 8 mA in active and 0.3 mA in deep sleep mode, and wemos D1 mini 74 mA in active and 0.13 mA in deep sleep mode. This low power consumption in deep sleep mode has resulting in longer operational time which is almost 48 Month for lolin ESP32

Remote Monitoring of Wind Speed and Produced Voltage Measured by Anemometer

Anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed at weather measurement stations. An Anemometer, which is used to measure the wind speed of an area, is widely used in weather stations. With the anemometer, wind speed and weather forecasts of a certain region are made. In this study, the wind speed values of a sample anemometer in a certain region and the voltage produced by the anemometer for wind energy were remotely monitored via the Internet of Things. In the system created, Arduino Uno microcontroller development board for the control of the system, a sample anemometer for measuring wind speed and generating voltage, LCD shield for displaying wind speed and voltage values on the screen, esp8266 wifi module for sending instant data from the anemometer to the thingspeak IoT platform and for feeding the system. solar panel and battery charge regulator are used. In this study, the wind speed in a certain region and the monitoring of voltage produced depending on the wind speed was monitored on an internet basis. The system was operated in a certain region and the wind speed values and the generated voltage were monitored both instantaneously on the LCD screen and graphically on the thingspek an IoT platform as instantaneous, hourly, daily and weekly. With this system created, the thingview application was used for instant tracking on android devices.

A Systematic Literature Review: Internet of Things on Smart Greenhouse

The Increasing food needs and climate instability require researchers to innovate agriculture using smart greenhouses that are integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT). The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) begins with determining the topic keywords followed by searching the publisher link. It obtains 301 publications to be reviewed, 58 of which address the research questions posed. This study aims to collect and analyze in depth various knowledge about the Internet of Things Smart Greenhouse regarding sensors, methods used and publishers who publish the most related topics and the possibility of a research gap. The findings are as many as 12 publications that use temperature and humidity sensors and use the research and development methods integrated with Artificial intelligence methods, of which 62.1% do not use the datasets and 37.9% use the datasets. It obtains two possibilities of a research gap, namely improvising the algorithm and the dataset used and placing full control on the microcontroller development board and making IoT a supporting tool.

Hamiltonian energy and coexistence of hidden firing patterns from bidirectional coupling between two different neurons

In this paper, bidirectional-coupled neurons through an asymmetric electrical synapse are investigated. These coupled neurons involve 2D Hindmarsh–Rose (HR) and 2D FitzHugh–Nagumo (FN) neurons. The equilibria of the coupled neurons model are investigated, and their stabilities have revealed that, for some values of the electrical synaptic weight, the model under consideration can display either self-excited or hidden firing patterns. In addition, the hidden coexistence of chaotic bursting with periodic spiking, chaotic spiking with period spiking, chaotic bursting with a resting pattern, and the coexistence of chaotic spiking with a resting pattern are also found for some sets of electrical synaptic coupling. For all the investigated phenomena, the Hamiltonian energy of the model is computed. It enables the estimation of the amount of energy released during the transition between the various electrical activities. Pspice simulations are carried out based on the analog circuit of the coupled neurons to support our numerical results. Finally, an STM32F407ZE microcontroller development board is exploited for the digital implementation of the proposed coupled neurons model.

Complex dynamics from heterogeneous coupling and electromagnetic effect on two neurons: Application in images encryption

This paper studies the effect of the electromagnetic flux on the dynamics of an introduced model of heterogeneous coupled neurons. Analytical investigation of the coupled neurons revealed that the obtained model is equilibrium free thus displays hidden firing activities. Based on the Helmholtz theorem, it is demonstrated that the coupled neurons possess a Hamilton energy, which enables to keep the electrical activity of the coupled neurons. Numerical simulations based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta formula have enabled us to find a range of the electromagnetic induction strength where the model exhibits hysteretic dynamics. That hysteresis justifies the coexistence of two different firing activities for the same parameters captured. This latter behavior is further supported using bifurcation diagrams, the graph of the maximum Lyapunov exponent, phase portraits, time series, and attraction basins as arguments. Beside, the STM32F407ZE microcontroller development board is exploited for the digital implementation of the proposed model. The results of microcontroller implementation perfectly supported the results of the numerical simulation of bistability. Finally, a compressive sensing approach is used to compress and encrypt digital images based on the sequences of the above coupled-neurons model. The plain color image is decomposed into R, G, and B components. The DWT is applied to each component to obtain the corresponding sparse components. Confusion keys are obtained from the proposed coupled neurons to scramble each sparse component. The measurement matrixes obtained from the coupled neurons sequence are used to compress the confused sparse matrices corresponding to R, G, and B components. Each component is quantified, and a diffusion step is then applied to improve the randomness and consequently the information entropy.

A sensitive and compact optical detector based on digital lock-in amplification

We report a sensitive, fixed-wavelength, lock-in-based optical detector built from a light-emitting diode, two colour filters, a photodetector, a small number of discrete analogue components, and a low-cost microcontroller development board. We describe the construction, operating principle, use and performance of the optical detector, which may be used for both absorption and fluorescence measurements in either a 10-mm pathlength cuvette or a low-volume (<100 μl) flow-cell. For illustrative purposes the detector is applied here to a cholesterol assay based on the enzyme-mediated conversion of (non-emissive) Amplex Red into the fluorescent dye resorufin, providing a detection limit of ~200 nM – some four orders of magnitude lower than the typical concentration of cholesterol in human serum. (The resorufin molecule itself is detectable down to concentrations of ~20 nM). The system may be readily adapted to other biomolecules through a simple change of enzyme.

Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Smart Home System with Sensor Multiplexing

In the general smart home, the system is an add-on to home automation and automation of systems guarantees human comforts like lighting, heating, ventilation, and security. In this proposed work, we have designed and implemented a low-cost smart home system using sensor multiplexing technique which is extendable, cheap, and multi-faceted and supported Node MCU (ESP8266). The sensors are used in the smart home to detect various flammable gases with the help of MQ-6 (LPG), MQ-7 (CO), and MQ-135 (CO2) and environment parameters like temperature and humidity with the help of DHT11 sensor, and finally to detect intruder with the help of passive infrared rays (PIR) sensors. All the sensors' information is to measure and at the same time to upload it to IoT cloud (Ubidots) platform, and any sensor that exceeds its threshold value indicates an alert message on the LCD at the same time piezo-buzzer alerts in the form of beep sounds in surrounding areas. The major development of a home automation system is to comprehend most home appliances that use Wi-Fi for remote observance. Technological progress has increased the implementation of home systems leading to improved standards of living. Industrial smart home systems are still unaffordable to an enormous of the center and social class families. However, the emergence of low-cost microcontroller development boards, just like the Node MCU (ESP8266), has enabled the implementation of cheap and efficient home systems.