Microcomputer Version Research Articles

Design, Construction, and Analysis of Pavements Using Accelerated Loading Facility

The Louisiana Transportation Research Center has recently completed the construction of a full-scale pavement test facility using the accelerated loading facility (ALF) machine. This facility contains nine pavement test sections, 12-m (38-ft) long and 3.66-m (12-ft) wide that are loaded by the ALF machine with loads ranging from 34.71 to 111.25 kN (7,800 to 25,000 lbf) on a dual-tire assembly. The advantage of this testing facility is its ability to cause a pavement to fail in a short period of time. In addition, the data acquisition methods and instrumentation used in this testing facility allow researchers to obtain reliable and representative performance data. The first test section has been loaded to failure and a preliminary analysis of the data is completed. VESYS 3A-M, a microcomputer version of the VESYS series, has been selected for the analysis due to its ability to predict damage and its flexibility. The analysis consists of the primary response analysis to determine strains, stresses, and deflection of the pavement and damage-prediction modeling that includes rutting, fatigue cracking, and roughness. The analysis was conducted by comparing the data obtained from field with that predicted by VESYS 3A-M. The performance data obtained from the field include fatigue cracking, rutting, and roughness. The analysis showed that VESYS 3A-M outputs are in good agreement with those obtained from the field.

Simulation of Learning Development in Repetitive Construction

This paper presents the methodology used to model the learning development phenomenon in the CYCLONE format using the Boeing learning curve. The learning development enhancement was coded in the MicroCYCLONE (a microcomputer version of CYCLONE) environment using QuickBASIC programming. The enhancement allows the user to specify the rate of learning expressed as a percentage, the realization count required for the task duration to increment due to learning, and the threshold at which no more learning improvement can be realized. The existing routines for generating deterministic durations and stochastic durations based on uniform, triangular, and beta distributions were upgraded to calculate durations that reflect the impact of learning development. The learning development enhancement can be extended for use with other simulation programs based on the CYCLONE modeling format. The developed learning‐development enhancement was used to model and simulate the learning‐development phenomenon for linear construction operation illustrative examples. Findings from the simulation experimentation performed for the illustrative examples are provided. The significance, capabilities, and implementation of the learning‐development enhancement are discussed.

An interactive multiobjective nonlinear programming procedure

This paper develops a method for interactive MultiObjective NonLinear Programming procedure (MONLP). It provides a detailed description of an efficient algorithm, and reports on promising computational results. It also discusses several alternative strategies for implementing GRG code (Generalized Reduced Gradient), which is known as one of the ‘best’ methods for solving NonLinear optimization Problems (Abadie, 1978). The method relies on three steps: 1) generation of a subset of feasible efficient solutions; 2) interactive definition by Decision Maker (DM) of his preference structure according to desired outcome; 3) determination of a compromise solution using nonlinear optimization; a global analysis based on “reference point search procedure” is performed (in the criteria space). Following this methodology, it is possible for the DM to find his final solution. A microcomputer version (for medium problems) of the method is available.

A numerical scheme for solving of shallow water equations — microcomputer version for IBM PC

The implicit four-point scheme for solving unsteady shallow water equations was tested for rapidly varied flow conditions, generated by a hydropower station. A microcomputer version of FORTRAN code was developed and implemented for the family of IBM PC and compativle computers. Results of numerical experiments were compared with observed water level elevations recorded during one weekly period during operation of the hydropower facility.

Computer-based methodology laboratories: 2. First-year graduate courses in data analysis

A graduate student microcomputer laboratory was set up with IBM PS/2 microcomputers to teach data analysis techniques in the first-year course sequence at West Virginia University. Microcomputer versions of SAS and SPSS statistical programs were incorporated into homework assignments. The lab was managed by a graduate assistant, and another graduate student provided consultation on software usage and homework problems. This shift from the use of mainframe to microcomputer statistical software allowed an increase in the number of assigned homework exercises and easier integration of statistical output into the writing of research reports.

A versatile implementation of the Gauss-Newton minimization algorithm using MATLAB for Macintosh microcomputers

The present report describes a weighted nonlinear least-squares minimization routine for fitting a wide variety of functions nonlinear in the parameters. The minimization routine is implemented in MacMATLAB, the Macintosh microcomputer version of MATLAB, an interactive program for scientific numeric calculations. Our algorithm makes use of a subroutine that estimates the required derivatives numerically, avoiding the need to differentiate the function under study analytically. We have also implemented two specific subroutines to integrate ordinary differential equations numerically. Therefore, in principle, any kind of nonlinear function can be fitted to a given set of data. The program only requires that the user writes the appropriate equation in a specific subroutine, thus relieving one from knowing and using any ‘low-level’ code. Other features of the program are: (a) the possibility of using weights to correct for nonuniformity of variance by flexible specification of the error structure; (b) the possibility of checking the parameter values and the residual variance at each iteration; and (c) by the use of the graphic capabilities of MacMATLAB, the possibility of following the improvement of the fitting graphically. One example of nonlinear functions and one example of linear differential equation together with their respective ‘function file’ and illustrative data are presented to demonstrate the flexibility of our approach and the power of the method used.

NEXPERT OBJECT

NEXPERT OBJECT is an expert system shell developed by Neuron Data Inc. NEXPERT costs $5,000/£4,500 for the microcomputer version, and a VAX version is available for $8,000/£7,500. Neuron Data can be contacted in the USA at 444 High St., Palo Alto, CA 94301 (+1 (415) 321‐4488) or in the UK at 34 S. Molton St., London, W1Y 1BP (+44 (0)1‐408 2333). The version reviewed in this article was release 1.02 with Microsoft Windows. It was run on an AT&T 6386 microcomputer with 3 megabytes of RAM, an 80 megabyte hard disk, and a colour monitor.

The microcomputer OASIS system for predicting the biological activity of chemical compounds

A detailed description is presented of a program pack for calculating the biological activity of chemical compounds (drugs, pesticides, toxic agents, etc.). It is based on the OASIS method recently developed within which molecular structure is presented in a systematic manner by means of a large variety of topological, steric and electronic indices. In calculating the latter a number of quantumchemical methods are adopted. The microcomputer version (IBM-PC-compatible) includes a stepwise preliminary screening of the initial set of molecular descriptors thus diminishing strongly the risk for a chance correlation. The procedure produces the best combined mathematical models and their complete statistical evaluation. Numerical estimates for the program pack work are presented along with examples of its application to several series of biologically active compounds.

Methodology of ECG Interpretation in the AVA Program

The AVA program combines a thirty-year history with an approach that remains innovative; namely: multivariate statistical analysis on orthogonal ECG leads. Its diagnostic reference base includes only diagnoses independently verified by non-ECG criteria. The diagnostic module assesses probabilities of nine alternative disease categories, based on QRS-T parameters; or four other categories in case of conduction defects. Probabilities of left or right atrial overload are also computed. The program also recognizes wall injury, T-wave abnormalities, electrolyte disturbances, myocardial ischemia, and makes differential diagnoses between strain and digitalis effects. An arrhythmia classification module can generate any of 40 rhythm statements. Signal recognition is based on the spatial velocity function. The program has been translated to a microcomputer version.

Evaluation of Reference X-ray Diffraction Patterns in the ICDD Powder Diffraction File

AbstractProcedures and tools for evaluation of reference x-ray powder patterns in the JCPDSICDD Powder Diffraction File are illustrated by a review of air-stable binary oxides. The reference patterns are evaluated using an available microcomputer version of the NBS*A1DS83 editorial program and PDF patterns retrieved directly from the CD-ROM in the program's input format. The patterns are compared to calculated and experimental diffractograms. The majority of the oxide patterns have been found to be in good agreement with the calculated and observed diffractograms, but are often missing some weak reflections routinely observed with a modern diffractometer. These weak reflections are added to the PDF pattern. For the remainder of the phases, patterns are redetermined.

Relationship between the delay task and rating scale measures of inattention and hyperactivity.

A group of 187 elementary school children were administered a microcomputer version of the Delay Task (Gordon, 1979) in which responses were reinforced only when they followed the preceding response by at least 6 seconds. They were also rated on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) by their classroom teacher. Performance on the Delay Task was not correlated with any of the CTRS subscales for the overall sample. Sex differences were found in the Conduct, Inattention, and Hyperactivity factors of the CTRS. No sex difference was found for performance on the Delay Task. When performance on the Delay Task was correlated with the four CTRS factors by sex, correlations between the Delay Task and the inattention subscale and hyperactive subscale were significant only for the male subsample. Implications of the findings for assessment of hyperactivity are discussed.

Medications of elderly institutionalized incontinent females

The purpose of the study was to explore drug use of elderly incontinent female nursing home residents, to identify potential drug--drug interactions, and to identify the number and categories of drugs taken having the potential to cause urinary incontinence. The medication administration records of 84 female residents were examined. The drugs were categorized by therapeutic classification as designated by the American Hospital Formulary Service. Potential drug--drug interactions were identified using The Hansten Drug Interaction Knowledge Base Program, a microcomputer version of Hansten's (1985) book Drug Interactions. Data were computer-coded and analysed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). A total of 454 drugs was taken by the 84 subjects, with an overall average of 5.40 drugs per person. The most frequently taken drugs were gastrointestinal drugs, central nervous system agents, electrolytic, caloric, and water balance drugs, and cardiovascular drugs. Fifty per cent (n = 42) of the subjects were identified as having 119 potential drug-drug interactions. Seventy per cent (n = 59) of the subjects were taking a drug having the potential to cause urinary incontinence. Suggestions for future research are presented.

NRCVAX – an interactive program system for structure analysis

NRCVAX is a complete system of programs, covering all aspects of crystal structure analysis from data reduction to the presentation of results. The system, which is written in a `neutral' Fortran 77, presently exists in two forms. The first runs on a VAX computer under VMS, on an 80386 PC under UNIX and under IBM VM/CMS and MVS/TSO. The second is an adaptation which runs on PC-XT, AT, PS/2 and comparable microcomputers under MS-DOS. The two versions differ somewhat in structure, but very little in code, operation or functionality except for the graphics. The many options of the programs can be selected in a highly interactive manner and because of this the system is very flexible. Most options are assigned default values, however, and it is usually safe to run the routines with a minimum of user input using the defaults. The system will accept data from a wide variety of sources and has interface routines for several other systems. Graphics in the VAX/UNIX version are based on the widely available Tektronix 4000 series protocol, while the microcomputer version supports most common display adapters. It is also possible to prepare files for a variety of plotters, dot-matrix printers and laser printers. Source code is distributed and it should not be difficult to adapt the system to any computer with virtual memory and a Fortran 77 compiler.

HYLAS: program for generating H curves (abstract three-dimensional representations of long DNA sequences)

The computer program HYLAS generates from a standard DNA letter sequence a three-dimensional space curve (H curve) which embodies the entire information content of the original nucleotide sequence. The program can display H curves either as two-dimensional (front and side view) projections or as stereo-pair images. The curves can be marked at specific nucleotide locations, annotated, rotated for observation from any viewing angle, and manipulated for convenient side-by-side comparisons. Unlike the cumbersome letter sequences, H curves can be drastically condensed in size without losing their ability to reflect the global nucleotide-distribution pattern of the entire DNA sequence. Often, biologically important loci can be visually identified on the H curves. HYLAS is written in FORTRAN with separate mainframe (IBM-VM/CMS) and microcomputer (MS-DOS) versions. It uses the Tektronix-TCS library of graphic subroutines.

Career Interest Search: A Prototype, Computer‐Assisted Occupational Interest Inventory for Functionally Illiterate Adults

The central focus of this study was to develop a prototype occupational interest inventory for academically disadvantaged or functionally illiterate adults and to develop a microcomputer version of the prototype.

An interactive micro-computer implementation of craft with multiple objectives and side constraints

The interactive program, MOCRAFT, differs from other micro-computer versions of CRAFT in several respects. Unlike some versions which are written in BASIC and are slow to execute, or have limited size, or lack the features of the original, MOCRAFT is a full implementation of the SHARE Library FORTRAN code. MOCRAFT also contains many features not found in any other versions of the well known and powerful facilities layout program, CRAFT (for Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique by Armour and Buffa). For example, MOCRAFT can utilize both cost-flow and REL data at the sme times, and is therefore a true multiple objective method. It can also accomodate constraints between arbitraty points and departments in the layout. Originally developed at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee for control panel layouts, the source code for MOCRAFT has been extensively edited and enhanced at Cleveland State University. The code was originally implemented on CSU's VAX network by the author in 1985 and the first PC version was compiled by D'Souze and Mohanty, in 1987. This version of MOCRAFT, by the author, is an improvement over the first PC version, and runs on a standard configured IBM PC, XT or AT, with at least 256K bytes of RAM.

Mainframe to Microcomputer Software Transportability

SPE Member Abstract Transferring mainframe applications to microcomputers usually entails moving, recompiling, and relinking the source code to eventually build an executable version on the microcomputer. Recent technological advances in hardware and operating system software have eased the task of moving mainframe applications to microcomputers. However, certain transportability problems might still need special attention. For instance, code changes are frequently necessary to enable proper execution of the program on the target system. Care must be taken to ensure consistency between the mainframe and microcomputer versions so future maintenance can be handled easily. To assist the user, who may be exposed to both systems, program operation on the microcomputer should be much like program operation on the mainframe. Most of Amoco's drilling software development and enhancement work is done on a mainframe. At this time, special attention is paid to producing "transportable" code. This facilitates later implementation of a mainframe application on a microcomputer and has proven beneficial in two ways. First, the initial move to the microcomputer requires few, if any, code changes. Second, technical enhancements to both mainframe and microcomputer versions can be handled without extensive software conversion. This paper describes some of the problems encountered when moving petroleum industry Fortran applications from a mainframe to microcomputers. It provides details on how Amoco successfully addressed the transportability problem from both the user's and software developer's viewpoints. It also discusses experiences in implementing and maintaining technical applications in a mainframe/microcomputer environment. Introduction Computing plays an important role in Amoco's drilling research. Mainframe computers have been used to develop programs that model various aspects of the drilling process. These "Technical Drilling Applications," Table 1, provide a means whereby drilling technology is transferred from the research center to the field. These programs are available on mainframe computers to drilling engineers in Regional and District offices throughout the continental U.S. and Canada. Corporate computer centers in England, Trinidad, and Egypt also provide mainframe access to the Technical Drilling Applications. During the late 70's and early 80's, Amoco employed a variety of minicomputers as tools for technology transfer. They were used in locations that did not have access to any of the corporate computing facilities. Hardware used in remote locations had to meet several requirements. It had to be reasonably portable, it had to function without special housing or power, it had to support Fortran, and it had to be capable of running the drilling applications in reasonable times. Advances in microcomputer technology during the early 80's enabled several micros to meet these requirements. This naturally led to their utilization for remote location computing. Microcomputers have gradually replaced minicomputers as remote location technology transfer tools. Implementing and maintaining a series of application programs on both mainframe and microcomputers has necessitated the special consideration of another technical aspect of software development - Transportability. Why Worry About Transportability Research in the general area of drilling continually produces new technology. P. 63^

Computer models for evacuation analysis

Development of quantitative methods for evacuation analysis is paralleling development of computing capability and availability. This paper discusses three types of computer models of emergency evacuation. Network models are described first and the microcomputer version of EVACNET+ is used as an example. Queueing models are introduced next, using a microcomputer BASIC program as an example. Finally, computer simulation models are presented. A number of simulation models of building evacuation are briefly described.

Molp with an interactive assessment of a piecewise linear utility function

The paper presents a methodology for Multi-Objective Linear Programming (MOLP) problems. It relies on three steps: (1) Generation of a subset of feasible efficient solutions (from 10 to 50) as representative as possible of the efficient set. (2) Assessment of an additive utility function using an interactive method ( Prefcalc). (3) Optimization of the additive utility function on the original set of feasible alternatives. Following this methodology enables the user to find compromise solutions which can be different from the vertices. It is particularly adapted for large scale linear programs where traditional multiobjective methods would be too costly to use, since the interactive phase is limited to step 2, using Prefcalc on a micro-computer. A micro-computer version of the method ( Prefchat) is available.

Software Reviews : CRISP: CRUNCH INTERACTIVE STATISTICAL PACKAGE, Version 3 Reviewed by Richard Clarke, Emory University Publisher: Crunch Software Corporation, 2547 22nd Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94116 (telephone: 415-564-7337) Year of Publication: 1986 Materials: Five disks plus the Reference Manual Price: $495 Availability: IBM PC, XT, AT, and compatibles System Requirements: 256K, two disk drives (but see discussion below) Effectiveness:

CRISP is a conversational microcomputer version of mainframe statistical packages such as spss and BMD. CRISP is menu-based for ease of use and appears to be well documented. It provides the necessary tools for data entry and revision. Its statistical techniques include frequency counts, histograms, and univariate statistics; t- tests, cross-tabulations, and scatterplots; and correlation, regression (including nonlinear), ANOVA, and factor analysis.