Microbial Phytase Supplementation Research Articles

Effects of feed particle size, calcium concentration and phytase supplementation on InsP6 degradation in broiler chickens fed pelleted diets

ABSTRACT 1. The objective of the trial was to study the single and interactive effects of feed particle size in pelleted feed, dietary calcium (Ca) concentration and microbial phytase supplementation in broiler chickens. The studied traits were myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6) hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation, pre-caecal digestibility of phosphorus (P), Ca and amino acids (AA) and retention of P, Ca and nitrogen (N). 2. Male Ross 308 broiler chickens were housed in metabolism units in groups of 10 and allocated to one of eight diets with seven pen replicates per diet. The 2 × 2 × 2-factorial arrangement included coarse and fine feed particle size (309 or 222 µm), low and high Ca concentration (4.9 and 7.2 g/kg) and without or with phytase supplementation (1,000 FTU/kg). 3. Pre-caecal InsP6 disappearance was higher with coarse than fine feed particle size when no phytase was added (54 vs. 48%) but not when phytase was added (74%; p = 0.046). High dietary Ca feeds decreased pre-caecal InsP6 disappearance (67 to 59%) and P digestibility (65 to 55%; p < 0.001). Gizzard pH was lower with coarse than fine feed particle size and higher with high Ca than low Ca (p < 0.001). Pre-caecal digestibility of most AA was approximately 3.5%-points lower with high Ca without phytase compared to the other treatments (p ≤ 0.047). Coarse feed particle size caused higher pre-caecal AA digestibility than fine particle size (~2%-points; p ≤ 0.031). InsP6 disappearance in the crop increased at high Ca concentration when phytase was added (22 vs. 37%; p = 0.011). 4. Coarser feed particle size in pellets increased gastrointestinal InsP6 degradation and nutrient digestibility, likely owing to effects on the gizzard functions. Additional Ca supply exerted antinutritive effects that was not compensated for by using coarser feed particles.

PSI-11 Determination of standardized total tract phosphorus digestibility in expeller-pressed Canadian prairie grown soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Abstract The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in soybean expeller (SBE), and 2) to examine the effects of microbial phytase supplementation on ATTD and STTD of P in SBE. A total of 48 growing barrows (body weight = 15.5 ± 0.7 kg, mean ± SD) were assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments (4 with 500 phytase units/kg and 4 without phytase) in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per treatment. SBE was the only source of P in diets. Four SBEs were used in the experiment, with three derived from soybeans grown in Manitoba (MB1, MB2, and MB3) whereas the fourth was derived from soybeans grown in Ontario. The experiment was conducted over 3 consecutive 12-d periods; within each period the initial 7 d were for adaptation followed by 5 d for total fecal collection (marker to marker procedure). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Fixed effects were the type of SBE and phytase whereas period was included as a random effect in the model. Dry matter (DM), Ca and P content was analyzed in diets and feces. The ATTD and STTD of P were not affected by the source of SBE and averaged 63.0% and 69.9%, respectively. Phytase supplementation significantly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) P digestibility in all SBE types. The ATTD and STTD values of P with phytase supplementation averaged 72.8% and 79.7%, respectively. There was no interaction effect between type of SBE and phytase supplementation. The ATTD of Ca (P &amp;lt; 0.001) in MB2 was significantly less (55.7%) than in the other SBEs whose values averaged71.6%. Ca digestibility was not affected by phytase inclusion. In conclusion, the ATTD and STTD of P were not different among the SBE types. Phytase supplementation increases the P digestibility in SBE irrespective of source.

Supplemental phosphorus can be completely replaced with microbial phytase in White Leghorn layer diets

ABSTRACT 1. A study was conducted to assess the possibility of totally replacing supplemental phosphorus sources in White Leghorn (WL) layer diets (aged 28 to 45 weeks of age) with microbial phytase supplementation. One thousand commercial layers (HyLine White) of 28 weeks of age were housed in California cages fitted in open-sided poultry shed at the rate of 20 layers in each replicate. Ten replicates were randomly allotted to each treatment, and the respective diet was fed from 28 to 45 weeks of age. 2. A control diet (CD) containing the recommended levels of non-phytate phosphorus (3.6 g/kg NPP) and four other test diets (2–5) having sub-optimal levels of NPP (2.4, 2.0, 1.6 and 1.2 g/kg), but with supplemental microbial phytase (600 FTU/kg) were prepared and fed for the trial duration. 3. The layers fed with lower levels of NPP with phytase had the same laying performance as the group fed the CD. Egg production, feed efficiency, egg mass, shell defects, egg density, shell weight, shell thickness, ash content and breaking strength of the tibia and sternum were not affected by feeding the lowest concentration of NPP (1.2 g/kg) plus microbial phytase. 4. Phytase supplementation in diets with sub-optimal levels of NPP (2.4, 2 and 1.6 g/kg) significantly improved the Haugh unit score compared to those fed the CD. 5. It was concluded that supplemental phosphorus can be completely replaced with microbial phytase (600 FTU/kg) in a diet without affecting egg production, shell quality or bone mineral variables in WL layers (28 to 45 weeks).

A study on the evaluation of Indonesian local microbial phytase supplementation and its impact on broiler chicken performance, metabolic energy utilization, ileal histomorphology, and meat and bone mineralization

The effect of local Indonesian microbial phytase, derived from L. plantarum A1-E extracted from the small intestine of Indonesian free-range chickens and C. tropicalis TKd-3 obtained from fermented Indonesian soybean tempe, on growth performance, metabolizable energy, ileal histomorphology, and meat and bone mineralization in broilers is the subject of evaluation in this study. A total of 140 day-old broiler chicks were divided into four treatments, five replicates, and seven chicks in each replicate. The research was carried out for 28 days. The experimental groups consisted of a basal diet without phytase (FA) serving as the negative control, a basal diet supplemented with 500 FTU/kg of L. plantarum A1-E phytase (FB), a basal diet supplemented with 500 FTU/kg of C. tropicalis TKd-3 phytase (FC), and a basal diet with commercial phytase as the positive control (FD). The results revealed that the broiler performance index increased by the FB and FC treatments (P&lt;0.05), and the FC treatment exhibited a tendency to enhance metabolizable energy (P=0.06). The result of ileum histomorphology showed that the FB treatment increased villous height, the ratio of villous height to crypt depth, and villous surface area (P&lt;0.05). The highest mineral content of phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in broiler breast meat was obtained in the FB treatment (P&lt;0.05). Furthermore, the highest mineral content of calcium (Ca), P, Mg, zinc (Zn), and Fe in thigh meat was found in the FC treatment (P&lt;0.05). The mineralization of the tibia bone demonstrated that the FB treatment exerted a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on the P, Mg, and Fe mineral content. In conclusion, the performance index increased due to microbial phytase supplementation. Besides that, L. plantarum A1-E phytase improved the surface area of the villus, the absorption of ileum minerals, the mineral content of breast meat, and minerals deposition in the tibia.

Supplemental Microbial Phytase Improves Bioavailability of Dietary Zinc to Weanling Pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplemental microbial phytase on utilization of dietary zinc by weanling pigs. Experiment 1 was a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 24 pigs for 4 wk. Two levels of phytase activity (0 and 1350 units/g) and three levels of zinc (0, 30 and 60 mg/kg as ZnSO4.7H2O) were added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet. Weekly measures included growth performance, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma mineral concentrations. In Experiment 2, mineral balances were determined in 12 pigs fed the basal diet or the diet with added zinc (30 mg/kg) or phytase (1350 units/g). The results indicated that either supplemental phytase or supplemental zinc increased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma zinc concentrations, but these increases were not additive. Supplemental phytase decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in pigs supplemented with zinc. Supplemental phytase also significantly enhanced weight gain, feed intake, gain:feed ratio, plasma concentrations of inorganic phosphorus, and retention of phosphorus and calcium. Neither supplemental phytase nor zinc affected zinc retention. Supplementing corn-soybean meal diets with microbial phytase at 1350 units/g feed improves bioavailability of zinc as well as of phytate phosphorus to weanling pigs.

Effect of microbial phytase and Nigella sativa seed extract supplementation on some hematological parameter in albino rats treated to cadmium chloride toxicity

The present study was conducted to determine the role of microbial phytase and Nigella sativa seed alcoholic extract in relieving the toxicological effects of cadmium chloride in some hematological parameters (RBC count, Hb concentration, PCV, total WBC count, Differential WBC count, and concentration of ALT, AST, &amp; ALP). Fourty mature male rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (control and three treated groups). All rats were drenched CdCl222 solution (30 mg/L).T1 supplemented with the microbial phytase (500 mg/kg of provender), T2 drenched the black seed extract (200 mg/L). and T3 received both of treatments. Eight weeks later, blood samples were obtained by heart puncture for estimation of the hematological parameters included in the present study. The results revealed a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in RBC count, Hb concentration and PCV of T1, T2 and T3 groups compared with control especially in T3, while there is no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in total WBC count. Neutrophils &amp; eosinophils numbers showed a significant decrease in T1, T2 &amp; T3 groups when compared with control, while lymphocytes showed an opposite results. ALT, AST, &amp; ALP concentrations in T1, T2 &amp; T3 groups showed a significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in comparison with control, especially that of T3. It can be concluded that the microbial phytase supplementation and Nigella sativa seed alcoholic extract drenching have an efficient role in relieving the toxicological effects of CdCl222 in rats especially when supplemented with each other.

Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) and 1-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-OH-D3) on serum bone biomarkers and calcium and phosphorus balance and concentrations of energy in diets without or with microbial phytase fed to sows in late gestation.

The objective was to test the hypothesis that supplementation of diets for gestating sows with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) or 1-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-OH-D3) affects serum biomarkers for bone and increases Ca and P balance and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), and the concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in diets without or with microbial phytase. Sixty multiparous sows were allotted to 1 of 6 diets. Diets were formulated using a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 inclusions of supplemental vitamin D metabolite (no metabolite, 25-OH-D3, or 1-OH-D3) and 2 inclusion levels of microbial phytase (0 or 1,000 units). Sows were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected quantitatively. Results indicated that there was no difference in the ATTD of dry matter (DM) and GE and concentration of DE among the 3 diets containing microbial phytase, but the ATTD of DM and GE and concentration of DE was greater (P < 0.05) in diets containing 1-OH-D3 compared with the diet without a vitamin D metabolite if phytase was not used (interaction; P < 0.05). In diets without microbial phytase, ME was greater in diets containing either one of the 2 vitamin D metabolites than in the diet without a vitamin D metabolite, but among diets with microbial phytase, the ME of the 1-OH-D3 diet was less than of the 25-OH-D3 diet (interaction; P < 0.05). No effect of microbial phytase on concentrations of DE and ME was observed. There was no interaction between supplementation of microbial phytase and vitamin D metabolites for Ca and P balances, and regardless of metabolite supplementation, use of microbial phytase increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD and retention of Ca and P. Regardless of dietary phytase, the ATTD and retention of Ca and P increased (P < 0.05) for sows fed a diet containing one of the vitamin D metabolites compared with sows fed the diet without a vitamin D metabolite. Serum biomarkers for bone resorption or bone tissue synthesis were not affected by experimental diets. In conclusion, the ATTD of DM and GE, concentrations of DE and ME, and Ca and P balance in phytase-free diets fed to sows in late gestation were increased by supplementation with 1-OH-D3 or 25-OH-D3, but no differences between the 2 vitamin D metabolites were observed. Supplementation of diets with microbial phytase increased Ca and P balance, but did not affect DE and ME of diets.

Implications of supplemental microbial phytase and essential oils (Thymus vulgaris L. and Mentha pulegium L.) on carcass traits, meat organoleptic and antioxidant status in broilers

An experiment was carried out to study the influence of herbal essential oils (Thymus vulgaris L and Mentha pulegium L.) and microbial phytase on carcass traits, meat organoleptic and antioxidant status in broilers. Three hundred and eighty-four male broilers (Ross -308) were used in factorial arrangements with eight treatments includes (0 and 200 mg/kg thyme essential oil), (0 and 200 mg/kg Mentha essential oil), (0 and 500 IU/kg microbial phytase) and 4 replicates (12 chicks per replicate) according to a CRD and in three experimental periods include: starter 1 to 10 days, grower 11 to 24 days and finisher 25 to 42 days. Regarding the effects of experimental treatments on carcass traits, the use of thyme and mentha essential oils increased the percentage of abdominal fat (P&lt;0.05). The use of thyme essential oil significantly increased the levels of blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (P&lt;0.05). Regarding the effects of experimental treatments on meat organoleptic, the use of thyme essential oil increased the overall acceptance of chicken meat (P&lt;0.05). The use of essential oils, although it leads to an increase in antioxidant parameters, also leads to an improvement in meat quality.

Effect of Microbial Phytase on Ileal Digestibility of Minerals, Plasma and Urine Metabolites, and Bone Mineral Concentrations in Growing-Finishing Pigs.

Simple SummaryIn the presented study, increasing phytase activity in the diet of grower–finisher pigs improved the bioavailability of minerals, increased their concentration in the femurs, and reduced their fecal and urinary excretion. The results of the research provide new information on the positive effect of the use of an appropriate level of microbial phytase supplementation, which reduces the anti-nutritional effect of phytates by improving the availability of minerals (mainly P, Ca, but also Mg, Zn, Cu, and Fe) for the animal, which, at the same time, limits the negative impact of unused minerals on the natural environment.The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of added phytase in the diet of pigs on utilization of minerals and to determine the essential levels of this supplement in compound feed. An additional aim of the study was a critical assessment of current recommendations regarding the level of phosphorus in the diet of pigs, taking into account the use of phytase. A total of 432 pigs were allotted to six dietary treatments, with nine replicate pens per treatment according to body weight (BW) and sex. The treatments included a negative control (NC) with reduced content of digestible phosphorus; the NC diet supplemented with 6-phytase produced by a genetically modified strain of Aspergillus oryzae in the amount of 250 (NC + 250), 500 (NC + 500), 1000 (NC + 1000), or 1500 (NC + 1500) FTU/kg of feed; and a positive control (PC) diet formulated to meet NCR nutrient requirements for pigs. The results showed that, the higher the phytase activity in the diet (NC+), the lower the concentration of P, Ca, and Mg in the chyme (p < 0.05). Pigs fed the PC and NC+ diets had higher plasma levels of P and Ca than group NC in both fattening periods (p < 0.05). The content of phosphorus in the femur of pigs increased with the level of phytase added to the diet (p < 0.05). The content of Cu and Zn in the femur of pigs in the growing period was higher in groups NC + 500 and NC + 1000 than in the remaining experimental groups (p < 0.001). The content of P and Ca in the feces was higher in pigs fed the PC diet in comparison to the remaining experimental groups in both fattening periods (p < 0.001). There was a decrease in the content of P, Ca, and Mg in the excreta of pigs fed NC+ diets in both fattening periods (p < 0.05). A linear decrease in excretion of zinc in the feces was noted in the case of high levels of phytase, i.e., 1000 and 1500 FTU (p < 0.001). Increasing the level of phytase decreased the Cu (p < 0.001) content in the urine of growing–finishing pigs. In conclusion, the analysis of the effects of the use of phytase in a range of 0–1500 FTU/kg in low-phosphorus diets for fattening pigs indicates that 1000 FTU is the most effective level of phytase for increasing utilization of minerals and reducing excretion of elements into the environment.

The impact of dietary calcium content on phosphorus absorption and retention in growing pigs is enhanced by dietary microbial phytase supplementation.

Sixty growing male pigs were used to test the hypothesis that high dietary Ca content reduces P absorption to a greater extent in microbial phytase-supplemented diets via reducing inositol phosphate (IP) degradation and enhancing P precipitation. Pigs were equally allotted over diets with three Ca contents 2·0, 5·8 and 9·6 g/kg with or without microbial phytase (0 v. 500 FTU/kg) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Faeces and urine were collected at the end of the 21-d experimental period. Subsequently, pigs were euthanised and digesta quantitatively collected from different gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments. Increasing dietary Ca content reduced apparent P digestibility in all GIT segments posterior to the stomach (P < 0·001), with greater effect in phytase-supplemented diets in the distal small intestine (Pinteraction = 0·007) and total tract (Pinteraction = 0·023). Nonetheless, increasing dietary Ca to 5·8 g/kg enhanced P retention, but only in phytase-supplemented diets. Ileal IP6 degradation increased with phytase (P < 0·001) but decreased with increasing dietary Ca content (P = 0·014). Proportion of IP esters in total IP (∑IP) indicated that IP6/∑IP was increased while IP4/∑IP and IP3/∑IP were reduced with increasing dietary Ca content and also with a greater impact in phytase-supplemented diets (Pinteraction = 0·025, 0·018 and 0·009, respectively). In all GIT segments, P solubility was increased with phytase (P < 0·001) and tended to be reduced with dietary Ca content (P < 0·096). Measurements in GIT segments showed that increasing dietary Ca content reduced apparent P digestibility via reducing IP degradation and enhancing P precipitation, with a greater impact in phytase-supplemented diets due to reduced IP degradation.

Effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus and microbial phytase on intestinal morphologyin laying hens

Different challenges are being applied in the poultry industry in order to protect animal health and to increase immunity and production. The supplementation of microbial phytase is essential in terms of both reducing the inorganic phytase rate and contributing to the absorption of other minerals. In this study, a newly isolated microbial phytase was added at different concentrations to the diet together with calcium (Ca$^{2+}$) and available phosphorus (AP), and the effects of this supplementation on intestinal absorption capacity and Ca$^{2+}$ binding capacity were investigated via morphological measurements and immunohistochemical examination of the duodenum and ileum. For this purpose, 90 Lohmann LSL-White laying hens were divided into three main diet groups: 1. Standard Ca$^{2+}$ and AP (Ca+AP), 2. Standard Ca$^{2+}$ and low AP (Ca+low AP), and 3. Low Ca2+ and low AP (low Ca+low AP). These three groups were further divided into three phytase subgroups each (without phytase [Phy-], commercial phytase [CP] and microbial phytase [MP]). At the end of the experiment, animals were euthanized, and duodenum and ileum samples were fixed and processed for histological examination. Villus height, crypt depth, total mucosa thickness, and villus width were measured and villus height: crypt depth ratio and villus absorption area were calculated. Caldesmon expression in the duodenum and ileum was also investigated immunohistochemically. The results indicated that villus height, total mucosa thickness, and villus absorption area increased (p ≤ 0.05) in birds fed with Ca+AP+MP. Stronger caldesmon expression was observed in the MP treated groups. We concluded that MP produced from Bacillus megaterium EBD 9-1 bacterium increases the utilization of Ca$^{2+}$ and AP and, thus, can have a beneficial role when these macrominerals are used insufficiently. Ca$^{2+}$, AP, and MP may have positive effects on the intestinal morphology and absorption area when used at optimum amounts.

Phosphorus digestibility and phytate degradation in pigs fed wheat-based diets with different intrinsic phytase activity and added microbial phytase

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of variation in wheat-derived phytase activity on myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation, inositol phosphate (InsP) isomer concentration and phosphorus (P) digestibility in pigs fed wheat-based diets. Additional effects of a microbial phytase supplementation were also studied. Three wheat genotypes (W1-W3) with an analysed phytase activity between 2760 and 3700 FTU/kg were used to formulate four experimental diets that included soybean meal and rapeseed meal but did not contain a mineral P supplement. DietW1-DietW3 only differed in the included wheat genotypes (W1-W3) at an inclusion level of 400 g/kg. DietW3+ contained W3 and a commercial 6-phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg diet. Eight barrows with an initial body weight of 27 kg were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and assigned to the four dietary treatments in a completely randomised row column design. The experiment included four periods of 12 d each. The first 5 d of each period were for diet adaptation, followed by collection of faeces (4 d), ileal digesta (2 d), and blood (last day). In DietW1-DietW3, the mean precaecal (pc) InsP6 disappearance was 48% and the mean pc P digestibility was 37% without a significant effect of the wheat genotype. The InsP6 disappearance measured in the faeces was close to complete in all treatments, and faecal P digestibility was not significantly affected by the wheat genotype (36% overall). The addition of microbial phytase caused a significant increase in pc InsP6 degradation (to 79%) and pc and total tract P digestibility (to 53% and 52%, respectively). The concentration of InsP6 degradation products in ileal digesta was not significantly affected by the wheat genotype, except for that of Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 and myo-inositol, which were higher in DietW3 than in DietW1 and DietW2. The added microbial phytase significantly reduced the concentration of InsP5 isomers in the ileal digesta and increased the concentrations of lower InsP isomers and myo-inositol. There were no significant effects of the added microbial phytase on pc amino acid digestibility; however, the wheat genotype exerted significant effects on the pc digestibility of Cys, Gly and Val. It was concluded that an increase in the intrinsic phytase activity of wheat achieved by crossbreeding was not reflected in InsP6 degradation and P digestibility in pigs fed wheat-based diets.

Effect of Phytase Supplementation on the Performance of Babcock-380 Layer Hens

In order to examine the effect of phytase supplementation in the diet of laying hen this experiment was conducted with 30 commercial hybrid Babcock-380 layers of 73 weeks of age. The hens were grouped into 3 treatment groups and given microbial phytase (Rena Phytase 400) at levels 2.5, 1.5 and 0 (control) g/kg feed in addition to their basal diet (110 g commercial pellet/day). Records on egg production/group/day, egg mass weight/day, body weight of hens at the end of experimental period were taken and analysed. Results revealed that hen house egg production (HHEP) and egg weight (EW) varied (p&lt;0.05) among the treatment groups but level of phytase did not affect (p&lt;0.05) body weight of hens. Both HHEP and EW were in order of 2.5&gt;1.5&gt;0 g/kg feed phytase group and all the means were significantly (p&lt;0.05) different from each other within treatment groups. Microbial phytase supplementation in layer ration proved to be beneficial in terms of egg production and egg size even after 72 weeks of age of hens. Layer farms in Malaysia can use this technology to earn more profit.

EFFECT OF PHYTASE ENZYME AND CITRIC ACID ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT RETENTION AND TIBIA BONE OF BROILER CHICKS FED LOW AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS DIET

The study investigate the effect of feeding low available phosphorus (AP) diet supplemented with three levels of microbial phytase (MP) and /or three levels of citric acid (CA) on broiler performance, tibia bone and nutrient retention. Four hundred day- old Ross broiler chicks were randomly allocated into ten treated groups, with four replicates of 10 birds each. The chicks were fed ten different diets as normal phosphorus 0.45% AP (positive control, PC) and nine groups with phosphorus deficient diets 0.25% AP (negative control, NC) supplemented with three CA levels as 0%, 1% or 2% and / or MP levels 0, 500 and 1000 FTU/Kg. The results indicated that supplementation of MP and /or CA into NC diet significantly improved body gain of chicks. Feed intake significantly increased due to adding 1% CA and MP levels into NC diet. Feed conversion ratio improved due to supplementing MP or CA into NC diet. There is no significant effect on tibia width and breaking strength by adding MP and/or CA into NC diet. Adding MP into NC diet significantly improved tibia length, weight, and ash content while, citric acid affected significantly at the first stage of growth only. Blood phosphorus increased significantly by supplementing MP into NC diet at the 5th week of age, while blood calcium was not affected significantly by MP and/or CA. Tibia calcium of chicks fed NC diet was higher than those fed PC diet or NC diet enriched with MP and/or CA. Tibia phosphorus did not response clearly for adding MP or CA into NC diet. Nitrogen and calcium retention of chicks fed NC were significantly lower than those fed PC or NC diet supplemented with 1000 FTU/kg MP and CA. Phosphorus retention of chicks fed NC diet was significantly similar for those fed PC or NC diets supplemented with MP and/or CA. It can be concluded that adding MP at 500 FTU/kg level with 1% CA into NC diet was effectiveness to improve body weight gain and tibia bone characteristics as like as those fed PC or NC diet enriched with 1000 FTU/kg MP.

Effects of Microbial Phytase Supplementation on Egg Production and Egg Quality in Hy-line Brown Hens During the Late Laying Period.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of microbial phytase on egg production and egg quality in older hens. A total of 216, 63-week-old Hy-line brown laying hens were distributed in a randomized complete design 10-week feeding trial of 3 dietary treatments with 12 replications per treatment and 6 hens per replication. The 3 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 0% (CON), 0.06% (TRT1), and 0.12% (TRT2) microbial phytase. Significantly higher hen-day egg production was observed in the TRT1 treatment compared to CON (P<0.05), except during the first two weeks of the experiment. During weeks 3, 4, and 9, TRT2 had a greater hen-day egg production percentage than CON (P<0.05). The damaged egg ratio was not affected. The egg quality parameters (e.g., eggshell color, eggshell strength, albumen height, egg weight, and the Haugh unit) were affected by microbial phytase supplementation (P<0.05). However, there were no significant effects on the eggshell thickness and yolk color. In conclusion, microbial phytase supplementation to the diets of older hens could improve production performance, extend the peak laying period, and alter the egg quality parameters.

Effect of microbial phytase supplementation on P digestibility in pigs: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this meta-analysis were to determine to which extent phosphorus (P) digestibility and digestible P concentration in pig diets were increased by phytase supplementation and to quantify factors that potentially influence effects of phytase supplementation. A data set with a total of 547 data lines was compiled from 88 experiments published in 74 peer-reviewed papers between 2007 and April 2019. An exponential model was determined as more suitable to describe the response of P digestibility to phytase supplementation than a polynomial model. Phytase supplementation increased P digestibility by 25.6 percentage points (standard error (SE) = 1.54) to a plateau at 64.9% (SE = 1.82). The digestible P concentration was increased by phytase supplementation in the order of 1.01 g/kg (SE = 0.102) to a plateau at 2.62 g/kg (SE = 0.122). Goodness-of-fit criteria were R2 = 0.780 and root mean square error = 7.55% for P digestibility, and R2 = 0.691 and root mean square error = 0.48 g/kg for digestible P concentration. Consideration of further factors such as mineral P supplementation (yes or no), ad libitum vs. restrictive feeding, mixed diets vs. single feed ingredients, sex and age of pigs did not increase the accuracy of prediction in this data set. Some of these traits exhibited responses, but they likely are artefacts generated through the imbalanced structure of the data set. Effects of dietary total P, phytate (InsP6), InsP6-P to total P ratio, and Ca on the effect of supplemented phytase were not quantifiable. The present meta-analysis showed that responses to phytase supplementation can be well predicted although variation in P digestibility and digestible P concentration in the data set was high. Overall, predicted effects of phytase on P digestibility well corresponded to predictions made 25 years ago.

Response of broiler chickens to diets containing different levels of sodium with or without microbial phytase supplementation.

Phytate induced excessive mineral excretion through poultry litter leads to poor performance and environmental pollution. Exogenous microbial phytase supplementation to poultry diets reduce the environmental excretion of nutrient and improve bird’s performance. However, excessive dietary sodium (Na) level may hinder the phytase-mediated phytate hydrolysis and negate the beneficial effects of phytase. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentration dietary Na on phytase activity and subsequent impact on broiler performance, bone mineralisation and nutrient utilisation. In this study, six experimental diets, consisting of three different levels of Na (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 g/kg) and two levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 U/kg) were formulated by using 3 × 2 factorial design. The six experimental diets were offered to 360 day-old Ross 306 male chicks for 35 days, where, each experimental diet consisted of 6 replicates groups with 10 birds. Along with growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal enzyme activity, dry matter (DM) content of litter and mineral status in bone were analysed. Dietary Na and phytase had no effect on bode weight gain and feed intake. Birds on the low Na diet showed higher (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the mid-Na diets. High dietary Na adversely affected (p < 0.001) excreta DM content. Phytase supplementation to the high-Na diet increased (p < 0.01) the litter ammonia content. High dietary Na with phytase supplementation improved (Na × phytase, p < 0.05) the AME value and ileal digestibility of Ca and Mg. The total tract retention of Ca, P, and Mg was reduced with high Na diet, which was counteracted by phytase supplementation (Na × phytase, p < 0.001). The diets containing mid-level of Na improved (p < 0.001) the function of Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the jejunum. The overall results indicate that high dietary Na did not affect phytase activity but influenced the nutrient utilization of birds, which was not reflected in bird overall performance.

Basal endogenous loss, standardized total tract digestibility of calcium in calcium carbonate, and retention of calcium in gestating sows change during gestation, but microbial phytase reduces basal endogenous loss of calcium1.

The objective was to test the hypothesis that the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and the response to microbial phytase on STTD of Ca and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P in diets fed to gestating sows are constant throughout gestation. The second objective was to test the hypothesis that retention of Ca and P does not change during gestation. Thirty-six gestating sows (parity = 3.3 ± 1.5; d of gestation = 7 d) were allotted to 4 diets. Two diets containing 0 or 500 units of microbial phytase per kilogram were based on corn, potato protein concentrate, and calcium carbonate. Two Ca-free diets were also formulated without or with microbial phytase to estimate basal endogenous loss of Ca. Daily feed allowance was 1.5 times the maintenance energy requirement. Sows were housed individually in gestation stalls and fed a common gestation diet, but they were moved to metabolism crates from days 7 to 20 (early gestation), days 49 to 62 (midgestation), and again from days 91 to 104 (late gestation). When sows were in metabolism crates, they were fed experimental diets and feces and urine were quantitatively collected for 4 d after 4 d of adaptation. Results indicated that outcomes were not influenced by the interaction between period of gestation and dietary phytase. The basal endogenous loss of Ca was greater (P < 0.05) by sows in early gestation than by sows in mid- or late-gestation, but supplementation of microbial phytase to the Ca-free diet decreased (P < 0.01) the basal endogenous loss of Ca and tended (P = 0.099) to increase ATTD of P. Supplementation of microbial phytase did not affect ATTD of DM, STTD of Ca, Ca retention, ATTD of P, or P retention in sows fed the calcium carbonate-containing diet. The ATTD of DM was not affected by period of gestation, but the ATTD of Ca, the ATTD of P, and the retention of Ca were least (P < 0.05) in midgestation, followed by early and late gestation, respectively, and the STTD of Ca in midgestation was also reduced (P < 0.05) compared with sows in early or late gestation. Phosphorus retention was greater (P < 0.05) in late gestation than in the earlier periods. In conclusion, Ca retention was less negative and ATTD of P tended to increase with supplementation of microbial phytase to the Ca-free diet regardless of gestation period. The basal endogenous loss, STTD of Ca, ATTD of P, and retention of Ca and P in gestating sows change during gestation with the greatest digestibility values observed in late gestation.

The effect of microbial phytase supplementation of sorghum-canola meal diets with no added inorganic phosphorus on growth performance, apparent total-tract phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen and energy utilization, bone measurements, and serum variables of growing and finishing swine

Two experiments were conducted with growing and finishing swine to determine the effect of phytase supplementation of sorghum-canola meal diets without added inorganic phosphorus (iP) on growth performance, apparent total-tract P, calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), and energy utilization, bone strength, bone ash, serum Ca and P concentrations, and serum phosphatase activity. For Exp. 1, 42 crossbred barrows in individual metabolism cages were fed a P-deficient diet for 7 d before starting a 28-d experiment at 24.8 kg body weight (BW). Experiment 1 had 7 treatments that were a negative control (NC) diet supplemented with 0, 400, 800, 1200, or 1600 U of Aspergillus niger (AN) phytase/kg, a positive control (PC) diet, and the PC diet supplemented with 1200 U of AN phytase/kg. Fecal and urine collections were made from d 21–26. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 14, and 28. For Exp. 2, 126 growing-finishing crossbred swine with an initial BW of 21.6 kg were group-fed (3 pigs/pen) in 3 phases (grower, early-finisher, and late-finisher). Experiment 2 had 6 treatments that were a NC diet for each phase supplemented with 0, 200, 400, 600, or 800 U of AN phytase/kg and a PC diet. Fecal collections were made from d 49–54. Blood samples were collected on d 35, 63, and 91. For both experiments, 400 U of AN phytase/kg of diet was adequate (P ≤ 0.05) for growth performance compared with the PC treatment groups. For Exp. 1, apparent total-tract P absorption and retention plateaued at 1200 U of AN phytase/kg of diet (P < 0.01), with fecal Ca and P excretion reduced 22.4% and 28.6%, respectively, compared with the PC treatment group. However, pigs fed the PC + 1200 U of AN phytase/kg absorbed and retained more P (g/d, P < 0.01) than any other treatment group. For Exp. 2, apparent total-tract P absorption, bone strength, and bone ash weight plateaued at 600 U of AN phytase/kg of diet (P < 0.01), with fecal P excretion reduced 29.4% compared with the PC treatment group. For both experiments, the AN phytase treatments did not increase Ca, N, or energy absorption (amount/d or % of intake), and had no effect on serum Ca and P concentrations, or the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase, total acid phosphatase, or tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.

Effect of phytase on amino acid digestibility in pig: A meta-analysis

Phytic acid represents about 60% of the phosphorus in plant-based ingredients used in pig feed. It is known to bind to proteins and amino acids and thereby interfere with digestion. The effectiveness of microbial phytase to improve the digestibility of amino acid in pig feed appears inconsistent. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of microbial phytase on the digestibility of dietary indispensable amino acids, as a function of dietary crude protein content, amino acid content, calcium, phytic acid, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre, using a meta-analysis tool. A database derived from 34 papers published between 1994 and 2015 and describing 138 experimental treatments was compiled. Adding microbial phytase to pig feed appears to improve the digestibility of amino acids. Digestibility increased linearly for Arg (R2 = 0.99), His 36 (R2 = 0.98), Ile (R2 = 0.97), Leu (R2 = 0.97), Met (R2 = 0.99), Thr (R2 = 0.97), Phe (R2 = 0.98) 37 and Val (R2 = 0.85), and was quadratic for Lys (R2 = 0.99), and Tyr (R2 = 0.99). Fibre and phytase do not interact. The current study showed that microbial phytase supplementation affected positively the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and this effect was not modified by other dietary components such as amino acids, calcium, phytic acid and fibre. The current models allow quantifying the effect of microbial phytase on amino acids which is important to use phytase feed enzyme accurately in diet formulation.