Microbial Electrochemical Systems Research Articles

Catalyzing cycling of carbon, nitrogen and iron redox by Shewanella in coupling Anammox and Bio-Fenton systems

The transformations of carbon, nitrogen, and iron are closely interrelated within the elemental biogeochemical cycles, influenced by numerous factors. The key roles of Shewanella in the three cycles, which drives Biological Fenton (Bio-Fenton) and improves biological nitrogen removal, have not been clarified. In this study, by coupling Anammox with Bio-Fenton in the cathodic chamber of a microbial electrochemical system (MES), we explored the ability of Shewanella to force C, N, and Fe transformation, and excavated the interactions among the complex reactions. In the coupling systems, nitrogen removal efficiency was enhanced by 22.69%, and Shewanella-mediated Fe (III) reduction improved hydroxyl radical (OH) production to decompose 1,4-dioxane. Fe (II) was generated with electrons from the cathode and then chemically oxidized, and one-electron transfer pathway was prioritized in OH production. Functional gene abundance reflected that the antioxidant systems of microorganisms were highly developed to resist the oxidative stress. The robustness of the coupling systems was demonstrated during long-term operation. This study provides valuable insights into the importance of Shewanella in redox zones and presents novel technological advancements for wastewater treatment.

Domestic wastewater treatment towards reuse by “self-supplied” microbial electrochemical system assisted UV/H2O2 process

Domestic wastewater is a potential source of water for non-potable reuse that may help address the global water, energy, and resource challenges. Herein, a “self-supplied” process through integrating microbial electrochemical system (MES) with UV/H2O2 was developed and investigated for wastewater treatment. H2O2 was “self-supplied” from MES while the MES catholyte was “self-supplied” from the final effluent of UV/H2O2. It was found that the MES accomplished > 80 % degradation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) through bioanode degradation, and produced 18 - 20 mg L−1 H2O2 via oxygen reduction reaction in the gas diffusion cathode. The MES effluent was further treated by the UV/H2O2 process, which achieved the complete removal of recalcitrant diclofenac and > 6 log inactivation of Escherichia coli. The enhanced treatment performance of UV/H2O2 was demonstrated via a comparison with the control experiments (UV or H2O2 treatment) and benefited from ·OH generation and sulfide removal. When treating the actual wastewater, the proposed system exhibited consistent treatment performance for the organic compounds and recalcitrant contaminants, and the quality of the treated water would meet the non-potable water reuse guidelines. The results of this study encourage the further exploration of emerging contaminant removal, system coordination, and use of renewable energy by the cooperation between MES and UV/H2O2.

Performance and mechanism of antibiotic resistance removal by biochar-enhanced sediment microbial fuel cell

This study is the first to explore the performance and mechanism of biochar-impacted sediment microbial fuel cell for removing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and examines the effects of different biochar contents. The addition of 5% biochar produced the highest output voltage and power density, which increased by 100% and 219%, respectively, while simultaneously reducing the abundance and risk of ARGs. Comparatively, the addition of moderate amount of biochar (1–5%) promoted the removal of ARGs, while the opposite was true for excessive (10%) biochar. Biochar affected ARGs through prophages, insertion sequence, and transposons. Biological factors and voltage jointly influenced ARGs variation, with the former accounting for 56%. Further analysis of functional genes indicated that biochar controlled ARGs by regulating the synthesis of genetic material and amino acids to influence metabolism. Overall, findings of this study shed light on the potential removal of ARGs in microbial electrochemical systems.

Hierarchically porous structure based on humic acid endogenous modified carbon electrodes for microbial electrochemical system energy recovery and electroactive biofilm conditioning

The microbial electrochemical system (MES) holds promise for in synchronously wastewater treatment and resource utilization, yet it is hampered by suboptimal electron transfer efficiency between the electrode and exoelectrogen. Generating highly active biofilms and facilitating efficient electron exchange at the anode-bacteria interface are critical for MES enhancement. Customization of electrode components and structure can be achieved through endogenous modification of the carbonizing precursor. Herein, we introduced oxygen-containing groups and heteroatoms into the carbon skeleton by doping with humic acid during the fabrication of phenolic-based carbon electrodes. This process was further refined by combining endogenous humic acid doping with controlled pore generation techniques using an anionic active agent and sacrificial templates, establishing a dual-channel optimization strategy for component and structural regulation. Consequently, the resulting sodium humic acid-modified porous electrodes (SHEs) exhibited superior wettability (48 ± 1.5°) and enhanced redox activity owing to their rich oxygenic functional groups. The hierarchical porous architecture and roughened surface texture of the SHEs contributed to their notable capacitance (1280 mF) and biocompatibility. Specifically, the SHEPS samples achieved the highest energy density of 4200 ± 48 mW m−2 and fostered a biofilm with Geobacter content of 78%. The synergistic interaction between exoelectrogens and non-exoelectrogens bolstered the electrochemical performance and stability of the biofilm. This study introduces a novel approach for the synchronous regulation of endogenous components and structure, guiding the design of high-performance, free-standing 3D electrodes for MES applications. These electrodes promote the development of highly electrochemically active biofilms and efficient energy capture, propelling MES towards practical implementation.

Exoelectrogenic behaviors of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and cytochrome knock-out mutants on smooth electrodes of different materials

The development of anodes supporting a high rate of current generation stands as a crucial and challenging aspect in microbial electrochemical systems. A well-defined electrode surface morphology is essential for comprehending the impact of material intrinsic properties on microbial current generation, offering molecular insights into the respiration of exoelectrogens with electrodes made of diverse materials. We fabricated smooth electrodes (root mean square roughness below 10 nm) using four materials, each representing a distinct class of materials commonly utilized to construct bioanodes. These electrodes were employed to investigate current generation, electrochemical characteristics, and biofilm formation by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and mutants lacking cytochromes MtrC (ΔmtrC), MtrA (ΔmtrA), or CymA (ΔcymA). In reactors inoculated with MR-1, the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate electrodes demonstrated a current density of 12.5 ± 1.1 μA cm-2, surpassing the 3.57 ± 0.50 μA cm-2 observed with indium tin oxide electrodes, while current generation levels by gold and glassy carbon electrodes fell in between. This disparity was not attributed to distinct biofilm formations by MR-1, as it formed stable monolayer biofilms on all types of working electrodes. At least five electron transfer pathways were identified in the MR-1 Vammograms, with the activities of these pathways depending on the electrode materials. The effectiveness of both endogenous and exogenous electron mediators varied with the electrode materials involved. Additionally, a phenazine compound exhibited diverse formal potentials when interacting with the biofilm and different types of electrodes. The mutants displayed varying degrees of impaired current generation and biofilm formation capabilities, with ΔmtrA and ΔcymA being the most affected regardless of the electrode used. However, for a specific mutant, the overall current generation, relative contribution by individual pathways, and biofilm formations underwent significant changes based on the electrode materials employed.

Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes Wrapped with Charged Polysaccharides Enhance Extracellular Electron Transfer.

Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) rely on the microbes' ability to transfer charges from their anaerobic respiratory processes to electrodes through extracellular electron transfer (EET). To increase the generally low output signal in devices, advanced bioelectrical interfaces tend to augment this problem by attaching conducting nanoparticles, such as positively charged multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), to the base carbon electrode to electrostatically attract the negatively charged bacterial cell membrane. On the other hand, some reports point to the importance of the magnitude of the surface charge of functionalized single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) as well as the size of functional groups for interaction with the cell membrane, rather than their polarity. To shed light on these phenomena, in this study, we prepared and characterized well-solubilized aqueous dispersions of SWCNTs functionalized by either positively or negatively charged cellulose-derivative polymers, as well as with positively charged or neutral small molecular surfactants, and tested the electrochemical performance of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in MESs in the presence of these functionalized SWCNTs. By simple injection into the MESs, the positively charged polymeric SWCNTs attached to the base carbon felt (CF) electrode, and as fluorescence microscopy revealed, allowed bacteria to attach to these structures. As a result, EET currents continuously increased over several days of monitoring, without bacterial growth in the electrolyte. Negatively charged polymeric SWCNTs also resulted in continuously increasing EET currents and a large number of bacteria on CF, although SWCNTs did not attach to CF. In contrast, SWCNTs functionalized by small-sized surfactants led to a decrease in both currents and the amount of bacteria in the solution, presumably due to the detachment of surfactants from SWCNTs and their detrimental interaction with cells. We expect our results will help researchers in designing materials for smart bioelectrical interfaces for low-scale microbial energy harvesting, sensing, and energy conversion applications.

Degradation of pyrene at high concentrations in sediment and the implications for the microbiome in microbial electrochemical systems

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) frequently accumulate in sediments, particularly those near industrial sites. The efficacy of microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) in electricity generation and PAHs degradation is intricately linked to the microbiome’s response to high contaminant levels. Metabolomics and metagenomics were applied to elucidate the impact of a high pyrene concentration on the functional structure and metabolic dynamics of sediment microbiomes within MES. In sediment with a high pyrene concentration, both the electrical output of MES and efficiency of their microbiomes in degrading organic substrates and pyrene were markedly reduced. These conditions were associated with the enrichment of PAH-degrading microorganisms, such as Hydrogenophaga and Flavobacterium. Analyses of metabolites and genetic profiles revealed that metabolic pathways were primarily influenced in MES exposed to low pyrene concentrations whereas fewer metabolic pathways were activated in MES exposed to high concentrations; instead, pathways representing functions critical for microbial survival and communication were activated as well. According to enzymatic analyses, low pyrene levels promoted carbohydrate metabolism by sediment microorganisms, whereas high levels had an inhibitory effect. An examination of electron transport enzymes revealed that intracellular electron transfer was facilitated by both low and high concentrations. However, high levels impeded enzymes associated with outer membrane electron transfer, hindering electron movement from intracellular to extracellular electron acceptors and thus negatively affecting the electrical output of MES. Our study provides crucial theoretical insight and mechanistic understanding for addressing the challenges that may be encountered when MES are used to treat pyrene-contaminated sediment near industrial sites.

Compact In Situ Electrochemical NMR with Wireless and Anti-interference Strategy in Multiscenario Applications.

The integration of electrochemistry with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy recently offers a powerful approach to understanding oxidative metabolism, detecting reactive intermediates, and predicting biological activities. This combination is particularly effective as electrochemical methods provide excellent mimics of metabolic processes, while NMR spectroscopy offers precise chemical analysis. NMR is already widely utilized in the quality control of pharmaceuticals, foods, and additives and in metabolomic studies. However, the introduction of additional and external connections into the magnet has posed challenges, leading to signal deterioration and limitations in routine measurements. Herein, we report an anti-interference compact in situ electrochemical NMR system (AICISENS). Through a wireless strategy, the compact design allows for the independent and stable operation of electrochemical NMR components with effective interference isolation. Thus, it opens an avenue toward easy integration into in situ platforms, applicable not only to laboratory settings but also to fieldwork. The operability, reliability, and versatility were validated with a series of biomimetic assessments, including measurements of microbial electrochemical systems, functional foods, and simulated drug metabolisms. The robust performance of AICISENS demonstrates its high potential as a powerful analytical tool across diverse applications.

Non-sealed water hastens the efficiency of microbial electrochemical remediation system

Soil petroleum hydrocarbon contamination has become a global problem and microbial remediation is a friendly technology. The scarcity of electron acceptors and the low activity of functional microbes are limiting factors which are overcome by the soil microbial electrochemical system (MES). Using the petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soils as substrates, soil MESs were constructed with four different water-sealed levels to optimize the system configuration. After 65 days of operation, the accumulated charge of the group with the lowest water level (MES0) was 1282 C, while that of the highest water level group (MES5) was only 151 C. Compared with the original soil (OS), the hydrocarbon removal near the anode and cathode in MES0 were 28%–30%, which were 4%–11% higher than those in MES5. Additionally, the co-occurrence networks analysis revealed dominance in positive than negative links among bacterial, fungal, and archaeal communities in MES0 compared to MES5 and OS. In MES0 bacteria were more densely populated and connected into more closely related groups with higher interactions than those in MES5 as well as in OS. Contrary to bacteria, MES5 favored the growth and connections of fungal and archaeal communities compared to those in MES0. The above changes were ascribed to the dissolved oxygen, redox potential, and reduction of resistance, which shifted the electron acceptors hence contributing to the process of electrons and substrates transfer in soil, suggesting that bacteria synergistically cooperated with fungi, and archaea in the removal mechanisms of hydrocarbons in the MES. Our findings revealed the optimization of low water seal on the MES performance by providing a detailed overview of the synergistic behavioral characteristics of bacterial, fungal, and archaeal in soil MESs.

Material modification of electrodes in microbial electrochemical system to enhance electrons utilization on the electrode and its impact on microorganisms

Previous research has established a MES embedding a microbial electrode to facilitate the degradation of antibiotics in water. We modified microbial electrodes in the MES with PEDOT and rGO to enhance electron utilization on electrodes and to further promote antibiotic degradation. Density functional theory calculations on the SMX molecule indicated that the C4-S8 and S8-N27 bonds are the most susceptible to electron attack. The introduction of various functional groups and multivalent elements enhanced the electrodes' capacitance and electron mediation capabilities. This led to enhance both electron utilization on the electrodes and the removal efficiency of SMX. After 120 h, the degradation efficiency of SMX by PEDOT and rGO-modified electrodes increased by 45.47 % and 25.19 %, respectively, compared to unmodified electrodes. The relative abundance of sulfate-reducing and denitrifying bacteria significantly increased in PEDOT and rGO-modified electrodes, while the abundance of nitrifying bacteria and potential antibiotic resistance gene host microbes significantly decreased. The impact of PEDOT modification positively influenced microbial Cellular Processes, including cell growth, death, and motility. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of direct electron involvement in antibiotic degradation steps in microbial electrochemistry, and provides a possible path for improved strategies in antibiotic degradation and sustainable environmental remediation.

The promotion of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation mechanism by humic acid as electron mediator in a sediment microbial electrochemical system

To enhance the removal efficiencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and to elucidate the mechanisms by which microbial electrochemical action aids in the degradation of PAHs, humic acid was used as an electron mediator in the microbial electrochemical system in this study. The results revealed that the addition of humic acids led to increases in the removal efficiencies of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene by 45.91%, 97.83%, and 85.56%, respectively, in areas remote from the anode, when compared to the control group. The investigation into the microbial community structure and functional attributes showed that the presence of humic acid did not significantly modify the microbial community composition or its functional expression at the anode. However, an examination of humic acid transformations demonstrated that humic acid extended the electron transfer range in sediment via the redox reactions of quinone and semiquinone groups, thereby facilitating the PAHs degradation within the sediment.

Sorting Out the Latest Advances in Separators and Pilot-Scale Microbial Electrochemical Systems for Wastewater Treatment: Concomitant Development, Practical Application, and Future Perspective.

To date, dozens of pilot-scale microbial fuel cell (MFC) devices have been successfully developed worldwide for treating various types of wastewater. The availability and configurations of separators are determining factors for the economic feasibility, efficiency, sustainability, and operability of these devices. Thus, the concomitant advances between the separators and pilot-scale MFC configurations deserve further clarification. The analysis of separator configurations has shown that their evolution proceeds as follows: from ion-selective to ion-non-selective, from nonpermeable to permeable, and from abiotic to biotic. Meanwhile, their cost is decreasing and their availability is increasing. Notably, the novel MFCs configured with biotic separators are superior to those configured with abiotic separators in terms of wastewater treatment efficiency and capital cost. Herein, a highly comprehensive review of pilot-scale MFCs (>100 L) has been conducted, and we conclude that the intensive stack of the liquid cathode configuration is more advantageous when wastewater treatment is the highest priority. The use of permeable biotic separators ensures hydrodynamic continuity within the MFCs and simplifies reactor configuration and operation. In addition, a systemic comparison is conducted between pilot-scale MFC devices and conventional decentralized wastewater treatment processes. MFCs showed comparable cost, higher efficiency, long-term stability, and significant superiority in carbon emission reduction. The development of separators has greatly contributed to the availability and usability of MFCs, which will play an important role in various wastewater treatment scenarios in the future.

Acidophilic heterotrophs: basic aspects and technological applications.

Acidophiles comprise a group of microorganisms adapted to live in acidic environments. Despite acidophiles are usually associated with an autotrophic metabolism, more than 80 microorganisms capable of utilizing organic matter have been isolated from natural and man-made environments. The ability to reduce soluble and insoluble iron compounds has been described for many of these species and may be harnessed to develop new or improved mining processes when oxidative bioleaching is ineffective. Similarly, as these microorganisms grow in highly acidic media and the chances of contamination are reduced by the low pH, they may be employed to implement robust fermentation processes. By conducting an extensive literature review, this work presents an updated view of basic aspects and technological applications in biomining, bioremediation, fermentation processes aimed at biopolymers production, microbial electrochemical systems, and the potential use of extremozymes.

Optimizing Anode Construction for Improved Performance in Ecological Floating Bed Microbial Electrochemical System (ECOFB-MES): Engineering Application and Construction Strategy

Optimizing Anode Construction for Improved Performance in Ecological Floating Bed Microbial Electrochemical System (ECOFB-MES): Engineering Application and Construction Strategy

The promotion of the atrazine degradation mechanism by humic acid in a soil microbial electrochemical system

The enhancing effects of anodes on the degradation of the organochlorine pesticide atrazine (ATR) in soil within microbial electrochemical systems (MES) have been extensively researched. However, the impact and underlying mechanisms of soil microbial electrochemical systems (MES) on ATR degradation, particularly under conditions involving the addition of humic acids (HAs), remain elusive. In this investigation, a soil MES supplemented with humic acids (HAs) was established to assess the promotional effects and mechanisms of HAs on ATR degradation, utilizing EEM-PARAFAC and SEM analyses. Results revealed that the maximum power density of the MES in soil increased by 150%, and the degradation efficiency of ATR improved by over 50% following the addition of HAs. Furthermore, HAs were found to facilitate efficient ATR degradation in the far-anode region by mediating extracellular electron transfer. The components identified as critical in promoting ATR degradation were Like-Protein and Like-Humic acid substances. Analysis of the microbial community structure indicated that the addition of HAs favored the evolution of the soil MES microbial community and the enrichment of electroactive microorganisms. In the ATR degradation process, the swift accumulation of Hydrocarbyl ATR (HYA) was identified as the primary cause for the rapid degradation of ATR in electron-rich conditions. Essentially, HA facilitates the reduction of ATR to HYA through mediated bonded electron transfer, thereby markedly enhancing the efficiency of ATR degradation.

Elucidating the development of cooperative anode-biofilm-structures

Microbial electrochemical systems are a highly versatile platform technology with a particular focus on the interplay of chemical and electrical energy conversion and offer immense potential for a sustainable bioeconomy. The industrial realization of this potential requires a critical focus on biofilm optimization if performance is to be controlled over a long period of time. Moreover, the aspect and influence of cooperativity has to be addressed as many applied anodic bioelectrochemical systems will most likely be operated with a diversity of interacting microbial species. Hence, the aim of this study was to analyze how interspecies dependence and cooperativity of a model community influence the development of anodic biofilms. To investigate biofilm activity in a spatially resolved manner, a microfluidic bioelectrochemical flow cell was developed that can be equipped with user-defined electrode materials and operates under laminar flow conditions. With this infrastructure, the development of single and co-culture biofilms of the two model organisms Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens on graphite electrodes was monitored by optical coherence tomography analysis. The interdependence in the co-culture biofilm was achieved by feeding the community with lactate, which is converted by S. oneidensis into acetate, which in turn serves as substrate for G. sulfurreducens. The results show that co-cultivation resulted in the formation of denser biofilms than in single culture. Moreover, we hypothesize that S. oneidensis in return utilizes the conductive biofilm matrix build by G. sulfurreducens for direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) to the anode. FISH analysis revealed that the biofilms consisted of approximately two-thirds G. sulfurreducens cells, which most likely formed a conductive 3D network throughout the biofilm matrix, in which evenly distributed tubular S. oneidensis colonies were embedded without direct contact to the anode surface. Live/dead staining shows that the outermost biofilm contained almost exclusively dead cells (98 %), layers near the anode contained 45–56 % and the entire biofilm contained 82 % live cells. Our results exemplify how the architecture of the exoelectrogenic biofilm dynamically adapts to the respective process conditions.

Fulvic acid more facilitated the soil electron transfer than humic acid

Humus substances (HSs) participate in extracellular electron transfer (EET), which is unclear in heterogeneous soil. Here, a microbial electrochemical system (MES) was constructed to determine the effect of HSs, including humic acid, humin and fulvic acid, on soil electron transfer. The results showed that fulvic acid led to the optimal electron transfer efficiency in soil, as evidenced by the highest accumulated charges and removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons after 140 days, with increases of 161% and 30%, respectively, compared with those of the control. However, the performance of MES with the addition of humic acid and humin was comparable to that of the control. Fulvic acid amendment enhanced the carboxyl content and oxidative state of dissolved organic matter, endowing a better electron transfer capacity. Additionally, the presence of fulvic acid induced an increase in the abundance of electroactive bacteria and organic degraders, extracellular polymeric substances and functional enzymes such as cytochrome c and NADH synthesis, and the expression of m tr C gene, which is responsible for EET enhancement in soil. Overall, this study reveals the mechanism by which HSs stimulate soil electron transfer at the physicochemical and biological levels and provides basic support for the application of bioelectrochemical technology in soil.

Study on the mechanism of mitigating membrane fouling in MFC-AnMBR coupling system treating sodium and magnesium ion-containing wastewater

ABSTRACT Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors (AnMBR) offer numerous advantages in wastewater treatment, yet they are prone to membrane fouling after extended operation, impeding their long-term efficiency and stability. In this study, a coupled system was developed using modified conductive membranes as the filtration membrane for the AnMBR and as the anodic conductive membrane in the microbial electrochemical system, with a total volume of approximately 2.57 L. The research focused on understanding the membrane fouling characteristics of the AnMBR when treating wastewater containing sodium ion (Na+) and magnesium ion (Mg2+). When the system was treating wastewater containing Na+, organic pollutants such as proteins and polysaccharides were identified as the primary causes of membrane fouling. Three experimental groups generating different electric currents exhibited extended operational times compared to the open-circuit control group, with extensions of 30, 24, and 15 days, respectively. Conversely, when treating wastewater with Mg2+, organic–inorganic composite fouling, primarily driven by Mg2+ bridging, emerged as the key challenge, with the experimental groups showing operational extensions of 5, 8, and 23 days, respectively, in comparison to the control group. Analysis of proteins and polysaccharides indicated that electric current played a crucial role in reducing organic fouling in the sludge cake layer. When treating wastewater containing Na+, the effectiveness of membrane fouling control was directly proportional to the electric current, while when treating wastewater containing Mg2+, it was directly proportional to the voltage.

Optimum Magnetite–Zeolite Nanoparticles Loading on the Cathode of Microbial Electrochemical–Anaerobic Digestion System for Enhancing Methane Generation

Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) can enhance methane production in anaerobic digestion, but their performance is hindered by inadequate electron transfer between the cathode and microbes. Magnetite–zeolite (MZ)‐based catalysts accelerate electron exchange; however, the optimal loading of MZ is crucial for maximizing MES performance. In this study, different loadings of the MZ catalyst ranging from 0 to 2 mg cm−2 on the cathode were evaluated to obtain an optimum loading for maximizing methane recovery from MES. Electrochemical analyses demonstrated enhanced electrochemical reduction kinetics of the cathode with increased MZ loading from 0 to 2 mg cm−2. Among the tested loadings, the MES with 1 mg cm−2 MZ on the cathode exhibited the highest methane production rate at 548 mL L−1 d−1, surpassing other MES operations with 2 and 0.5 mg cm−2 (499 and 434 mL L−1 d−1, respectively). Additionally, the MES with 1 mg cm−2 MZ demonstrated the highest soluble chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 87% and total coulomb recovery of 1444.06C ± 42.60C, with the lowest amount of volatile fatty acids accumulation. Consequently, MZ is recommended as a superior catalyst for enhancing MES performance and suggested to utilize 1 mg cm−2 MZ loading on the cathode to maximize methane production.

Enrichment of electrogenic microbes on surface-modified stainless steel 304L for rapid start-up of microbial electrochemical sensors

Stainless steel (SS) 304L, a cost-effective and mechanically robust material, is widely used in microbial electrochemical systems as an anode due to its versatility. However, poor biocompatibility and low corrosion resistance limit its potential. This study explores rapid SS surface modification techniques to enhance the sensitivity of microbial electrochemical sensors. Four coatings, namely electroreduction, carbon-coated, flame oxidised, and graphene-coated, were applied to SS electrodes. Surface morphology and characteristics were examined through FESEM-EDX and Raman profiling. The biosensor start-up and microbial enrichment demonstrated an exponential increase in current density, with carbon-based electrodes outperforming iron-based ones. The modified electrodes exhibited enhanced microbial-electrode interactions, evident in altered electrode potential. Starvation and recovery tests revealed distinct patterns, with carbon-coated electrodes showcasing rapid recovery. The air-in-chamber test indicated immediate loss and subsequent recovery of microbial activities upon water circulation. Surface modification significantly influenced the microbial response, with carbon-based coatings demonstrating superior performance. This study provides valuable insights into SS surface modification for improving microbial electrochemical sensor sensitivity, holding promise for diverse applications in environmental monitoring and biosensing.