Microvascular Complications In Type Research Articles

Serpin Family B Member 2 Polymorphisms in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease: An Association Study.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a serious microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite the numerous genetic loci that have been associated with the disease in T2DM, the genetic architecture of DKD remains unclear until today. In contrast to SERPINE1, the contribution of SERPINB2 has not been examined in DKD. Therefore, we conducted the first genetic association study of SERPINB2 to elucidate its role in DKD. In total, the study involved 197 patients with DKD, 155 patients with T2DM without microvascular complications (diabetic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic neuropathy), and 246 healthy controls. The generalized odds ratio (ORG) was calculated to estimate the risk on DKD development. The present association study regarding SERPINB2 SNPs (rs4941230, rs3819335, rs13381217, rs6140) did not reveal any significant association between SERPINB2 variants and DKD. Additional studies in other populations are necessary to further investigate the role of this gene in the progression of diabetes mellitus and development of DKD.

A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study on the Correlation of Adenosine Deaminase and HbA1c With Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India.

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia, which can lead to various microvascular complications, including diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Identifying reliable biomarkers for early detection and risk stratification of these complications is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and HbA1c have emerged as potential markers associated with immune function, inflammation, and long-term glycemic control. This study investigates the correlation between ADA and HbA1c levels and microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. Material and methods This prospective observational cross-sectional study involved 150 patients diagnosed with T2DM, focusing on those with diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Clinical data were collected through patient interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory tests, including measurements of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, serum creatinine, ADA levels, and urine protein creatinine ratio (UPCR). Fundus examinations and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) tests were performed to assess diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York), with statistical tests to evaluate the correlation between ADA and HbA1c levels and microvascular complications. Results The study found a significant correlation between elevated ADA and HbA1c levels and microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. Higher ADA levels were particularly associated with diabetic nephropathy (p=0.003), while HbA1c levels showed a positive correlation with all three complications: nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. The findings suggest that ADA and HbA1c levels can serve as valuable biomarkers for identifying patients at higher risk of developing these complications. Conclusion This study highlights the potential of ADA and HbA1c as biomarkers for early detection and risk assessment of microvascular complications in T2DM patients. Routine monitoring of these markers could improve the management and prognosis of diabetic patients by enabling timely interventions to prevent or mitigate the progression of complications. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms linking ADA with diabetic complications and to validate its clinical utility.

TO STUDY THE PREVALENCE OF MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS

Duration of diabetes and BMI is directly proportional to these complications. Family history of diabetes influence the micro vascular complications. Prevalence was found significantly higher in patients whose both parents and sibling are suffering from diabetes. Retinopathy and neuropathy were the most prevalent microvascular complication in type 2 diabetic population.

Comparison of the Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy Between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Retrospective Analysis of Real-World Data.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is a leading cause of blindness and has detrimental effects on patients' quality of life. We compared the risk of DR diagnosis with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) in patients with T2DM in Japan. This Japanese retrospective cohort study used the JMDC Claims Database (data collected from January 2015 to September 2022). Patients with T2DM and no record of microvascular or macrovascular diseases who were newly treated with an SGLT2i (23,061 patients) or a DPP-4i (53,986 patients) were matched 1:1 using propensity score (10,166 per matched group). Incidence rates (IRs) and cumulative IRs of DR diagnosis were calculated for each treatment group; hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models to compare the risk between the groups. The IR of DR diagnosis was 46.23 and 57.12 per 1000 person-years in the SGLT2i and DPP-4i groups, respectively, with a significantly lower risk in the SGLT2i group than in the DPP-4i group (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.75-0.92, P = 0.0003). In this study, the risk of DR diagnosis was lower with SGLT2i compared with DPP-4i in patients with T2DM without microvascular and macrovascular diseases in Japan. Findings suggest that early SGLT2i treatment may be beneficial in preventing DR development in early-stage T2DM. Graphical abstract available for this article.

C-peptide: an essential ally in microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity

BackgroundIn order to investigate microvascular complications in metabolic diseases, we aimed to investigate cerebral and peripheral microcirculation in relation to peripheral neuropathy and laboratory biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity.MethodsBased on the degree of neuropathy (NP), study participants (40 T2DM and 30 obese individuals) were classified into no-NP, mild-NP and severe-NP subgroups. After the injection of Technetium-99 m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime, both T2DM and obese participants underwent single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography ([99mTc]Tc-HMPAO SPECT/CT) and SPECT-only examinations to assess lower limb and brain perfusion; respectively. Peripheral nerve function was evaluated with a neurometer and glycaemic markers were measured from plasma in both groups.ResultsCompared to the obese individuals, lower extremity perfusion was significantly reduced in the diabetic subjects (p < 0.005), while it showed a positive correlation with C-peptide levels and negative association with HbA1c values. A U-shape pattern of peripheral microcirculation was observed between the NP groups, indicating a surprisingly better perfusion in the severe-NP group than in the mild one, with the highest levels in obese patients. Since changes in the C-peptide levels exhibited a similar U-shaped trend across the NP subgroups, we suggest a positive correlation between C-peptide levels and the extent of peripheral perfusion. Although, C-peptide values and cerebral microcirculation correlated positively (rho = 0.27), brain perfusion did not show any differences neither between the diabetic and the obese patients, nor between the NP subgroups (at p < 0.05).ConclusionsEstablishing the link between neuropathy and peripheral microcirculation, C-peptide seems to be a promising biomarker for the prediction of microvascular alterations in metabolic diseases. Of note, the dominance of metabolic factors over microvascular damage in the development of obesity-related neuropathy should be emphasized as well.

Tear neuropeptide Y as a non-invasive marker of peripheral microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes

AimsTo investigate tear neuropeptide Y (NPY) and substance P concentrations in individuals with type 1 diabetes, comparing those with and without both diabetic retinopathy (DR) and peripheral neuropathy. MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 41 participants with type 1 diabetes and none to moderate DR, and 22 healthy controls. Assessments included clinical ocular surface parameters, quantification of corneal nerve attributes (based on in vivo confocal microscopy imaging), DR grading, and evaluation for small and large fibre neuropathy. Concentrations of NPY and substance P in tear samples were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ResultsMean (± standard deviation) tear NPY concentrations in participants with type 1 diabetes and length-dependent small fibre neuropathy (SFN) was lower than in controls (10.84 ± 4.10 ng/mL vs 14.72 ± 3.12 ng/mL; p=0.004), but not significantly different from type 1 diabetes participants without SFN (13.39 ± 4.66 ng/mL; p=0.11). Tear NPY levels were lower in individuals with type 1 diabetes and mild/moderate non-proliferative DR (10.44 ± 3.46 ng/mL) compared to none/minimal DR (13.79 ± 4.76 ng/mL; p=0.0005) and controls. In separate linear regression models, both the presence of SFN (β = −0.75, p=0.02) and the presence of mild/moderate DR (β = −0.84, p=0.009) were significantly associated with tear NPY levels relative to controls, after adjusting for participant age, sex, and dry eye disease. There were no inter-group differences for tear substance P concentrations. ConclusionsTear NPY has potential utility as an indicator of peripheral microvascular complications associated with type 1 diabetes.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and diabetic microvascular complications: a Mendelian randomization study.

Observational studies and clinical trials have implicated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in potentially safeguarding against diabetic microvascular complication. Nonetheless, the causal nature of these relationships remains ambiguous due to conflicting findings across studies. This research employs Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal impact of PUFAs on diabetic microvascular complications. We identified instrumental variables for PUFAs, specifically omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, using the UK Biobank data. Outcome data regarding diabetic microvascular complications were sourced from the FinnGen Study. Our analysis covered microvascular outcomes in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, namely diabetic neuropathy (DN), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). An inverse MR analysis was conducted to examine the effect of diabetic microvascular complications on PUFAs. Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the robustness of the results. Finally, a multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was conducted to determine whether PUFAs have a direct influence on diabetic microvascular complications. The study indicates that elevated levels of genetically predicted omega-6 fatty acids substantially reduce the risk of DN in type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR): 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47-0.82, p = 0.001). A protective effect against DR in type 2 diabetes is also suggested (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62-0.92, p = 0.005). MVMR analysis confirmed the stability of these results after adjusting for potential confounding factors. No significant effects of omega-6 fatty acids were observed on DKD in type 2 diabetes or on any complications in type 1 diabetes. By contrast, omega-3 fatty acids showed no significant causal links with any of the diabetic microvascular complications assessed. Our MR analysis reveals a causal link between omega-6 fatty acids and certain diabetic microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, potentially providing novel insights for further mechanistic and clinical investigations into diabetic microvascular complications.

Correlation of Mean Platelet Volume and Red Cell Distribution Width With HbA1c and Its Association With Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Hospital in India.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder, and its prevalence is rising worldwide. The objective of the study was to investigate the association between mean platelet volume (MPV) and red cell distribution width (RDW) and the glycemic control marker HbA1c. So MPV and RDW could be used as prognostic indicators of deterioration of gluco-regulation in diabetes mellitus type 2 and the associated microvascular complications. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 216 type 2 diabetic patients, who were divided into two groups based on HbA1c values (<7% and >7%). Red blood cell distribution width, mean platelet volume, plasma glucose estimation, fasting lipid profile, spot urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), direct ophthalmoscopic examination, and nerve conduction study were tested in all the patients. Of the 216 individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 210 exhibited inadequate glycemic control, establishing a statistically significant correlation with triglyceride levels, mean platelet volume, and blood sugar levels. The study revealed a significant association between MPV and RDW and HbA1c levels. Additionally, microvascular complications such as retinopathy, proteinuria, and neuropathy exhibited strong correlations in this patient cohort, emphasizing the interconnectedness of glycemic control and various health indicators in individuals with T2DM. This study provides significant results that mean platelet volume and red cell distribution can be used as markers in the diagnosis of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Correlation between plasma fibrinogen levels and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.

To determine how plasma fibrinogen levels impact the severity of microvascular complications in people with type 2 diabetes while focussing on the molecular mechanisms of fibrinogen's role in such complications. The analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 at the Department of Medicine, Mardan Medical Complex and Teaching Hospital, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and comprised adult patients of either gender who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and microvascular complications. Each patient was subjected to an evaluation of microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, using validated diagnostic criteria and clinical examinations. Data was analysed using SPSS 26. Of the 174 patients 97(%) were males and 77(%) were females. Retinopathy was found in 57(32.7) patients with median age 53 years (interquartile range: 46-63 years). Nephropathy was found in 55(31.6%) subjects with median age 54 years (interquartile range: 50-61 years). Neuropathy was found in 62(35.6%) patients with median age 53 years (interquartile range: 48-58 years). Diabetic neuropathy was significantly associated with elevated plasma fibrinogen levels and various biomarkers, such as creatinine, urea, fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin and estimated average glucose (p<0.05). Diabetic retinopathy was significantly linked with higher levels of fibrinogen, which manifested through symptoms, like floaters or dark spots, impaired colour vision, difficulty seeing at night, blurred or fluctuating vision and vision loss (p<0.05). Diabetic nephropathy and the progression of its severity was significantly associated with increased fibrinogen levels, as well as markers, like albuminuria, creatinine, urea, fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin and estimated average glucose (p<0.05). Elevated plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with type 2 diabetes significantly correlated with increased microvascular complications, underscoring the importance of monitoring and managing fibrinogen levels to mitigate diabetes-associated vascular pathologies.

Association of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Mouse Model Minute 2 (MDM2) Polymorphisms With Diabetic Retinopathy in a Northwest Indian Population: A Case-Control Study.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D), results from complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mouse model minute 2 (MDM2)are upregulated in the retina due to diabetes, which increases the risk of DR. VEGFA and MDM2 genetic variations can influence DR risk. The present case-control study was conducted to evaluate the association of VEGFA and MDM2 promoter variants with DR in a population from Punjab, Northwest India. A total of 414 DR patients, 425 T2D patients without DR, and 402 healthy controls were screened for VEGFA -2578C/A (rs699947), VEGFA -2549I/D (rs35569394), VEGFA -7C/T (rs25648), and MDM2 rs3730485 polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. VEGFA -2549 I allele (OR = 1.35 (1.00-1.81), p = 0.043) and II genotype (OR = 1.78 (1.00-3.15), p = 0.047) were significantly associated with increased risk of DR. VEGFA -7 CT genotype conferred reduced risk of DR (OR = 0.28 (0.20-0.38); p = <0.001). VEGFA -2578 and MDM2 rs3730485 showed no significant association with DR. A-I-T (OR = 0.30 (0.20-0.44); p = <0.001) and C-D-T (OR = 0.33 (0.16-0.65); p = 0.002) haplotypes of rs699947-rs35569394-rs25648 polymorphisms showed decreased risk of DR. I allele and II genotype of VEGFA -2549, CT genotype of VEGFA -7, and C-I-C and A-D-C haplotypes of rs699947-rs35569394-rs25648 polymorphisms were significantly associated with DR risk in a Northwest Indian population. This is the first study worldwide to report DR risk with VEGFA promoter variants together.

Relationship between serum 1, 5-anhydroglucitol level and insulin resistance, microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: To explore the relationship between serum 1, 5-dehydratoglucitol (1, 5-AG) level and insulin resistance, microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The clinical data of 836 patients with T2DM admitted to the Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to University of South China from May to December 2023 were retrospectively and cross-sectionally analyzed. Serum 1, 5-AG levels were detected by pyranose oxidase method. According to the microvascular complications (diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy), the patients were divided into simple group (no microvascular complications, n=490), complication group 1 (1 microvascular complications, n=217), and complication group 2 (2 or more microvascular complications, n=129). The relationship between serum 1, 5-AG level and the related indicators of insulin resistance in T2DM patients were explored by Spearman correlation analysis, and the influencing factors of microvascular complications in T2DM patients were explored by multiple ordered logistic regression analysis. Results: The levels of FBG(fasting blood glucose) [(7.37±0.56) mmol/L], FINS(fasting insulin) [(11.34±1.86) mU/L] and HOMA-IR(homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) (0.96±0.31) in simple group were lower than those in complication group 1 [(8.37±1.02) mmol/L, (16.26±2.32) mU/L, (1.32±0.41)], complication group 2 [(10.25±2.13) mmol/L, (18.53±2.67) mU/L, (1.54±0.44)], and FBG, FINS and HOMA-IR in complication group 1 were lower than those in complication group 2, and the differences were statistically significant (F=537.470, 791.690, 136.340, P<0.001). Serum 1, 5-AG level in simple group [77.16 (16.30, 128.07) μg/ml] was higher than that in complication group 1 [51.05 (14.67, 63.18) μg/ml] and complication group 2 [30.42 (12.53, 47.26) μg/ml], and the serum level of 1, 5-AG in complication group 1 was higher than that in complication group 2, and the difference was statistically significant (H=210.020, P<0.001). The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum 1, 5-AG level was negatively correlated with FBG, FINS and HOMA-IR in T2DM patients (r=-0.431, -0.372, -0.546, P<0.001). The results of multiple ordered logistic regression analysis showed that Longer duration of diabetes (OR=2.261, 95%CI: 1.564-3.269), increased HbA1c (OR=2.040, 95%CI: 1.456-2.858), and increased HOMA-IR (OR=2.158, 95%CI: 1.484-3.137) and decreased 1, 5-AG (OR=2.512, 95%CI: 1.691-3.732) were independent risk factors for microvascular complications in T2DM patients (P<0.05). The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of serum 1, 5-AG in the identification of one microvascular complication was 0.763 (95%CI: 0.731-0.795), and the area under the curve of serum 1, 5-AG in the identification of two or more microvascular complications was 0.730 (95%CI: 0.692-0.767). Conclusion: Serum 1, 5-AG level is negatively correlated with insulin resistance in T2DM patients. Low serum 1, 5-AG level may be an independent risk factor for microvascular complications in T2DM patients.

#671 Perinatal factors, age of onset, early glycaemic control, sex and the development of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes after 30 years

Abstract Background and Aims Long-term glycaemic control and duration of disease are both well-established risk factors for the development of complications in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The effect of perinatal factors, age at onset of T1D and early glycaemic control on development of diabetic complications have not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term impact of such factors in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. Method 90 subjects diagnosed with T1D between the ages of 0-14 years were included in this prospective observational cohort study in in a geographically defined area in northern Sweden. Baseline data for these subjects have previously been reported by Svensson M et al (Diabetes Care 2004). Outcome and follow-up data was obtained during approximately 30 years of follow-up from the Swedish National Diabetes Registry (NDR). Differences between groups were assessed using independent t-test and Chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to illustrate time-to-diabetic nephropathy (DN) by sex and age at onset. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of risk factors of interest on the development of DN, assessed as any degree of albuminuria without signs of other underlying conditions. Results Forty-one subjects (46%) developed any degree of DN during the follow-up period of mean 33 (range 19-40) years after T1D onset. Moreover, 80 subjects (89%) had any degree of retinopathy (RP) and among those, 18 (20%) had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and 13 (4%) had both PDR and DN. Mean HbA1c during the first five and ten years after diagnosis was higher in subjects who developed DN or PDR compared to those who did not develop these complications; DN 58 ± 16 vs 51 ± 13 (p = 0.038) and 63 ± 16 vs 55 ± 11 mmol/mol (p = 0.007), respectively; PDR 60 ± 13 vs 53 ± 15 (p = 0.059) and 67 ± 10 vs 56 ± 14 mmol/mol (p = 0.002), respectively. Women had an increased risk of PDR compared to men (28% vs 11%, p = 0.045) and a near-significantly higher risk of DN (55% vs 36%, p = 0.087) (Table 1). Time to DN by sex and by age at onset are shown in Figure 1A and B. Women seemed to have a somewhat lower risk in the early years, but in the later years the risk was increased. A young age at onset of diabetes prolonged the time to development of DN but after twenty years of diabetes duration, no difference was seen. In a multivariate regression analysis, older age of gestation was negatively associated with (OR 95% CI 0.894-0.989, p = 0.017) and hyperglycaemia (higher HbA1c) during the first five years (OR 95% CI 1.004-1.078, p = 0.028) were positively and independently associated with development of DN (Fig. 1C). Conclusion Interestingly, longer gestational time at birth and, more well-known, poor early glycaemic control were associated with development of DN after 30 years of diabetes duration. However, there was no impact of age of onset or sex on the long-term risk for DN.

Cross-sectional associations of self-perceived stress and hair cortisol with metabolic outcomes and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.

Increasing evidence supports chronic psychological stress as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Much less is known, however, about the role of chronic stress in established diabetes. The aim of the current study was to comprehensively assess chronic stress in a sample of 73 patients with type 2 diabetes and 48 non-diabetic control participants, and to investigate associations with indicators of glycemic control (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell functioning (C-peptide), illness duration, and the presence of microvascular complications. Chronic stress was measured using questionnaires [the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Screening Scale of the Trier Inventory of Chronic Stress (SSCS), the Perceived Health Questionnaire (PHQ) as well as the Questionnaire on Stress in Patients with Diabetes-Revised (QSD-R)]; hair cortisol was used as a biological indicator. We found that patients with type 2 diabetes had higher levels of hair cortisol in comparison to the control group (F(1,112) = 5.3; p = 0.023). Within the diabetic group, higher hair cortisol was associated with a longer duration of the illness (r = 0.25, p = 0.04). General perceived stress did not show significant associations with metabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients. In contrast, higher diabetes-related distress, as measured with the QSD-R, was associated with lower glycemic control (r = 0.28, p = 0.02), higher insulin resistance (r = 0.26, p = 0.03) and a longer duration of the illness (r = 0.30, p = 0.01). Our results corroborate the importance of chronic psychological stress in type 2 diabetes. It appears, however, that once type 2 diabetes has developed, diabetes-specific distress gains in importance over general subjective stress. On a biological level, increased cortisol production could be linked to the course of the illness.

Circulating metabolomic markers in association with overall burden of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes

IntroductionDiabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) share common pathophysiology and pose an additive risk of early mortality.Research design and methodsIn adults with type 1...

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors Influence on Microvascular Complications in Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) long-term macrovascular and microvascular complications pose significant health risks and increase mortality. In DM patients, metabolic syndrome (MetSy) either precedes or coexists with the condition. Central obesity, poor glycemic control, hypertension, elevated triglycerides (TG), and low high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C) are the components of MetSy. The purpose of this study is to investigate related diabetic microvascular complications in type 1 DM (T1DM) by comparing them with type 2 DM (T2DM), determine potential risk factors, and estimate prevalence based on the diagnosis of MetSy. This study included 160 T1DM and 160 T2DM patients, totaling 320 DM patients. It was carried out from April 20, 2022, to September 31, 2023, at the Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, in the Outdoor Diabetic Clinic and Medicine Department. A unique questionnaire was utilized to gather socio-demographic, general, clinical, and laboratory data for the MetSy criteria set forth by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference (WC) were measured, while venous fasting blood was used to assess biochemical markers such as HDL-C, TG, and fasting blood sugar. The microvascular diabetes complications were identified using abdominal ultrasound, fundus ophthalmoscopy, and routine laboratory tests.We quantified and analyzed these variables individually for T1DM and T2DM patients with or without MetSy and compared them in the presence or absence of diabetes microvascular complications. MetSy prevalence was 25.62% (41, n=160) for T1DM and 60.62% (97, n=160) for T2DM, totaling 43.12%. Among T1DM patients with MetSy, the majority were married males, aged 36-49 years, with a BMI of 26.69±2.20 kg/m2 and a WC of 85.12±4.23, and 67.5% (108) patients had diabetes microvascular complications. Comparatively, in T2DM with MetSy, the majority were married females aged 50-59 years with a BMI of 29.79 ± 4.65 kg/m² and a large WC of 93.43±4.49, and 75% (123) patients had diabetes microvascular complications. Overall, this study noted significant p-values for hypertension, elevated TG, low HDL-c, high WC, obesity, female gender in T2DM, and above 36 years of age in both groups with MetSy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) at 32.4% (p<0.001) was the most prevalent T1DM microvascular complication, followed by nephropathy (30.6%), neuropathy (DN) at 28.1%, and gastroparesis (DG) at 22.3%. Whereas in T2DM, the prevalence of DN was 36.3% (p<0.001), followed by DKD (29.3%), DG (28.9%), and DR (24.9%). Nearly a quarter of T1DM patients had MetSy, with increasing percentages of overweight and obese patients who are more likely to have DR, DKD, or DN. MetSy affects two-thirds of T2DM patients, with married obese females aged 50-59 being more susceptible than males, who are more likely to suffer DN, DKD, or DG. Risk factors that contribute to the MetSy burden in T1DM and T2DM include hypertension, poor glycemic management, low HDL-C, high TG, and a higher BMI or WC. Increasing age, female gender in T2DM, longer diabetes duration, and co-morbid hypertension were independent predictors of microvascular complications. DR, DN, DKD, and gastroparesis are the most prevalent diabetic microvascular sequelae. The clinical management of diabetic patients with healthy lifestyle adaptations, good glycemic control, antihypertensives, and statins will contribute greatly to MetSy prevention.

Navigating the Frontier: Emerging Techniques for Detecting Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review.

This review comprehensively explores emerging techniques for detecting microvascular complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), addressing the critical need for advancements in early detection and management. As T2DM continues to rise globally, microvascular complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with the condition. The review synthesizes key findings, revealing various emerging technologies, from advanced imaging modalities to genomic and proteomic approaches. It underscores the potential for personalized medicine, emphasizing the importance of tailoring diagnostic strategies to individual patient profiles. Challenges, including the lack of standardized criteria and issues related to patient adherence, highlight the necessity for collaborative efforts. The conclusion issues a call to action, advocating for enhanced collaboration, increased research investment, patient empowerment through education, and seamless integration of emerging diagnostic techniques into routine clinical care. The review envisions a transformative shift in detecting and managing microvascular complications in T2DM, ultimately improving patient outcomes and contributing to a healthier future for individuals affected by this prevalent metabolic disorder.

The Relation between Microvascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Plasma Copeptin Levels

The Relation between Microvascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Plasma Copeptin Levels

Effect of Teneligliptin in comparison with Voglibose as an add on therapy in reducing microvascular complications in type II Diabetes Mellitus patients – A Prospective randomized control trial

Background: The strict glycaemic control postpones all the microvascular and macrovascular complications. In type 2 diabetes the initiation of metformin is the cornerstone in reducing blood sugar. The next option is either insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents. The DPP-4 inhibitors like gliptins have the advantages of less incidence of hypoglycaemia, good safety profile and can be combined to any oral hypoglycaemics. The meta-analysis showed that teneligliptin has less adverse profile in number of Japanese and Korean studies. It was proved that the fasting glucose and postprandial glucose substantially reduced with a potential benefit of reducing cholesterol, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The advantage of using this drug as is does not worsen the hepatic and renal status. Voglibose an α-glycosidase inhibitors delay the glucose absorption from GIT hence effective in reducing postprandial hyperglycaemia. Methods: This prospective randomized controlled study was designed to compare the efficacy of teneligliptin and voglibose as an add on therapy on patients with uncontrolled blood sugar in addition to metformin 500mg BD and glimepiride 2 mg OD. Totally 80 patients were included between the age groups of 40 to 70 years. Patients were divided into two groups 40 patients each, group A were given teneligliptin and group B patients were given voglibose for a period of 6 months. At the end of 3rd month and 6th month investigations were done for FBS, PPBS and HbA1c.Statisticalmethods: Data were tabulated and results were analysed by using Analysis of Variance. AP value of &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: At the end ofsix months group II showed significant reduction in fasting blood sugar and post-prandial blood sugar level. A significant reduction in FBS, PPBS, HbA1c is seen in both the groups, where teneligliptin has a favourable glucose reduction along with voglibose. Conclusions: Our study concludes that teneligliptin is better than voglibose as the 2nd line add on therapy to sulphonylureas, metformin or insulin.

Potential role of S100A8/A9 and RNA-binding protein in microvascular complications of type2 diabetes mellitus

Background &amp; objective: Persistent hyperglycemia is the driving force for the progression of diabetic vascular complications and inflammatory response. S100A8 and S100A9 are small calcium-binding proteins involved in various cellular processes, including inflammation and immune responses. Tristetraprolin (TTP), alternatively known as zinc finger protein 36, acts as an RNA-binding molecule that has an important role in regulating the expression of messenger RNAs containing AU-rich elements. We aimed to address the involvement of inflammatory mediators like S100A8/A9 proteins and, RNA-binding proteins, in microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methodology: The study was conducted from October 2022 to April 2023. We enrolled 200 subjects in this study involved in five equal groups: T2DM, diabetic nephropathy (DN), diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic neuropathy (DNR) and 40 normal healthy subjects as control group. CBC analysis was performed directly using the hematology analyzer CBC (Sysmex, Japan) technique. Serum S100 A8/A9 were measured by ELISA, and TTP gene expression was measured by RT-qPCR. Results: The study's findings revealed a notable increase in neutrophil/lymphocytes ratio (NLR) and S100A8/A9 levels in patients groups compared to the healthy group (P &lt; 0.05), while decreased TTP mRNA expression was observed in all patient groups compared to control (P &lt; 0.05) Conclusion: An increase in S1008A/9A levels with down regulation of anti-inflammatory binding protein (TTP) in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, or diabetic neuropathy, suggests to be the therapeutic targets to regulate inflammatory response in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Abbreviations: T2DM - Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; DN - Diabetic Nephropathy; DR - Diabetic Retinopathy; DNR - Diabetic Neuropathy; NLR- Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio; TTP - Tristetraprolin Key words: Diabetes Mellitus; Inflammation; S100A8/A9; Inflammation; RNA-binding protein; T2DM; Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio Citation: Sarhan A, Almzaiel AJ, Majeed Alrufaie MM. Potential role of S100A8/A9 and RNA-binding protein in microvascular complications of type2 diabetes mellitus. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2023;27(6):673−680. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v27i6.2338 Received: August 15, 2023; Reviewed: September 03, 2023; Accepted: September 15, 2023

Association of serum omentin levels with microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition associated with various microvascular complications, including neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Recent studies have suggested a potential association between serum omentin levels and the risk of developing microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. However, the existing evidence remains inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between serum omentin levels and microvascular complications in T2DM patients. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to retrieve relevant articles published up to May 2023. Observational studies investigating omentin levels association with microvascular complications in T2DM patients were included. Data was extracted and hence analyzed. A total of seven cross-sectional articles met the inclusion criteria, with a total population of 1587 participants. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between serum omentin levels and microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. Serum omentin levels were lower in patients with microvascular complications than in those without complications (Mean difference, 95% confidence interval: -1.31 [-2.50, -0.13], I2 = 99.62%). This systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence supporting an association between serum omentin levels and microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. The findings suggest that Omentin may be lower in T2DM patients with microvascular complications. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore the clinical implications of these findings. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01359-2.