Micro-hydroelectric Power Plants Research Articles

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ПОБУДОВИ ГІБРИДНОЇ СИСТЕМИ КЕРУВАННЯ МІКРОГІДРОЕЛЕКТРОСТАНЦІЄЮ

Methods of increasing the energy efficiency of micro-hydroelectric power plants are considered in the work. A new hy-brid concept of building a control system is proposed, which combines classical control laws and fuzzy logic. This makes it possible to improve the quality of the regulation of the parameters of the generated electricity regardless of changes in network operation modes and external conditions. It is shown that the use of hybrid filters will allow to in-crease the electromagnetic compatibility and, as a result, the energy efficiency of the system as a whole. References 12, figures 3.

Mathematical and simulation modeling of a synchronous generator for micro hydroelectric and low-speed wind power plants

In this article, in conditions where environmental deterioration and energy shortages are observed throughout the world, a mathematical model for improving and developing new types of synchronous generators for low-speed wind power plants and micro-hydroelectric power plants is developed free of charge extraction of running water and simulation processes. As a result of mathematical and simulation modeling of a synchronous generator, it is based on the analysis of electromagnetic processes and the study of improvement issues to ensure its efficient operation at low speeds. In mathematical modeling, the electromagnetic processes of a low-speed synchronous generator were analyzed using mathematical equations. For this purpose, mathematical and simulation models of an improved generator designed for low speed were developed and research was carried out. The article creates a mathematical model based on the Park-Gorev equations of asymmetric modes of a synchronous generator designed to generate electricity from low-speed wind and freely flowing water. The mathematical model of the generator was expressed in the Simulink package and a simulation model was built, research was carried out and characteristics were obtained.

Investigation of transients in asynchronous generators used in microhydroelectric power plants

In this article, a study of transients in autonomous asynchronous generators used in microgenerators is carried out. This article analyzes the transients occurring in an asynchronous generator by starting an asynchronous motor by exciting an asynchronous generator using capacitor elements of reactive power consumption. To start the asynchronous generator, mechanical energy is supplied to the shaft of the asynchronous motor at a speed 5-10% higher than the nominal number of revolutions, after which the asynchronous motor starts working in generator mode and generates electricity. To launch the CASSY Lab program, the electrical parameters of an asynchronous generator were considered, as well as transients occurring in operating modes by digitally transmitting the parameters of the electrical energy generated by the generator. Starting an asynchronous generator with the help of this program, a real experimental test was also carried out to determine the sinusoidal forms of voltage and current in three phases in the yuksiz, load and overload operating modes. In the course of a real experiment, it was concluded that the improvement of transients occurring in the modes of operation of an asynchronous generator, i.e. transients during the transition from a non-loading mode of operation to a mode of operation with a load, depends on the mechanical energy transmitted to the shaft of an asynchronous generator for grinding.

Results of mathematical modelling of the cooling system for solar panels of a hybrid power plant based on solar and hydraulic energy

It should be noted that theoretical and experimental studies in the field of semiconductors have shown good prospects for creating matrix and multilateral photoelectric converters (MPCs) with vertical p-n junctions. Such PV have undeniable advantages in the tasks of generating high output voltages and converting concentrated solar radiation. In addition, the implementation of such PVs in a multi-sensitive design makes it possible to reduce the consumption of semiconductor silicon by up to three to four times.But, in conditions of a dry, hot, continental and dusty climate, for example, in the republics of Central Asia, their heating is observed when the FP operates. This problem can be solved by using it in conjunction with microhydroelectric power plants or additional cooling. The hybrid system developed by the authors includes a solar power plant, a counter-rotor hydraulic unit with a reactive and active impeller, a cooling system and an automatic control system. The characteristics of this system were studied on the basis of mathematical modeling in the “Comsol multiphysics 6.1” software environment.In the simulation, the solar panel was cooled with air and water using electricity from a hydroelectric unit. According to the calculation results, the heating of the solar panel without forced convection at an outside air temperature of 400-450C was 1080C. Water was supplied through an aluminum cover installed behind the solar panel and which had channels. The solar panel temperature was 49.2°C and the water temperature was 48.2°C.When cooled by ambient air, the temperature of the solar panel was 67.7°C. The cooling system efficiency was 74% when comparing the energy expended to cool a 2m2 solar panel and the power added when cooling the panel.

Mechanisms for the development of non-urbanized territories: analysis of world experience

Relevance. The paper examines the most effective mechanisms contributing to the development of nonurbanized areas in different countries. The relevance of the topic comes from increased global processes, in particular urbanization and megalopolization. Given the extensive areas of rural areas, opportunities for their effective development are not fully realized in Russia, for this purpose, an analysis of world experience was carried out to adapt the most promising mechanisms in the Russian Federation.Methods. Among the main research methods can be distinguished: complex, statistical, normative, historical, logical, empirical.Results. Comprehensive rural development programs have been studied, the most effective mechanisms used in the EU, Australia, and the USA have been identified and characterized. It is revealed that for scaling in Russia, the following are of the greatest interest: economic mechanisms (development of a local regional product, integrated retail chains, grants for technical support for entrepreneurs), administrative (transaction centers), infrastructure (formation of a single spatial infrastructure network, construction of microhydroelectric power plants), social policy instruments (distance education system, green tourism, geotourism and geoparks). It is concluded that it is necessary to use a differentiated approach to improve the effectiveness of strategic management of an unurbanized territory.

Experimental research of Micro HPP. Determination of the efficiency of a water wheel

The results of experimental studies of microhydroelectric power plants (microHPP) designed for low-pressure flows are presented. Oscillograms are obtained that determine changes in the torque on the shaft of the water wheel and its rotational speed. On the basis of the oscillograms, graphic dependences of the parameters were constructed and analyzed. The efficiency of the water wheel is determined. Keywords: MicroHPP, energy, low-pressure flow, water, wheel, torque, rotational frequency, efficiency. mgulomjon_m@mail.ru, hakimov.utkirbek1990@mail.ru

OPERATING MODES OF MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT WITH OUTPUT VOLTAGE STABILIZATION USING INVERTER CONTROL

Link for citation: Lukutin B.B., Shandarova E.B., Popov M. M. Operating modes of micro-hydroelectric power plant with output voltage stabilization using inverter control. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 8, рр. 51-58. In Rus. The relevance. The use of Russia's hydroelectric potential for electricity generation is one of the cleanest and environmentally friendly methods as it does not result in the emission of harmful substances and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Moreover, it is a reliable and efficient source of energy as water is a constant source of energy. Hydro turbines are used to convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy, which effectively ensures more reliable and stable production capacity for hydroelectric installations. However, micro-hydroelectric power plants have some drawbacks related to difficulties in ensuring the high quality of produced electricity of autonomous power supply systems. This is due to the fact that the load on the autonomous power supply system can vary not only in magnitude but also in nature, which makes it difficult to maintain a stable level of electricity production. The main goal of the research is to determine the ranges of variation of the output electrical parameters of a non-regulated hydrogenerator operating as part of an inverter-based micro-hydroelectric power station for rural domestic consumers. Additionally, the task is to formulate requirements for the hydrogenerator and power conversion devices in static and dynamic operating modes of the autonomous power supply system. Object: inverter-based micro-hydroelectric power station. Methods: simulation modeling, and programming in Matlab Simulink. Results. A simulation model of an electric power supply system with an inverter microelectric power station was developed. The structure of microelectric power station is proposed, as well as the ranges of voltage changes of the microelectric power station generator are obtained.

Study on a generator and turbine designed for an efficient wind power plant in low speed wind currents

This article presents the advantages of improving and developing new types of turbines and generators designed for the production of electricity from low-speed wind and free-flowing water, at a time when the environment is deteriorating and there is a shortage of electricity. It has been analyzed that low-speed micro-hydroelectric power plants and wind power plants bring great benefits to the environment and economy through their mass use in meeting the needs of the population and businessmen for electricity. For this purpose, the effective structure of low-speed generators, micro-hydroelectric power plants and wind power plants were considered, and the issues of improving them so that they work efficiently at low speeds were considered. Mathematical equations of a low-speed generator designed to obtain electricity from low-speed wind and free-flowing water are presented. At the same time, scientific research was conducted to study, improve, and develop new types of micro-hydroelectric and wind power plants suitable for low-speed generators. As a result of scientific research, an improved wind power device designed for small speed was developed and the results of research were analyzed.

Application of electromagnetic continuous variable transmission in hydraulic turbines to increase stability of an off-grid power system

In the context of climate change, today's adoption of renewable energy sources in isolated power systems is becoming an increasingly more significant issue. Micro-hydro power plants are emerging as a mature balancing technology and a great alternative to large hydropower plants as they do not encounter population displacement and many environmental problems. It is worth noting that hydroelectric power plants combined with various sources require improvement in control laws and algorithms. Strong disturbing impacts, namely transient processes, in an isolated electric power system cause an appreciable decrease in dynamic stability. This paper presents research conducted to ensure synchronous parallel operation of permanent-magnet generators used in micro-hydroelectric power plants in an isolated power system with a controllable flexible coupling between turbine and generator. The importance of this study lies in the issue of electromechanical compatibility to be achieved in parallel operation of generators that have different parameters of time constant of mechanical inertia of rotors of electrical machines. This paper provides an overview of possible solutions to the identified problem. A concept based on a controllable flexible coupling between generator and turbine is proposed as a promising avenue to solve this problem. The mathematical models are presented along with the laws and algorithms developed for automatic control of the generator speed. Oscillograms of simulation and physical modeling presented in the final part of the paper show parallel operation of permanent-magnet synchronous generators in an isolated electric power system for various electrical distances of three-phase short circuit points.

Оценка эффективности внедрения микро-гидроэлектростанций для развития экотуризма в удаленных районах Арктической зоны Российской Федерации (на примере Мурманской области)

The article considers the problem of power supply to remote ecotourism areas of the Murmansk region. In such areas, diesel generators are used to supply tourist complexes, the fuel for which is mainly delivered by helicopters, which is the reason for the high cost of electricity. At the same time, the operation of diesel generators is accompanied by harmful emissions into the environment, which contradicts the principles of ecotourism, where human influence on nature implies actions related to the preservation of nature in its natural state. Using the example of two tourist complexes “Acha” and “Pacha”, the authors suggest one of the solutions to these problems: the use of micro-hydroelectric power plants together with diesel generators. They outline that in this case the main effect is expressed in fuel economy and, as a result, in 1.5-fold reduction in the cost of electricity generated. Also, due to fuel economy in the two tourist complexes considered, carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by a total of 29 tons per working season. The discounted payback period of micro-hydroelectric power plants will be about 2 years.

Providing the Ratio of Micro Hydroelectric Generation of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant to Turkey's Total Electricity Consumption

In this study, it was aimed to determine to provide the ratio of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) micro-hydropower generation to Turkey’s total electricity consumption. Primarily, population and treated wastewater flow predictions of Turkey were made between 2020 and 2023 years. The power predictions that micro-hydroelectric power plants could generate were made by using 2 meters drop height and predicted flow data. Then, for the same years, Turkey's total electricity consumption prediction was made. For forecasting data for the coming years, a forecast sheet application was used. Finally, the total predicted electrical energies that could be generated with micro-hydroelectric at municipal WWTPs were compared with Turkey's predicted electricity consumption from 2020 to 2023 years. Thus, the ratio of these two parameters to each other was determined. The population was predicted as 87873632 people and the total amount of treated wastewater (TWW) was predicted as 5117528600 m3 for the year 2023. Total annual electricity generation that could be generated from micro-hydroelectric power plants was predicted as 2231 GW/year for 2023 year, while the total electrical power consumption value was predicted as 312547 GW/year. It was predicted that the supplying ratio of micro-hydropower generation in municipal WWTPs to total electricity consumption would be 0.00714% on average between 2020-2023 years.

РАЗРАБОТКА МИКРОГИДРОЭЛЕКТРОСТАНЦИЙ ДЛЯ МАЛЫХ РЕК ГОРНОЗАВОДСКОЙ ЗОНЫ ЧЕЛЯБИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Small hydroelectric power generation is attractive from both an environmental and economic point of view. Technological innovations and mitigation measures are making small hydroelectric power plants an inexpensive and viable source of renewable energy which can be generated independently. They contribute not only to environmental protection, but also reduce human dependence on fossil fuels. This study is dedicated to finding solutions based on renewable energy source technologies and innovations using the example of the Chelyabinsk region. The experimental model of a micro-hydroelectric power station water wheel presented in this article, and the studies carried out on the basis of this model were used to carry out preliminary calculations. As a result, we found that such micro-hydroelectric power plants are capable of generating about 9–13 kW∙h, about 170–266 kW∙h/day and from 63 to 99 MW∙h/year.

Spatial analysis of the appropriation of electrical renewable energy technologies and sustainable development in the Upland of western Cameroon

The Cameroon rural western highlands, like most of the developing countries, undergoes a lack of electrical energy supply to make easier the lightning and the supply of tiny industries. During the last decades, the future of the technologies of renewable energies (Micro-hydroelectric power plant, photovoltaic panels, and micro wind tribune) is remarkable in the region. From this report, this study aims at analysing the installed capacities of those emerging technologies in order to determine the approbations degree of the local community and their influence on the sustainable development of the region. The primary and secondary data are obtained by the method of hypothec-deductive and mainly by snowball method, enabled us to evaluate three main types of renewable energy technologies in the region. The micro-hydroelectric power plants are the most important in terms of installed capacities. They are evaluated to 4936.7 KW (including the capacities of the colonial periods), an increase of 423.7 KW compared to 2014. The photovoltaic panels, which are the most prodigious one, are evaluated to 1070.362 KW, an increase of 936,47KWc. The micro wind turbines, which partially exist, are evaluated to 24.850 KW, an increase of 15.45KW. The analysis of the spatialization of these emerging technologies in this region shows a spatial and temporal growth of these technologies that testifies to their appropriation in the Western highlands of Cameroon.

Генератор микроГЭС для низкопотенциальных водотоков

The development of autonomous power supply systems based on micro-hydroelectric power plants using the energy of small watercourses is associated with the fulfillment of a number of contradictory requirements. The source should be fairly simple and cheap. A promising direction in the construction of such sources that ensure the fulfillment of these requirements is the creation of electric energy generation systems based on a generator whose inductor is combined with a hydraulic turbine. The article is devoted to the issues of designing and ensuring high performance characteristics of such micro-hydroelectric power plants.

Algorithm for calculation and selection of micro hydropower plant taking into account hydrological parameters of small watercourses mountain rivers of Central Asia

Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan are the two countries in Central Asia that have a huge reserve of hydro resources of the region. It is important to recognize the significance of the part played by the micro-hydropower plants (HPP) in the electric power generation in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan from the point of view of sustainable economic development. After all, the construction of micro-HPPs in mountainous areas will reliably ensure the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of agriculture and livestock, industry, tourism, improve the social conditions of the population, as well as ensure the production of “green” hydrogen, which will contribute to the development of an environmentally friendly transport system in the regions. Micro HPPs gained recognition as a good alternative to traditional power generation for many developing countries around the world.This study presents a structural model and methodology of choice of a feasible type of micro HPP using the developed algorithm for calculation of hydro turbines’ characteristics based on the hydrological characteristics of small and shallow watercourses located in Central Asian countries, such as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Based on this model, the software “Calculation and choosing the type of hydro turbines for micro HPPs” has been developed. Depending on the load, a consumer can choose one of the suggested types of micro-hydroelectric power plants to meet his requirements. When choosing the type of micro-hydroelectric power station, a consumer should also take into account the factor of the seasonality of the water level, the constancy and speed of the water, and the volume of river water, since in some places the water freezes in winter.

New Methods of Application of Micro-Hydroelectric Power Plants at Existing Hydraulic Structures: Schemes, Parameters, Efficiency

The structure of hydraulic structures of power and water management systems includes gates for various purposes, which allow you to regulate and distribute the flow of water in channels and waterworks. Existing gate designs do not provide for the possibility of generating electricity from the water energy of the stream passing through them. In order to convert the hydraulic energy of water passing through the gates into electrical energy a new patented design of the gate is proposed which allows using micro-hydroelectric power plants with a Banki turbine to make more rational use of the hydro resources of energy and water management systems. The proposed design solves the problem of expanding the functionality of the gate and increasing the efficiency of micro-hydroelectric power plants with a reduction in its cost. Areas of application of the new design for the combined use of micro-hydroelectric power plants and hydraulic gates at hydroelectric power systems are also proposed. The technique for determining the technical and economic parameters of micro-hydroelectric power plants installed on flat gates of hydraulic structures is given, and theoretical calculations are performed, which showed that the higher the capacity of micro-hydroelectric power plants, the shorter its payback period.

Increasing Efficiency for MicroHPP Hydroturbines Operating under Variable Head Pressure Using an Aperiodic Blade System

Nowadays, developments in the field of combined power units represent an urgent task for energy supply to consumers. One of the promising directions in this field consists in the development of engineering solutions based on low head pressure (ΔZ ≤ 20 m) microhydroelectric power plants with a siphon penstock, using the terrain features, natural reservoirs with height differences, and a ready industrial infrastructure. One of the specific problems of such combined power units consists in the operation of hydraulic turbines at variable head pressure, which leads to inconsistencies in the generation of electrical energy and a significant idle time in the hydraulic unit’s operation. In this paper, possible solutions to this problem are considered that are associated with the use of hydraulic turbines having an aperiodic blade system designed for the entire design domain of feeds Q and heads H determined from the conditions of joint operation of the hydraulic system–hydraulic turbine complex at different ΔZ. To carry out parametric studies, a design model for the hydraulic part of the cogeneration system has been developed, including a fragment of a siphon penstock and a hydraulic turbine. Studies on the grid viscosity and calculation and experimental verification of the model have been performed and optimal settings for the grid generator and the number of cells have been established: nel = 1 300 000 elements. The optimal settings have been obtained based on achieving an averaged value in calculated and experimental hydroturbine power δN accurate within ±5%. The numerical simulation of several variants for hydraulic turbines with different blade systems designed taking into account the experience of developing aperiodic blade systems in the field of pump engineering has been performed. In particular, such factors affecting the turbine efficiency as the pitch of the blade system at the inlet, outlet, and at the center of the skeletal lines of the blades, as well as the order of the blade arrangement in the aperiodic blade system, have been considered. A comparative analysis of hydraulic turbines with classical and aperiodic blade systems has been performed. It has been established that designing a bladed system of a hydraulic turbine in the design domain makes it possible to increase the efficiency of microHPP operation by 5.5% as well as to extend the range of efficient operation in the feed and head by 21.2 and 7.3%, respectively. At the same time, it should be noted that a low sensitivity of the main target parameter (efficiency of microHPP) with respect to the factors revealed in the course of the study is observed. Based on this, further prospects for the development of this study consist in the development of a parametric design model for a hydraulic turbine with the aperiodic blade system and a series of calculations using the theory of experimental design or stochastic methods for multidimensional optimization.

Assessment of wind and hydropower potential of Bukhara region

This article presents a methodology for assessing the gross, technical and economic potential in the territory of the Bukhara region. Locations with high wind and hydropower potential were identified in the region, and the introduction of wind and micro-hydroelectric power plants was analyzed. According to the results of the study, the importance of wind and hydropower in the development of the socio-economic sphere of remote areas of the Bukhara region was studied.

ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫЕ РЕЧНЫЕ РЕСУРСЫ МУРМАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И ИХ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ В ЭНЕРГЕТИКЕ: ВЧЕРА, СЕГОДНЯ, ЗАВТРА

The development of water resources for power generation is often crucial for the socio-economic development of entire regions. This is especially important for the development of the Russian Arctic, where hydroelectric resources are poorly developed. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of consequences of changes in the hydrological characteristics of watercourses on the development of small and micro-energy in the region. Based on long-term hydrological data from 22 observation posts covering the period from 1946 to 2013 the annual river flow module of the Murmansk region was calculated using statistical data processing methods, and a modern map-scheme of changes in the annual river flow module of the region was constructed using the comparative geographical method and the method of cartographic generalization. A quantitative assessment of the water resources of the Murmansk region, which is part of the Russian Arctic, is given. The distribution of the average annual river flow over the area is shown. The influence of climate changes on water content and river flow regime in the Murmansk region is estimated. The hydropower resources of the rivers of this region have been determined. The history of the creation of the hydropower industry on the Kola Peninsula and the possibilities of developing hydropower in the near future are considered. The main indicators of the operating hydroelectric power plants (HPP) of the Murmansk region are presented. The role of small and micro-hydroelectric power plants in the development of the power system is determined. Promising options for the creation of small hydroelectric power plants in remote villages of the region are shown, and their technical and economic indicators are given. It is found out that the total integrated effect from the construction of these hydroelectric power plants will amount to 354 and 594 million rubles respectively. Development directions of micro-hydroelectric power plants in the Murmansk region are identified. Micro-hydroelectric power plants will provide electricity to small villages, dacha cooperatives and farms. Small and micro-hydroelectric power plants can be used for elaboration of strategies and plans for socio-economic development of the Murmansk region and its small settlements, as well as plans for development of the tourism industry in the region.

Low - speed generator with permanent magnets and additional windings in the rotor for small power wind plants and micro hydro power plants

Recently due to the worldwide population grows much attention has been paid to increasing total electricity generation. However, traditional power plants, which are used hydrocarbon fuels, cause one of the challenging problems like environmental contamination and global warming in the world. In this case, renewable or alternative energy sources can be a promising replacement for traditional hydrocarbon fuels. Uzbekistan has lots of small rivers and water reservoirs and the use of these potentials in the perspective to generate power it is a unique decision of the problem. Usually in small power plants use low-speed generators and efficiency of these type generators are very low. Hence, the main objective of this study is to increase the efficiency of the low power generator by improving and optimizing the specifications and parameters of the low power generators. The use of low-speed generators with permanent magnet excitation for micro-hydroelectric power plants and wind turbines is relevant in terms of providing good weight and size indicators, simplicity of construction, lack of sliding contacts, with the ability to perform a generator of low rotation speeds, which causes low cost and high reliability. In this study, the natures of the influence of the main geometric dimensions of the mass-dimensional parameters and the air gap on the energy indicators of the generator are estimated. Theoretical and experimental research results are submitted.