Microhardness Of Tooth Enamel Research Articles

CHILDREN'S TOOTHPASTE EFFECT CONTAINED FLUORIDE AND XYLITOL ON MICRO HARDNESS OF PRIMARY TEETH ENAMEL IN VITRO

Children's toothpaste has a variegated of ingredients. Each ingredient has different benefits, one of which is to increase the hardness of tooth enamel. Several factors could affect the hardness of tooth enamel, such as fluoride and Xylitol. This study aimed to determine the effect of children's toothpaste containing fluoride and Xylitol on the micro-hardness of children's tooth enamel. The research method used a laboratory experiment measuring the micro hardness of primary tooth enamel before and after treatment using the Vickers Hardness Tester. The samples were treated on primary incisors and divided into two groups, first as the experiment group and another one as the control group. The treatment was carried out using two types of children's toothpaste containing fluoride and Xylitol. After the final measurement, the data were analyzed using the Independent T-test (p <0.05), which was previously tested for normality and homogeneity with Shapiro Wilk (p <0.05) and Levene's test (p <0.05). The results showed that the sample group that was treated with toothpaste containing fluoride and Xylitol experienced an increase in the microhardness of the enamel differences. The results of data analysis with the Independent T-Test showed p = 0,02 (p<0,05) in the fluoride group, indicating that there was a significant increase, and the results in the xylitol group p = 0,003 (p<0,05). These results suggest that toothpaste containing fluoride and Xylitol can affect the microhardness of children's tooth enamel. The research concluded that children's toothpaste containing fluoride and Xylitol could be a tool to prevent dental caries because it can increase the micro hardness of tooth enamel.

Diabetes negatively affects tooth enamel and dentine microhardness: An in-vivo study

ObjectiveThis study was performed to evaluate the effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on the microhardness of tooth enamel and dentine in mice. DesignSeventy male C57BL/6 J mice were used in this study. Thirty-five mice were rendered diabetic by administration of streptozotocin (STZ), and the remaining animals received citrate buffer (normal/non-diabetic). In each group, specimens were divided into 7 subgroups of 5 mice based on the time points 0, 1, 4, 8, 12, 20, and 28 weeks. The microhardness value (MHV) of the second molars’ enamel and root dentine were tested with a Vickers microhardness tester. Five specimens from each subgroup were evaluated for dentinal tubular density by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and color dot map analysis to determine the color intensity of strontium (Sr) and magnesium (Mg) by using ImageJ software. ResultsThe MHV of enamel was significantly reduced in STZ specimens in time points of 12 weeks (STZ: 274.39 ± 15.42, normal: 291.22 ± 15.28), 20 weeks (STZ: 247.28 ± 19.65, normal: 290.68 ± 11.52), and 28 weeks (STZ: 232.87 ± 15.07, normal: 282.76 ± 10.36) (P < 0.05). When comparing the MHV of dentine in subgroups of the normal group, after 20 weeks (169.1 ± 7.5) and 28 weeks (168.6 ± 7.81), the MHV increased significantly (P < 0.05). However, in the STZ group, a significant reduction of MHV was noticed between 28 weeks (131.69 ± 6.2) specimens with other subgroups (P < 0.05). ConclusionsT1DM negatively affected enamel and dentine microhardness, and enamel was influenced much more negatively and rapidly compared with dentine in diabetic groups.

Effect of Amelogenin Solution in the Microhardness of Remineralized Enamel and Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets.

Objectives To evaluate the microhardness of tooth enamel remineralized with enamel matrix protein solution as well as the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to this surface. Materials and Methods In total, 24 human premolars were selected and divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 8): SE—sound enamel, DE—demineralized enamel, and TE—demineralized enamel treated with amelogenin solution. Samples from DE and TE groups were subjected to pH cycling to induce initial artificial caries lesion. TE group was treated with amelogenin solution. Samples were placed in artificial saliva for 7 days. Knoop microhardness was measured before any intervention (T0), after pH cycling (T1) and after amelogenin solution treatment application (T2). Twenty-four hours after ceramic orthodontic brackets were bonded, samples were subjected to shear test in a universal testing machine. Microhardness and shear measurement distributions were subjected to Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, which was followed by parametric tests (α = 0.05): 2-way analysis of variance (factors: enamel condition × treatment) and Tukey posttest for all three groups (SE, DE, and TE) in T0 and T2 for microhardness; analysis of variance and Tukey's test, for shear bond strength test. Results Means recorded for Knoop microhardness in T2, for the SE (366.7 KHN) and TE (342.8 KHN) groups, were significantly higher than those recorded for the DE group (263.5 KHN). The shear bond strength of the SE (15.44 MPa) and TE (14.84 MPa) groups statistically differed from that of the DE group (11.95 MPa). Conclusion In vitro demineralized enamel treatment with amelogenin solution was capable of taking samples' hardness back to levels similar to those observed for sound enamel. The shear bond strength on the enamel subjected to this treatment was similar to that observed for healthy enamel and higher than that observed for demineralized enamel.

Effect of phytosphingosine on staining resistance and microhardness of tooth enamel.

To evaluate the protective effect of phytosphingosine (PHS) against staining on dental enamel. Ninety-six specimens of bovine teeth (6 mm × 6 mm × 2 mm) were cut, and initial color (Easyshade, VITA), microhardness (HMV-2, Shimadzu) and fluorescence (Matlabs software, Matworks) measurements were performed. Specimens were separated into four groups according to the treatments: Distilled water (control); Human saliva (HS); PHS; PHS + HS. Specimens (n = 6) were submitted to staining procedures: Distilled water (immersion for 30 days-control); Coffee (15 minutes, twice a day/for 15 days); Black tea (as described for Coffee) and cigarette smoke (20 cigarettes/sample). Final measurements were performed, and data were analyzed (Color-CIEDE2000, fluorescence-2-way ANOVA, Tukey, and microhardness-Kruskal-Wallis Dunn, P < .05). Coffee caused the highest color change (ΔE00 ), followed by black tea, regardless of the treatment employed. Distilled water and cigarette smoke produced similar color changes (P > .05) for the groups control (water = 1.0 + - 0.5/ cigarette = 2.3 0.3) and PHS (water = 0.8 0.4/ cigarette = 2.3 0.4). PHS + HS demonstrated intermediate means than PHS and HS when stained with coffee and tea. After treatments, the least fluorescence alterations occurred for the groups treated with distilled water and cigarette, regardless of the treatment, with no difference (P > .05) between them. There was a significant difference (P < .05) on microhardness between all the groups, as PHS + HS > PHS > HS > Distilled water. It was concluded that PHS treatment did not protect the staining of the enamel by coffee and tea, but increased the microhardness, both in the presence and absence of a salivary pellicle. Phytoshingosine is a novel agent and considered a promising component for anti-biofilm and anti-erosion properties by the formation of a diffusion barrier on the dental enamel. In line, PHS might be considered for anti-staining purposes.

Tooth enamel surface micro-hardness with dual species Streptococcus biofilm after exposure to Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) extract

Streptococcus biofilm on tooth surfaces can decrease mouth environment pH, thus causing enamel demineralization that can lead to dental caries. Java Turmeric extract has excellent antibacterial effects and can maintain S. mutans biofilm pH at neutral levels for 4 hours. To analyze the effect of Java Turmeric extract on tooth enamel micro-hardness, the Java Turmeric extract was added on enamel tooth samples with Streptococcus dual species biofilm (S. sanguinis and S. mutans). The micro-hardness of enamel was measured by Knoop Hardness Tester. Results showed that Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. could not maintain tooth enamel surface micro-hardness. It is concluded that Java Turmeric extract ethanol could not inhibit the hardness of enamel with Streptococcus dual species biofilm.

Effects of applying anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) substrates on the microhardness of tooth enamel in Sprague-Dawley rats

Anchovies (Stolephorus insularis) contain high levels of fluor in the form of CaF2. The aim of this study is to analyze changes in tooth enamel microhardness after application of anchovy substrates by feeding or as a topical fluoridation material. An in vivo study of the lower left incisors of nine Sprague-Dawley rats was conducted. The sample was comprised of baseline and treatment groups, including feeding application, topical application, negative control feeding, and negative control topical groups. The treatment groups were given 5% anchovy substrates through feeding and topical applications. After treatment, tooth samples were extracted from each of the rats for examination, and statistical analyses were performed after determining hardness numbers for enamel surfaces using Vickers microhardness tester. Vickers hardness numbers (VHNs) for anchovy substrate application and consumption by feeding (440.3 ± 24.72) were higher than for the negative control (315.80 ± 17.51). VHNs for the topical application group were higher than for the negative control (347.28 ± 28.56) and for the feeding group. The use of anchovy as a fluoridation material in form of topical application is potentially an effective method for increasing the microhardness of the tooth enamel surface

The Effect of Newly Introduced Bleaching Agent Listerine versus the Conventional Carbamide Peroxide on the Ultrastructure and Microhardness of Tooth Enamel

Background: Tooth bleaching is one of the most conservative and cost-effective dental treatments to enhance a person’s smile. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the newly introduced prebrush bleaching agent Listerine versus carbamide peroxide on the ultrastructure and micro-hardness of the enamel.Materials and Methods: Thirty non-carious sound human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons. Teeth samples were divided equally into three groups. Group Ӏ served as control group where specimens were immersed in artificial saliva, group ӀӀ treated with 22% carbamide peroxide for 5 sessions per day 15 minutes for 60 days and group ӀӀӀ treated with Listerine pre-brush rinse for 5 sessions per day 15 minutes for 60 days, in between the sessions teeth were kept in artificial saliva. At the end of the experiment, all teeth were hemi-sectioned longitudinal in mesio-distal direction to form 60 specimens. The lingual halves of all the groups were used for measuring enamel micro-hardness, while buccal halves were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to detect any ultrastructural changes of enamel of the different groups. Results: SEM results showed morphological alterations on the enamel surface of group ӀӀ and group ӀӀӀ compared with control group Ӏ as appeared surface pitting, porosity, irregularity, roughness, craters like depression and micro-cracks. Results of enamel surface micro-hardness showedno significant differences were found among the bleaching groups (ӀӀ-ӀӀӀ) (p=0.371). However, all bleaching agents produced a significant increase in the mean value of micro-hardness of enamel compared to the untreated control group (Ӏ) as there are highly significant between group Ӏ and other groups as group ӀӀ (p=0.003) and group ӀӀӀ (p=0.026). Conclusion bleaching abuse had a negative influence on the morphology of enamel and its micro-hardness. The home dental bleaching should be done with caution.

Theobromine Effects on Enamel Surface Microhardness: In Vitro

Dental caries is still a dental health problem in Indonesia. Fluoride, one of the dental caries prevention material, but its safety and the danger of fluorosis is still debated. Theobromine is an alkaloid compound contained in cocoa beans. Theobromine is believed to increase enamel microhardness with mineral changes in the enamel superficial layer. Objectives: To determine the influence of theobromine on the enamel surface microhardness. Methods: This study used 40 premolar tooth crown pieces that were embedded in epoxy resin. Furthermore specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups, which were control (distilled water), theobromine 100 mg/L (T100), theobromine 500 mg/L (T500) and theobromine 1000 mg/L (T1000). Specimens were immersed for 15 minutes and microhardness test was performed using Knoop microhardness tester. Results: Increasing enamel microhardness was observed after treatment with four different theobromine concentrations. The highest icreased of enamel microhardness was shown in T1000 group and difference compared to other groups were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: theobromine is a potential dental caries prevention material due to its effect in improving the microhardness of tooth enamel.

INFLUÊNCIA DA PRESENÇA DO CÁLCIO EM AGENTES CLAREADORES E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A MICRODUREZA DO ESMALTE DENTAL HUMANO

Objective: This study examined the microhardness of tooth enamel exposed to the bleaching agent hydrogen peroxide 35%, with or without calcium in its composition in order to ascertain whether the addition of this substance influences the change in microhardness. Material and methods: The samples were composed of ten intact human third molars, of which three fragments were obtained, so that each fragment from the same tooth was part of a different group. Group B consisted of ten samples, bleached with hydrogen peroxide 35% containing calcium. Group M consisted of ten samples, bleached with hydrogen peroxide at 35% without calcium, and group C (control) consisted of ten samples immersed in artificial saliva. The microhardness was evaluated before the treatment and after three sessions with an interval of seven days between them. Results: In Group B there was an increase of 5.47% in microhardness, considered significant, assigned to the presence of calcium in the bleaching agent. There was a reduction of 2.59% and 0.64% in groups M and C respectively, both considered nonsignificant. Conclusion: It was concluded that the presence of calcium in the whitening gel increases the microhardness of the bleached enamel, providing a remineralization of this substrate.