MgO NP Research Articles

Differential responses of Brassica napus cultivars to dual effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have great potential to enhance the crop productivity and sustainability of agriculture. Still, a thorough understanding is lacking about its essentiality or toxicity and precise dose for the safe cultivation of oilseed crops. Thus, we assessed the dual effects of MgO NPs (control, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 200mg/L) on the seed germination, growth performance, photosynthesis, total soluble protein, total carbohydrates, oxidative stress markers (hydrogen peroxide as H2O2 and superoxide anion as O2•‒), lipid peroxidation as MDA, and antioxidant defence machinery (SOD, CAT, APX, and GR activities, and GSH levels) of seven different oilseeds (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (ZY 758, ZD 649, ZD 635, ZD 619, GY 605, ZD 622, and ZD 630). Our findings revealed that low doses of MgO NPs (mainly at 10mg/L) markedly boosted the seed germination, plant growth (shoot and root lengths) (15‒22%), and biomass (fresh and dry) (11‒19%) by improving the levels of photosynthetic pigments (14‒27%), net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), total soluble protein and total carbohydrates (16‒36%), antioxidant defence, and reducing the oxidative stress in B. napus tissues. Among all B. napus cultivars, these beneficial effects of MgO NPs were pronounced in ZD 635. ile, elevated levels of MgO NPs (particularly at 200mg/L) induced oxidative stress, impairedantioxidant scavenging potential, photosynthetic inhibition, protein oxidation, and carbohydrate degradation and lead to inhibit the plant growth attributes. These inhibitory effects were more pronounced in ZD 622. Collectively, low-dose MgO NPs reinforced the Mg contents, protected the plant growth, photosynthesis, total soluble carbohydrates, enzyme activities, and minimized the oxidative stress. While, the excessive MgO NP levels impaired the above-reported traits. Overall, ZD 622 was highly susceptible to MgO NP toxicity and ZD 635 was found most tolerant to MgO NP toxicity.

Chitosan-based films blended with moringa leaves and MgO nanoparticles for application in active food packaging

This study aims to address the issue of environmental pollution caused by non-biodegradable petroleum-based food packaging by exploring the application of biodegradable films. Film casting was employed to fabricate food packaging films from chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers blended with moringa extract (MoE) and various concentrations of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs). The films were characterized through multiple techniques, including UV spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The study investigated the physicomechanical properties, water solubility, water vapor transmission rate, oxygen permeability, migration test, biodegradability, contact angle, anti-fogging, antibacterial and antifungal activity, and application of the films for food packaging. The results showed that blending CS/PVA films with MoE and MgO NPs significantly improved their mechanical properties. The highest tensile strength of 98 MPa was observed in the CPMMgO-0.5 film. The solubility of the films was low, with CPMMgO-0 and CPMMgO-0.25 demonstrating the lowest solubility as weight decreased by 3.41 % and 3.47 %, respectively. The water vapor transmission rate and oxygen permeability decreased with increasing MgO NP concentrations, with the CPMMgO-0.5 film exhibiting the lowest values. The films also demonstrated good biodegradability, anti-fogging ability, antibacterial and antifungal activity, and low water solubility, enabling bead encapsulation over 14 days in good condition. Moreover, the thermal stability of the films was improved, extending the shelf life of bread. Therefore, the fabricated films provide a promising alternative to non-degradable plastic packaging, which heavily contributes to environmental pollution.

MgONP/Chitin nanowhisker‐based hybrid filler bound soy protein thin films for bioactive packaging applications

SummaryBiogenic active packaging materials are on amplified demand owing to environmental concerns. Materials with enhanced properties and stability are still challenging. Bearing in mind these facts, here we are proposing an active soy protein isolate (SPI)‐based packaging film comprising magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) and chitin nanowhisker (CNW), to address this demand. The sol‐gel method was employed in the synthesis of MgO NP and an average particle size of 26.57 nm was obtained. Highly crystalline CNW having dimensions between 5 and 9 nm was synthesised using the steam explosion technique. SPI bio‐nanocomposite film reinforced with the as‐synthesised MgO NP and CNW exhibited high thermal stability, water barrier property and antibacterial activity. The enhancement in the properties is due to the interaction between polar groups of SPI with the hybrid as confirmed by FTIR studies. The prepared nanocomposite film has the potential to be used as bioactive packaging material.

Eco-Friendly Biogenic Synthesis of Metallic MgO Nanoparticles as Potent Antibacterial and Antibiofilm

Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles (MgO NP) is a facile method that can be easily used for various biomedical, agricultural, catalysis, physics, chemistry, and electronic fields. The construction of nanoparticles by this method makes it compatible with antibacterial studies. Statistical analysis was employed to derive a statistical model for the individual effect of the physicochemical conditions affecting the production conditions of MgO NP to upturn the dry weight to 3 mg /50 ml, which is 6.66 times larger than a basal condition (0.45 mg /50ml). The biosynthesized MgO NP was characterized using UV-VIS, FT-IR, XRD, and TEM. The green synthesized MgO NP killed both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria and disrupted nascent biofilms thus could be used as a potential nanomaterial for in vivo applications such as coating for a medical implant, suggesting new antimicrobial mechanisms. Apart from this, the work reported here stands out from others in various aspects. First, this is the first report (to the best of our knowledge), which calculates the yield of synthesized MgO NP by Bacillus paramycoides strain MCCC 1A04098. Secondly, conditions for optimal yield, different particle sizes of MgO NP were screened using Plackett Burman design and confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, FT-IR, and XRD.

Comparative Study Between Metronidazole Residues Disposal by Using Adsorption and Photodegradation Processes onto MgO Nanoparticles

The photodegradation and adsorption processes of metronidazole (MNZ) was conducted utilizing the batch reactor onto magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) as the catalyst surface affected by UV radiation, initial concentration of MNZ, pH, catalyst loading, inorganic salts addition, time, and temperature. Chemical composition and morphological properties of the prepared MgO NP can also be portrayed by several techniques such as XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM, while GC–MS analysis was used to monitor the photodegradation pathway for MNZ molecules. The results indicated that the actual removal of 93.2% of 80 mg/L MNZ present in 25 mL of a solution containing 0.1 mg/L of MgO NP could be distributed as 35.7% for maximum adsorption and 57.5% for degradation efficiency during 180 min. The degradation process is mainly of two steps; dark adsorption experiment, and photocatalytic degradation performance. Hence, Kinetic analyses indicate that adsorption constant estimated in dark conditions is smaller than the adsorption equilibrium constant derived from the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model through photodegradation of MNZ that follows pseudo-first-order kinetic. The adsorption isotherm result specified that the adsorption nature is chemisorption and fit Langmuir model, as well as thermodynamic results indicated that it is a nonspontaneous and endothermic reaction.

Comparing the effects of physiologically-based metal oxide nanoparticles on ribonucleic acid and RAS/RBD-targeted triplex and aptamer interactions

Physiological metals such as zinc, magnesium, and nickel facilitate nucleic acid and protein interactions and stability. In the nanoscale, the impact these have on nucleic acid structure-function is very poorly understood and was investigated here. Nanoparticles’ (NP) RNA precipitation efficiency was in the order; NiO > MgO > ZnO > CaO > CaCO3>Cu. Gel mobility shift was observed for MgO and especially ZnO NP. Loss of staining intensity was shown for Cu suggesting this NP may denature RNA supported by the UV- and CD-spectroscopy patterns, change in area-under-the-curve (AUC) and abs260 nm measurements. Aptamer and triplex-forming oligomer (TFO) sequences were designed targeting RAS/Ras binding domain (RBD) and the impact of the NP on target interaction investigated. MgO NP promotes aptamer:RBD interaction and preserves triplex formation whereas NiO NP effects duplex migration and intensifies staining of the triplex suggesting a novel mechanism of interaction and conformation. These data strongly support the role of MgO, ZnO and NiO NP for nucleic acid nanobio interaction and suggest potential biomedical application for such novel interfaces.

Reliability of antioxidant potential and in vivo compatibility with extremophilic actinobacterial-mediated magnesium oxide nanoparticle synthesis

Owing to the hazards of chemical and physical syntheses of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs), an eco-friendly, high-yield, and promising biological method is highly desirable for biomedical applications. Hence, in this study, an extremophilic actinobacterial population (SA8 and SA10) from Salem magnesite mining soil was used as precursors for MgO NP synthesis. The prepared nanoparticles were subjected to X-ray diffraction study and showed face-centred cubic structure with an average particle size of 18–24 nm. Among all, high yield was obtained in SA10 actinobacteria-mediated synthesis of MgO NPs (480 mg/100 mL). In addition, the prepared MgO NPs (10 mg/well) showed 15–17 mm zone of inhibition against bacterial pathogens, especially bigger zones around SA10. The 64.5% antioxidant activity and nonsignificant toxicity of actinobacteria-synthesized MgO NPs in MG-63 cell lines at 100 µg/mL and nonsignificant in vivo toxicity in zebrafish at 0.1 mg/mL were remarkable. In addition, this is the first study to focus on MgO NP synthesis using extremophilic actinobacteria collected from Salem magnesite mining soil for high yield (115 mg/100 mL), reliable with potential antioxidant, and in vitro and in vivo compatibility. These results provided useful information for advanced research and mass production of NP for biomedical applications.

Development of advanced nanostructured polyurethane composites comprising hybrid fillers with enhanced properties for regenerative medicine

Polymeric composite scaffold renders great potential in the remodeling of the damaged tissues when compared to the traditional materials such as autograft, allograft and xenograft. Recently, polymeric scaffolds fabricated using the electrospinning technique has been widely utilized in regenerative medicine. In this study, a novel electrospun composite scaffold based on polyurethane (PU) impregnated with MgO nanoparticles (MgO Np) and neem oil was fabricated and their physico-chemical properties were investigated. The fabricated nanocomposites showed reduced fiber and pore diameter than the pristine PU. The incorporation of neem oil and MgO resulted in the decrease in wettability behavior indicating the hydrophobic nature. Differential thermogravimetry (DTG) study revealed the reduced weight loss of the PU membrane with the addition of MgO Np and neem oil. Moreover, the incorporation of MgO Np and neem oil content altered the crystallinity behavior of the PU membrane as depicted in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Finally, the existence of MgO Np and neem oil facilitated the decrease in the surface roughness and increase in tensile strength of the pristine PU. Hence, this novel nanocomposites exhibiting enhanced physico-chemical properties warrant them as a putative candidate for the regenerative application.

A smart LPG sensor based on chemo-bio synthesized MgO nanostructure

The present work reports the synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP’s) using A. barbadensis Mill (aloe vera) as the stabilizer by green synthesis approach as well as solution-combustion method. The morphological, structural and optical properties of synthesized MgO NP’s were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The characterization results show the fibrous shaped porous structure of synthesized MgO NP’s with size range of 2–25 nm. The as-synthesized MgO NP’s were subjected to sensing of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) having different concentration ranges (400–1000 ppm) and different operating temperatures along with dynamic characteristics. The sensor exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity towards LPG.

Microwave-assisted MgO NP catalyzed one-pot multicomponent synthesis of polysubstituted steroidal pyridines

MgO NPs were proved to be a highly efficient catalyst for mild and clean conversion of steroids to steroidal heterocycles.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticle-loaded polycaprolactone composite electrospun fiber scaffolds for bone–soft tissue engineering applications: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation

The objective of the present investigation was to assess the potential of magnesium oxide nanoparticle (MgO NP)-loaded electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer composites as a bone–soft tissue engineering scaffold. MgO NPs were synthesized using a hydroxide precipitation sol-gel method and characterized using field emission gun–scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (FEG-SEM/EDS), field emission gun–transmission electron microscopy (FEG-TEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. PCL and MgO–PCL nanocomposite fibers were fabricated using electrospinning with trifluoroethanol as solvent at 19 kV applied voltage and 1.9 ml h−1 flow rate as optimized process parameters, and were characterized by FEG-TEM, FEG-SEM/EDS, XRD, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. Characterization studies of as-synthesized nanoparticles revealed diffraction peaks indexed to various crystalline planes peculiar to MgO particles with hexagonal and cubical shape, and 40–60 nm size range. Significant improvement in mechanical properties (tensile strength and elastic modulus) of nanocomposites was observed as compared to neat polymer specimens (fourfold and threefold, respectively), due to uniform dispersion of nanofillers along the polymer fiber length. There was a remarkable bioactivity shown by nanocomposite scaffolds in immersion test, as indicated by formation of surface hydroxyapatite layer by the third day of incubation. MgO-loaded electrospun PCL mats showed enhanced in-vitro biological performance with osteoblast-like MG-63 cells in terms of adhesion, proliferation, and marked differentiation marker activity owing to greater surface roughness, nanotopography, and hydrophilicity facilitating higher protein adsorption. In-vivo subcutaneous implantation study in Sprague Dawley rats revealed initial moderate inflammatory tissue response near implant site at the second week timepoint that subsided later (eighth week) with no adverse effect on vital organ functionalities as seen in histopathological analysis supported by serum biochemical and hematological parameters which did not deviate significantly from normal physiological range, indicating good biocompatibility in-vivo. Thus, MgO–PCL nanocomposite electrospun fibers have potential as an efficient scaffold material for bone–soft tissue engineering applications.

Electrophoretic deposition of MgO nanoparticles imparts antibacterial properties to poly-L-lactic acid for orthopedic applications.

Bacterial infection of implanted biomaterials is a serious problem that increases health care costs and negatively affects a considerable fraction of orthopedic procedures. In this field, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have emerged as a promising material to combat bacterial infection while maintaining or improving bone cell functions. Here, MgO NPs were electrophoretically deposited onto poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) sheets to achieve a coating of highly exposed MgO NPs that directly influenced cell-substrate interactions at short time scales. Samples were characterized for their surface chemistry, crystal structure, roughness, wettability, degradation characteristics, and their ability to support the growth of human fibroblasts and osteoblasts, as well as their resistance to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In general, increasing the applied voltage during deposition increased the surface coverage of the coating and significantly decreased the colonization of all three bacterial strains (up to a 90% reduction). Furthermore, S. aureus cells that did attach onto substrates prepared at high voltages exhibited trademark signs of membrane damage and cell death. Importantly, MTS cell viability assays indicated that osteoblast adhesion increased with increasing deposition voltage, while fibroblast adhesion exhibited the opposite trend. Thus, although requiring more studies, this research provides the first evidence that MgO NP coatings prepared at relatively high voltages (120-150 V) may have the ability to resist bacterial colonization, promote bone cell attachment, and curb fibrous capsule formation. Therefore, it is recommended that this technology be further investigated and developed for numerous orthopedic applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3136-3147, 2017.

Functional Improvement in Rats' Pancreatic Islets Using Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Through Antiapoptotic and Antioxidant Pathways.

According to undiscovered toxicity and safety of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) in isolated pancreatic islet cells, this study was designed to examine the effects of its various concentrations on a time-course basis on the oxidative stress, viability, and function of isolated islets of rat's pancreas. Pancreatic islets were isolated and exposed to different MgO NP (<100nm) concentrations within three different time points. After that, oxidative stress biomarkers were investigated and the best exposure time was selected. Then, safety of MgO NPs was investigated by flow cytometry and fluorescent staining, and levels of insulin secretion and caspase activity were measured. The results illustrated a considerable decrease in oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels of pancreatic islets which were treated by MgO NPs for 24h. Also, in that time of exposure, cell apoptosis investigation by flow cytometry and insulin test showed that MgO NPs, in a concentration of 100μg/ml, decreased the rate of apoptotic cells via inhibiting caspase-9 activity and made a significant increase in the level of insulin secretion. Data of function and apoptosis biomarkers correlated with each other. It is concluded that the use of MgO NPs in concentration of as low as 100μg/ml can induce antiapoptotic, antioxidative, and antidiabetic effects in rat pancreatic islets, which support its possible benefit in islet transplantation procedures.

Evaluation of antibacterial effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticles with nisin and heat in milk

Objective(s): The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) alone or in combination with other antimicrobials (nisin and heat) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk.Materials and Methods: First, the combined effect of nisin and MgO nanoparticles was investigated in milk. Then the combined effect of nisin, heat and MgO nanoparticles was assessed in milk. Also the scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphological changes of S. aureus before and after antimicrobial treatments.Results: The results showed that MgO NP have strong bactericidal activity against the pathogens. A synergistic effect of MgO in combination with nisin and heat was observed as well. Scanning electron microscopy was revealed that MgO NP treatments in combination with nisin distort and damage the cell membrane, resulting in a leakage of intracellular contents and eventually the death of bacterial cells. Conclusion: These results suggested that MgO NP alone or in combination with nisin could potentially be used as an effective antibacterial agent to enhance food safety.

Investigation into the antibacterial behavior of suspensions of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in combination with nisin and heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk

The antibacterial activities of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) alone or in combination with nisin against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. Synergistic antibacterial effects existed and at lower levels of nisin when compared to when nisin was used alone. Also the antibacterial activities of MgO NP in combination with other antimicrobials (nisin and heat) against E. coli and S. aureus were investigated in milk. A synergistic effect of MgO NP in combination with nisin and heat was observed as well. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphological changes of E. coli after antimicrobial treatments. It was revealed that MgO NP treatments in combination with nisin distort and damage the cell membrane, resulting in a leakage of intracellular contents and eventually the death of bacterial cells. This is the first report describing the antibacterial activity of MgO NPs and nisin in milk. It leads the way to development of treatment combinations which could result in a decrease in pasteurisation temperatures and the level of MgO NP required for pasteurising milk and maintaining pathogen control.

In vitro anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals that can lead to huge economic losses in the livestock production. No antiviral therapies are available for treating FMD virus (FMDV) infections in animals. The antiviral effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on the FMDV were investigated in cell culture. The viability of the cells after MgO NP treatment was determined using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The direct effects of MgO NPs on the FMDV in extracellular (virucidal assay) and also different stages of virus replication (antiviral assay) were evaluated by plaque reduction assay. The results showed that MgO NPs were safe at concentrations up to 250 µg/ml in the Razi Bovine kidney cell line. The treatments with NPs indicated that the MgO NPs exerted in vitro virucidal and antiviral activities. Plaque reduction assay revealed that MgO NPs can inhibit FMDV by more than 90% at the early stages of infection such as attachment and penetration but not after penetration. The results of this study suggested that NPs might be applied locally as an antiviral agent in early stages of infection in susceptible animals.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles induce systemic resistance in tomato against bacterial wilt disease

Bacterial wilt is a serious problem affecting many important food crops. Recent studies have indicated that treatment with biotic or abiotic stress factors may increase the resistance of plants to bacterial infection. This study investigated the effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) on disease resistance in tomato plants against Ralstonia solanacearum, as well as its antibacterial activity. The roots of tomato seedlings were inoculated with R. solanacearum and then immediately treated with MgO NP; the treated plants showed very little inhibition of bacterial wilt. In contrast, when roots were drenched with a MgO NP suspension prior to inoculation with the pathogen, the incidence of disease was significantly reduced. Rapid generation of reactive oxygen species such as O2−˙ radicals was observed in tomato roots treated with MgO NP. Further O2−˙ was rapidly generated when tomato plant extracts or polyphenols were added to the MgO NP suspension, suggesting that the generation of O2−˙ in tomato roots might be due to a reaction between MgO NP and polyphenols present in the roots. Salicylic acid‐inducible PR1, jasmonic acid‐inducible LoxA, ethylene‐inducible Osm, and systemic resistance‐related GluA were up‐regulated in both the roots and hypocotyls of tomato plants after treatment of the plant roots with MgO NP. Histochemical analyses showed that β‐1,3‐glucanase and tyloses accumulated in the xylem and apoplast of pith tissues of the hypocotyls after MgO NP treatment. These results indicate that MgO NP induces systemic resistance in tomato plants against R. solanacearum.

The general public health point of view

The antibacterial activities of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) alone or in combination with nisin against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. Synergistic antibacterial effects existed and at lower levels of nisin when compared to when nisin was used alone. Also the antibacterial activities of MgO NP in combination with other antimicrobials (nisin and heat) against E. coli and S. aureus were investigated in milk. A synergistic effect of MgO NP in combination with nisin and heat was observed as well. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphological changes of E. coli after antimicrobial treatments. It was revealed that MgO NP treatments in combination with nisin distort and damage the cell membrane, resulting in a leakage of intracellular contents and eventually the death of bacterial cells. This is the first report describing the antibacterial activity of MgO NPs and nisin in milk. It leads the way to development of treatment combinations which could result in a decrease in pasteurisation temperatures and the level of MgO NP required for pasteurising milk and maintaining pathogen control.