Mg Of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Research Articles

Oxidation of tetracycline hydrochloride by peroxomonosulfate and peroxodisulfate on a ZnNi@NC carbonaceous catalyst: Role of non-radical species and mediated or direct electron transfer mechanisms

This study investigated the activation pathways of peroxomonosulfate (PMS) and peroxodisulfate (PDS) on a metal-based carbon catalyst (ZnNi@NC) for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). ZnNi@NC was synthesized via pyrolysis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which yielded Ni species encapsulated in a Ni3ZnC0.7 layer and N,O-doped graphitic carbon nanotubes. The catalytic performance of ZnNi@NC in PMS and PDS activation for TC degradation was found to be excellent. The ZnNi@C/PMS and ZnNi@C/PDS systems successfully degraded 13 mg of TC within 100 min. We complemented these results with quenching experiments and utilized characterization techniques, such as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), to verify the activation of PMS and PDS, leading to the production of singlet oxygen and the formation of a surface-active complex. Additionally, our research demonstrated that ZnNi@NC facilitated electron transfer between surface-active PDS and adsorbed TC, as confirmed through electrochemical analytical characterization. Further insights from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that active sites, including graphitic N and pyrrolidinic N species, played a pivotal role in singlet oxygen generation. Specifically, PMS activated through a direct electron transfer pathway, while PDS employed an indirect electron transfer pathway. Furthermore, the study emphasized that the N,O-doped graphitic carbon framework played a key role in the formation of surface-activated PMS/PDS. In conclusion, this work provides novel insights into the distinct functionalities of Ni-based carbon catalysts in persulfate activation.

Determination of Tetracycline in Capsule Dosage Form

Background: Tetracycline antibiotic is widely prescribed that encourages the finding of rapid and reliable protocol for the determination of tetracycline hydrochloride in hard gelatine capsules. Recently, the standard addition method is used commonly with the aid of a UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer for such purpose. In this work, the authors aim to quantify the percent assay of Apcycline-250 capsules utilizing the standard addition protocol. Methods: Twenty filled and emptied capsules were weighed and an equivalent amount of 50 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride was diluted, filtered, and an appropriate standard was spiked and prepared for assay. Results: The λmax was found to be 348 nm and the absorbance vs. concentration standard addition curve was plotted for tetracycline hydrochloride capsules. This curve shows good linearity (R2 = 0.9994). The limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) were observed as 0.007937 and 0.02646, respectively. While the percent assay was 103.2%. Conclusion: The authors conclude that the standard addition technique is a reliable method to conduct rapid, economical, and validated day-by-day analyses work of tetracycline hydrochloride hard gelatine capsules.

Aminated graphitic carbon derived from corn stover biomass as adsorbent against antibiotic tetracycline: Optimizing the physicochemical parameters

There is an urgent demand to abate contamination of the water resources and wastewaters from antibiotics, released predominately from the municipal and healthcare effluents. Herein, we modified an eco-friendly and renewable agro-waste/biomass material in order to obtain an efficient adsorbent against the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). Corn stover biomass was thermally converted to porous reduced graphite oxide (RGO) and then was post functionalized to an aminated graphitic carbonaceous material (ACS-RGO). The materials were characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), as well as Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The sorption process was statistically modeled, by systematically varying crucial factors, based on Box–Behnken design (BBD). The model analysis illustrated the effect of independent variables and their correlations in order to determine the optimum parameters/conditions. The highest TC removal (100%) was found to occur for initial TC concentration of 48.74 mg/L, 0.98 gL dosage of adsorbent, 51.6 min contact time and at pH = 7.4. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity estimated to be 132.9 mg of TC per gram of ACS-RGO.

Helicobacter pylori Eradication Using a 14-day Bismuth Quadruple Therapy Among Hispanic Adults in El Paso, Texas: Preliminary Findings

Purpose: Previous studies have shown that the standard triple therapy which consists of two antibiotics, clarithromycin and amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor, results in less than 80% eradication rates of H. pylori infection. A quadruple therapy consisting of three-in-one capsules containing bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole, tetracycline hydrochloride plus omeprazole capsules (Pylera) for ten days was 91% PP in the U.S. and 93% ITT in Europe for eradicating H. pylori (Grade B results). An ongoing study is assessing cure rates of this therapy given for 14 days in an area with high prevalence of metronidazole resistance (i.e., adults in El Paso, Texas). Methods: Subjects were screened for H. pylorii using a urine IgG antibody test and infection status was confirmed by urea breath test. Specimens for cultures were obtained using the minimally invasive non-endoscopic oro-gastric brush method. Fifty subjects have entered and received the 14-day treatment of the combination capsules containing 420 mg of bismuth subcitrate potassium (q.i.d.), 375 mg of metronidazole (q.i.d.), 375 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride (q.i.d.) plus 20 mg of omeprazole (bid). Infection status after treatment was determined by a urea breath test administered at 45+ days. Results: The effectiveness based on PP analysis to date is 100% (lower bound of mid-P 95% CI: 82.9). The prevalence of metronidazole resistant H. pylori (≥8 μg/mL) strains was 44%. The eradication rates according to PP analysis the cure rates were 100% for both metronidazole resistant and metronidazole susceptible strains. No strain was resistant to tetracycline (i.e., all had MIC <2 μg/mL). Overall the therapy was well tolerated. Conclusion: Extending the duration to 14-days of this bismuth-containing quadruple therapy resulted in a high treatment success despite the presence of metronidazole resistance for eradication of H. pylori infections in a Hispanic population. If the excellent results continue, a head to head 10 vs. 14 days comparison will be indicated. (Disclosure: This researcher initiated study was funded by a grant from Aptalis Pharma, Inc, Bridgewater, NJ, USA.) This researcher initiated study was funded by a grant from Aptalis Pharma, Inc, Bridgewater, NJ, USA.

Pharmacokinetics of tetracycline in plasma, synovial fluid and milk using single intravenous and single intravenous regional doses in dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis

The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of tetracycline in plasma, synovial fluid, and milk following either a single systemic intravenous (i.v.) injection or a single i.v. regional antibiosis (IVRA) administration of tetracycline hydrochloride to dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD). To this end, plasma and synovial fluid tetracycline concentrations were compared with the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the major bacteria, which are known to cause digital diseases and thus assess its efficacy in PDD. Residual tetracycline concentrations in milk from cows treated by both methods were also determined. Twelve Holstein cows with various stages of PDD were randomly assigned to two groups of six animals. Group 1 received a single systemic i.v. injection of 10 mg/kg of tetracycline hydrochloride. Group 2 received 1000 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride by IVRA of the affected limb. Blood, synovial fluid and milk samples were taken prior to tetracycline administration (time 0 control), and then at 22, 45 and 82 min, and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h following drug administration. Tetracycline concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean tetracycline plasma and milk concentrations in Group 1 were higher than Group 2. The opposite was observed for synovial fluid concentrations. Group 2 synovial fluid concentrations were higher than the MIC value over 24 h for the bacteria most frequently responsible for claw disease. Compared with i.v. administration, IVRA administration of tetracycline produced very high synovial fluid and low plasma and milk concentrations.

Tetracycline labeling as a measure of humeral head viability after 3- or 4-part proximal humerus fracture

Specifically located humeral head biopsies from three-part proximal humerus fractures taken at the time of hemiarthroplasty will show greater tetracycline labeling under fluorescent microscopy than those biopsies taken from four-part fractures. Additionally, biopsies from younger patients would show greater fluorescence than older patients. Nineteen consecutive adult patients (range 43-83 years) underwent hemiarthroplasty as definitive treatment for 20 displaced three- and four-part proximal humerus fractures after having received 500 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride orally every six hours for the immediate five preoperative days. Humeral head biopsies were taken from four pre-determined locations intraoperatively. The biopsies were prepared and analyzed with fluorescent microscopy. All specimens in each biopsy location demonstrated fluorescence. There was no difference between the mean rank gray values for the four biopsy locations (p = 0.78 with the Friedman test). There was no difference between the mean rank gray values for the four biopsy locations when analyzed according to three-part vs four-part fracture (p > 0.05 with the Mann-Whitney test). There was an inverse relationship between age and fluorescence for the anterosuperior biopsy location (p = 0.033 with Spearman correlation). Vascular supply is preserved in displaced three- and four-part proximal humerus fractures. With intact vascularity to the humeral head, head-preserving techniques utilizing stable, site-specific fixation and minimal dissection should be considered in the treatment of displaced three- and four-part proximal humerus fractures. Vascular supply is preserved in displaced three- and four-part proximal humerus fractures, especially in younger patients in the anterosuperior aspect of the humeral head. Basic Science Study.

Intrapleural Tetracycline for the Prevention of Recurrent Spontaneous Pneumothorax

This prospective, multicenter, randomized, "unblinded," controlled clinical trial was designed to determine if the intrapleural instillation of 1500 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride would be effective in diminishing the ipsilateral rate of recurrence for spontaneous pneumothorax. During the 4-year enrollment period, 113 patients were assigned to the tetracycline group; 116 patients were assigned to the control group. During the 5-year study period, the recurrence rate in the tetracycline group (25%) was significantly less than that in the control group (41%). Use of tetracycline seemed to reduce the recurrence rates for patients with either primary or secondary spontaneous pneumothorax and for patients with either an initial or a recurrent pneumothorax. We conclude that the intrapleural administration of tetracycline in patients with spontaneous pneumothorax significantly reduces the rate of ipsilateral recurrence but is associated with intense chest pain. Intrapleural tetracycline therapy is indicated for patients with a spontaneous pneumothorax who are hospitalized and are treated with tube thoracostomy.

Tetracycline and Minocycline Treatment

• The effect of 1,000 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride and 200 mg of minocycline hydrochloride onPropionibacteriumacnes levels and skin-surface lipid levels was measured in 15 patients with acne. Minocycline produced a significantly greater reduction in thePacnes counts that persisted even up to three weeks after discontinuation of the minocycline therapy, in contrast to the return ofPacnes to baseline counts within three weeks after discontinuation of the tetracycline therapy. A similar persistence of effect for reduction of skin-surface free fatty acid levels and clinical lesions was also seen with minocycline therapy. (Arch Dermatol1982;118:19-22)

Tetracycline and minocycline treatment

The effect of 1,000 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride and 200 mg of minocycline hydrochloride on Propionibacterium acnes levels and skin-surface lipid levels was measured in 15 patients with acne. Minocycline produced a significantly greater reduction in the P acnes counts that persisted even up to three weeks after discontinuation of the minocycline therapy, in contrast to the return of P acnes to baseline counts within three weeks after discontinuation of tetracycline therapy. A similar persistence of effect for reduction of skin-surface free fatty acid levels and clinical lesions was also seen with minocycline therapy.

Erythema Elevatum Diutinum Treated With Niacinamide and Tetracycline

A 60-year-old woman with recurrent papular and vesiculobullous lesions of erythema elevatum diutinum responded to treatment with 100 mg of oral niacinamide three times a day and 250 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride four times a day. Prior therapy with 2.5 mg of dexamethasone daily and 1.0 g of erythromycin daily had been unsuccessful. After four weeks, tetracycline therapy was discontinued, and niacinamide alone sufficed to suppress the disorder. Recurrent lesions developed whenever niacinamide therapy was stopped.

Long Term Effect of Systemic Tetracycline Administration on the Severity of Induced Periodontitis in the Rat,

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the influence of systemically administered tetracycline on periodontitis in the rat. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were arranged into two groups, one group received 21 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride each day for 10 weeks in the drinking water. Periodontitis was induced in the maxillary left segment with a 0.008 inch stainless steel ligature wire and by modifying the normal diet with sucrose. The direct microscopic and histometric measurements obtained were analyzed for statistical significance, which revealed the following: 1. Tetracycline-treated animals demonstrated significantly less resorption of the buccal alveolar bone. There were no statistical differences however, in the amount of alveolar bone resorption palatally or interdentally. 2. Tetracycline-treated animals demonstrated significantly less apical migration of the junctional epithelium on the distal root of the maxillary first molar tooth. 3. Tetracycline-treated animals demonstrated significantly fewer inflammatory cells. In conclusion, long term systemic administration of tetracycline in the rat may be of value in reducing the amount of tissue destruction in experimentally induced periodontitis.

Porphyria-like Cutaneous Changes Induced by Tetracycline Hydrochloride Photosensitization

Five patients manifested cutaneous changes indistinguishable from those noted in some porphyric disorders, consisting of fragility, denudation, and blister formation of sun-exposed skin. Microscopical examination showed subepidermal bulla formation and the desposition of PAS-positive, diastase-resistant material and IgG in or around the upper dermal blood vessel walls. There was also electron microscopical evidence of vascular basal lamina reduplication and the deposition of a fine fibrillar material in and around these vessels. However, no abnormal porphyrin formation was noted. All five patients had been receiving 250 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride twice a day for at least six months and had had extensive sun exposure prior to the onset of the condition. For four patients, discontinuing the medication led to complete remission, despite subsequent sun exposure; the fifth patient was much improved, but her skin was still somewhat fragile seven months later. We concluded that these cutaneous changes resulted from a low-grade photosensitization by tetracycline hydrochloride.

Porphyria-like cutaneous changes induced by tetracycline hydrochloride photosensitization

• Five patients manifested cutaneous changes indistinguishable from those noted in some porphyric disorders, consisting of fragility, denudation, and blister formation of sun-exposed skin. Microscopical examination showed subepidermal bulla formation and the desposition of PAS-positive, diastase-resistant material and IgG in or around the upper dermal blood vessel walls. There was also electron microscopical evidence of vascular basal lamina reduplication and the deposition of a fine fibrillar material in and around these vessels. However, no abnormal porphyrin formation was noted. All five patients had been receiving 250 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride twice a day for at least six months and had had extensive sun exposure prior to the onset of the condition. For four patients, discontinuing the medication led to complete remission, despite subsequent sun exposure; the fifth patient was much improved, but her skin was still somewhat fragile seven months later. We concluded that these cutaneous changes resulted from a lowgrade photosensitization by tetracycline hydrochloride. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>112:661-666, 1976)

Technetium-99m-Tetracycline: Preparation, biological dynamics and uptake in damaged and normal skeletal muscle

Recently, a 99 m Tc-tetracycline complex has been proposed as a kidney scanning agent with potential for use in myocardial infarct imaging. We have studied the chemistry of preparation of 99 m Tc-tetracycline and have measured the biological dynamics of this chelate in the rat. In addition, we have determined the differential uptakes of 99 m Tc-tetracycline in damaged and healthy rat skeletal muscle. The tetracycline complex of 99 m Tc is prepared by reduction of 99 m Tc-pertechnetate with a Sn(II)-tetracycline complex in the presence of excess tetracycline in a deoxygenated aqueous solution. Preparations containing 1 mg of SnCl 2 and 30 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride contain less than 10% free pertechnetate and virtually no free, reduced 99 m Tc. The labeled complex is stable for up to several hours at room temperature. The biological dynamics of 99 m Tc-tetracycline were studied by tissue sampling at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min post injection. The agent showed moderate liver uptake (≌10%) and substancial urinary clearance (up tp 30%) during the first hour. At 18 hr post injection, rat thigh muscle which had been damaged by repeated “pinching” with forceps showed uptakes of 99 m Tc-tetracycline which were 7 to 9 times greater than the contralateral, normal thigh muscle. If similar ratios of concentration occur in damaged vs normal myocardium, imaging of the abnormal regions may be possible.

Tetracycline Treatment of Chloroquine-Resistant Falciparum Malaria in Thailand

Tetracycline hydrochloride was evaluated in asymptomatic and acutely ill subjects naturally infected with chloroquine resistant strains of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>. Sixteen asymptomatic subjects of whom eight had recently experienced chloroquine treatment failures received 250 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride, four times daily for ten days. A presumptive radical cure was demonstrated in 12. In the other four, treatment was discontinued within 72 hours because of symptomatic development. Acutely ill subjects were assigned to one of two treatment groups. One group received 640 mg of quinine sulfate, three times daily for three days, followed by 250 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride, four times daily for ten days. The other group received a similar course of quinine followed by a conventional course of chloroquine. A presumptive radical cure was demonstrated in 29 of 30 treated with the quinine-tetracycline regimen, and in 15 of 36 treated with the quinine-chloroquine regimen.

Effects of tetracycline against chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum.

Tetracycline was administered to 22 volunteers infected with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (either the Camp. or Marks strain) and to seven volunteers infected with chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum (Uganda I strain). Volunteers had become partially immune to their infections before they received 250 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride, given orally every 6 hours for 3¼, 5, or 7 days. Clearance of asexual parasites, although slow (mean, 4.5 days), was observed after each regimen of medication. In febrile patients, fever and symptoms usually subsided more slowly. After treatment with tetracycline for 3¼ days, initial clearance of patent parasitemia preceded recrudescence of asexual parasites in ll three patients infected with chloroquine-resistant malaria. Treatment for 5 days effected radical cure in all five infections with the Camp. strain, but parasitemia recurred in the single infection with the Ugandan strain. Administration of tetracycline for 7 days effected radical cure in all 10 persons infected with the Camp. strain, in 3 of 4 persons infected with the Marks strain, and in all 6 persons infected with the Uganda I strain. Tetracycline seemed to exert no effect against gametocytes. The findings indicate that tetracycline, although not recommended for treatment of acute episodes of malaria, may be of potential value, as an adjunctive agent, in achieving radical cure of drug-resistant infections of P. falciparum.

Further studies on the effect of tetracycline on the developing skeleton of the chick embryo.

AbstractAt intervals from 2 to 13 days of incubation, 2.5 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride was injected into the yolk sac of chick embryos. The femurs and mandibles were examined histologically at intervals between 10 and 17 days of embryonic age.The abnormalities which result include inhibition of mineralization of the developing osteoid trabeculae, retardation of erosion of the long bone cartilage model, and abnormal calcification of the cartilage matrix in the long bones. The major effects on cartilage maturation appear to occur after cellular hypertrophy has taken place and thus are found only in cartilage models which are being replaced by bone.While tetracycline does cause some retardation in the rate of osteoid deposition, the drug appears to affect intramembraneous bone formation in the mandible and femur primarily by retarding or temporarily inhibiting the rate of mineralization of the osteoid matrix.The results of this study indicate that the effects produced by tetracycline on developing bones are dependent upon the concentration of the drug and not upon the time of administration.