Mg Of Gallic Acid Equivalents Research Articles

Antioxidant Activity of Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Leaf Extracts Obtained by Advanced Extraction Techniques

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a widely spread Mediterranean evergreen tree whose plant parts are rich in bioactive compounds with potential for application in functional food production. Carob leaves are the least explored part of the plant, and the main compounds of interest are polyphenols. Advanced extraction techniques, such as pressurized liquid (PLE), microwave-assisted (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extraction have not been sufficiently explored for their potential in extracting these compounds. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to optimize the parameters (temperature and time) of PLE, MAE and UAE of carob leaf polyphenols, characterize the individual compounds by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS2) and determine the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The optimal temperature and time were 160 °C/5 min for PLE, resulting in a total phenolic content of 68.21 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g−1. For MAE and UAE, the optimal conditions were 70 °C/10 min, under which total phenolic contents of 78.80 and 55.98 mg GAE g−1 were achieved, respectively. A total of 26 compounds, represented mainly by myricetin, quercetin-3-rhamnoside and gallic acid, were identified in extracts obtained by all three extraction techniques. All extracts showed high antioxidant activity (0.46–1.05 and 0.50–0.58 mmol TE g−1 for FRAP and DPPH, respectively), which correlated with the polyphenolic content and was affected by the concentration of ascorbic acid (0.03–0.52 mg mL−1), confirming that carob leaf extracts obtained by advanced extraction possess high potential for application in functional food products.

The Effects of Different Drying Methods on the In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Phenolics, Antioxidant Capacity, and Morphology of European Plums (Prunes domestica L.).

Four different drying methods, hot-air-drying (HAD), vacuum-drying (VD), ultrasound-assisted vacuum-drying (US-VD), and freeze-drying (FD), were used to obtain dried plums (Prunes domesticaL.). These prunes were evaluated for their physical properties (such as color, rehydration ratio, and microstructural properties), phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities before and after being subjected to in vitro digestion. TPC (total phenolic content) of plums ranged from 196.84 to 919.58 mg of GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/100 g of dw, and neochlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound. FD prunes had the highest levels of phenolics, whereas US-VD caused the most significant loss. During in vitro digestion, the phenolics were present at higher levels at the gastric medium but failed to maintain their stability at the small intestinal stage. Among the samples, FD along with HAD prunes exhibited a higher bioaccessibility index for most of the phenolic compounds. The ratios of TPC, TFC (total flavonoid content), and individual phenolics determined in the digested residues to the initial values of the undigested samples ranged from 0.23 to 31.03%. It could be concluded that the majority of the phenolics were extracted during digestion. Our findings showed that the different drying methods would alter the microstructure, which would affect the extractability and release of phenolics in the simulated digestion model.

Seasonal effect on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of young, mature and senescent leaves from Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Basellaceae).

Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis is a vine species native to Brazil that is considered an unconventional food plant and a medicinal species whose phenolic compounds exert antioxidant activity. Since the production of metabolites is determined by environmental factors and leaf maturity, it is important to track these changes in order to determine the best time to harvest. This study aimed to verify whether leaf phenology and seasonality cause variations in the amount of phenolic compounds and in the antioxidant activity of this species. The leaves were collected in different seasons between September 2018 and April 2019, and separated according to maturity: young, mature, and senescent. Daily atmospheric temperature and rainfall data were used to characterize the collection period. The total phenolic content (TPC), determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method, was significantly higher in the young leaves collected in winter, a season of lower temperatures. These leaves showed 54.4 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of dry matter (mg GAE 100 g-1DM). Other results averaged 25.6 mg GAE 100 g-1DM. The highest antioxidant activity, assessed via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, regardless of leaf phenology, was observed in leaves harvested in autumn (73.7%) and winter (71.1%), seasons with lower rainfall. Leaves harvested in summer and spring had lower antioxidant action rates (54.3 e 37.5%, respectively). There was no significant correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Thus, the phenolic composition of A. cordifolia, and consequently its activity on free radicals, varies seasonally in response to temperature and rainfall, and may or may not interact with the age of the leaves.

PHYTOCHEMICAL, PROXIMATE AND IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ANALYSES OF Ageratum conyzoides LEAF

Before the emergence of pharmaceuticals, different cultures worldwide depended on medicinal plants to combat diseases. Ageratum conyzoides, an annual herb that possesses a rich record of medicinal use has been recognized for its pharmacological properties. This study aimed to examine the proximate content analysis, phytochemical components plus in-vitro antioxidant potentials of ethanol extract of A. conyzoides leaf (ELEAC). Standard procedures were employed to conduct proximate and mineral composition analysis as well as qualitative and quantitative phytochemical assessments, while in vitro antioxidant assays were done using 1,1- Diphenyl2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), Total Phenol Content (TPC) assays. Qualitative phytochemical assessment recorded the presence of saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids. Proximate and mineral analysis revealed high carbohydrate content (84.97%), along with crude protein (1.53%), crude fat (3.27%), moisture (9.00%), Magnesium (42.30 mg/L), Sodium (73.21 mg/L) and Iron (4.30 mg/L). The extract exhibited a % DPPH radical scavenging activity of 44.63 at 200 µg/ml and 56.05 at 1000 µg/mL while the FRAP assay indicated a concentration-dependent increase in absorbance from 0.544 at 20 µg/mL to 0.756 at 100 µg/ml. TPC of the extract was quantified as 1.40 µg gallic acid equivalent/ mg of residue at 200 µg/mL and 2.22 µg gallic acid equivalent/ mg of residue at 1000 µg/mL. In conclusion, this study affirms the presence of medicinal phytochemicals in A. conyzoides. The identified phytochemicals, nutrients, and minerals with the demonstrated antioxidant activities, lend credibility to the traditional use of A, conyzoides in herbal medicine.

Broccoli Leaves (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Building Blocks: Optimal Extraction Using Dynamic Maceration and Life Cycle Assessment

Bioactive compounds (BACs) and chemical building blocks (CBBs) play a pivotal role in driving economic growth. These compounds, known for their diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and manufacturing, have become integral to meeting the increasing demand for sustainable and innovative products. In this research, we used and characterized dynamic maceration to extract BACs and CBBs from broccoli leaves (BLs). A central composite design (CCD) was selected to evaluate the effect of temperature (from 4 °C to 70 °C), ethanol concentration (from 30% to 70% (v/v)), and exposition time (15 to 60 min) on total phenolic content (TPC) (mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) per 100 g of dry biomass (db)). A confirmation experiment (CE) was performed to reproduce the optimal conditions (50 °C, 36.92 min, and 30% (v/v)) for BAC extraction. Results indicated a GAE concentration of 112.95 ± 0.92 mg/100 g db, while the statistical model predicted a value of 111.87 mg of GAEs/100 g db (error of 0.95%) with a rate constant (k) value of 0.0154 mg/g·min (R2 of 0.9894). BACs and CBBs were identified with gas chromatography–electron impact mass spectrometry detecting l-isoleucine, l-leucine, malonic acid, and succinic acid, among others. Finally, a life cycle inventory (LCI) was developed to determine global warming (GW) and water consumption (WC), among others, for 10 g of BL extract. Findings reported herein prove the sustainability of eco-friendly extraction of BACs and CBBs for the effective use of agricultural by-products.

Cladonia rangiformis Acetone Extract— New Insight into the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity

Introduction Cladonia rangiformis, also known as reindeer lichen, has been used for various remedies in folk medicine. The rich nutritional value of this lichen is reflected in the fact that it contains atranorin, which has been proven to have numerous biological activities. Objective The chemical composition, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antigenotoxic activities of the C. rangiformis acetone extract were investigated. The novelty of this work is that anticholinesterase activity, protective effect on human lymphocytes, and antioxidant activity by the cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method of C. rangiformis extract were determined for the first time, as well as gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profile. Methods Chemical composition was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector and GC-MS. Antigenotoxic effect was evaluated in human lymphocytes by cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Total phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacities, CUPRAC, and total reducing power were determined spectrophotometrically. Determination of acetylcholinesterase activity was performed by Ellman's colorimetry assay. The statistical analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) was performed using Origin software package version 7.0. Results HPLC method was used to identified 3 compounds with atranorin as predominant constituent (97.2%). Fumarprotocetraric and atraric acid were represented in a much smaller mutually approximate amount, 0.3 and 0.5%, respectively. Rangiformic acid was the most abundant volatile compound. Acetone extract of C. rangiformis (2 μg/mL) decreased the frequency of micronuclei by 15.5% while the radioprotectant amifostine reduced the frequency of occurrence of micronuclei by 11.4%. On the contrary, at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL the extract exhibited an activating effect on cholinesterase (2.0%), while at a concentration of 10.0 mg/mL it showed a weak inhibitory effect (7.3%). The total phenol content was 132.71 μg gallic acid equivalents per mg of dry extract. The IC50 value for the DPPH experiment was 16.19 mg/mL and for ABTS was 11.80 mg/mL. Cupric reducing capacity and total reducing power were 17.81 μg Trolox equivalents per mg of dry extract and 0.45 μg ascorbic acid equivalents per mg of dry extract, respectively. Conclusion In addition to previously identified compounds in the acetone extract, atraric acid was identified for the first time by using HPLC method, and orcinol, β-orcinol, lauric alcohol, atranol, and rangiformic acid by using GC-MS method. The results of biological activity proved that acetone extract had antioxidant capacity and weak anticholinesterase activity. Reduction of the number of micronuclei in human lymphocytes, classified C. rangiformis as promising substances source with beneficial effects on DNA damage.

Influence of microwave pretreatment on the total phenolics, antioxidant activity, moisture diffusivity, and rehydration rate of dried sweet cherry.

The target of this work was to investigate the influence of microwave pretreatments (at five levels of 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s) on the total phenolics content, antioxidant potential, mass transfer rate, effective moisture diffusivity (D eff), and rehydration rate of sweet cherries (SC). The drying duration of microwave-treated SC was shorter than the untreated sample. The average drying time of fresh SC microwaved for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s were 220, 205, 190, 175, and 150 min, respectively. The D eff values, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity of microwave-treated SC were higher than the untreated sample. In this study, the SC D eff as determined by the second Fick law varied from 8.73 × 10-10 to 1.41 × 10-9 m2/s. The experimental data for the dehydration curves were fitted to different thin-layer equations, and the Midilli equation using the experimental constants best described the drying rate of SC. As the microwave pretreatment time increased from 0 to 120 s, the total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of dried SC increased from 1491.4 μg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry to 2272.1 μg GAE/g dry, and 54.47%-62.59% (p < .05). The microwave pretreatment enhanced the rehydration rate of dried SC. The rehydration percent of dried SC microwaved for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s were 127.27%, 136.63%, 136.91%, 137.07%, and 136.72%, respectively.

The Study on Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Taraxacum platycarpum H. Dahlstedt, Lonicera japonica Thunberg and Leonurus japonicus Houtt. Complex

Objectives: This study was designed to experiment with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of &lt;i&gt;Taraxacum platycarpum&lt;/i&gt; H. Dahlstedt, &lt;i&gt;Lonicera japonica&lt;/i&gt; Thunberg, and &lt;i&gt;Leonurus japonicus&lt;/i&gt; Houtt. complex (TLL) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell.Methods: The antioxidant activity of TLL was measured by FRAP assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of TLL were measured by using standard methods. The anti-inflammatory effects of TLL were measured by NO production, biomarker production (PGE&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, IL-1&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;, IL-6, TNF-&lt;i&gt;α&lt;/i&gt;), mRNA expression level (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;, IL-6, TNF-&lt;i&gt;α&lt;/i&gt;) and protein expression level (ERK, JNK, p38).Results: Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in TLL were 58.03±1.02 ㎎ of Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 16.58±0.60 mg of Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g respectively. In FRAP assay, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, a concentration-dependent increase in TLL was observed. To explore antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of TLL, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with TLL and LPS for 24 hours. Cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells were measured by adding EZ-Cytox, It was remarkably increased at 50, 100, 200 ㎍/㎖ concentrations of TLL. NO, ROS, iNOS, IL-1&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;, IL-6, TNF-&lt;i&gt;α&lt;/i&gt;, ERK, JNK and p38 were remarkably decreased at 50, 100, 200 ㎍/㎖ concentrations of TLL compared to the control group. PGE&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and COX-2 were remarkably decreased at 100, 200 ㎍/㎖ concentrationsConclusion: These results suggest that TLL complex has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Optimizing Ultrasonic-Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extraction Processes to Recover Phenolics and Flavonoids from Passion Fruit Peels.

This study optimized the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) processes to acquire phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peels using a mixture of ethanol, acetone, and water. An augmented simplex-centroid design was employed to find the suitable volume ratio among solvent ingredients to attain the highest extraction yield of phenolics and flavonoids. One-factor experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of UAE and MAE parameters on the recovery yield of phenolics and flavonoids before the two processes were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) models. The optimal UAE conditions for recovering phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peel powder (PFP) were 28 mL/g of liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), 608 W of ultrasonic power, and 63 °C for 20 min to acquire total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) at 39.38 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried basis (mg GAE/g db) and 25.79 mg of rutin equivalents per gram of dried basis (mg RE/g db), respectively. MAE conditions for attaining phenolics and flavonoids from PFP were 26 mL/g of LSR and 606 W of microwave power for 2 min to recover TPC and TFC at 17.74 mg GAE/g db and 8.11 mg RE/g db, respectively. The second-order kinetic model was employed to determine the UAE and MAE mechanism of TPC and TFC and the thermodynamic parameters of the extraction processes. The antioxidant activities of passion fruit peel extracts at optimal conditions were examined to compare the efficiency of UAE and MAE. This study establishes an effective approach for obtaining phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peels.

Effects of Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg. Fruit Extract on Radical Scavenging and Apoptotic Properties

Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg. is one of a tropical fruit which is a good source of phenolic compounds. Here, we investigated the in vitro radical scavenging activity and effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and A. thwaitesianum fruit extract (AFE) against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Chemical components in the extract were analyzed by colorimetric method and high performance liquid chromatography. The results exhibited that the amount of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in AFE were 25.486 ± 0.370 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract and 7.264 ± 0.312 mg of catechin equivalents (CE)/g extract, respectively, while 114 μg/g crude extract CGA was detected in AFE. AFE showed scavenging activity against ABTS and DPPH radicals, with a 50% inhibition concentration of 11.435 ± 0.381 and 2.063 ± 0.022 mg/mL, respectively. Pretreatment with both CGA (10 µg/mL) and AFE (400 µg/mL) significantly restored cell viability in H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, and only CGA at the concentrations of 5 and 10 µg/mL could protect cells from apoptosis. In conclusion, CGA-containing AFE has potent in vitro antioxidant activity and can increase the cell survival in H2O2-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. These results support the nutritional and medical value of A. thwaitesianum fruit for health-promoting benefits. Keywords: Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg., Chlorogenic acid, Antioxidant activity, Anti-apoptotic activity, RAW264.7 macrophage cells

Response Surface Optimization for the Enhancement of the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Citrus limon Peel.

Citrus limon is among the species of the genus Citrus that dominates the world market. It is highly nutritious for humans as it contains twice the amount of the suggested daily intake of ascorbic acid and is also a good source of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and other bioactive compounds. This study aimed to identify the optimal extraction procedures and parameters to obtain the maximum quantity of bioactive components from lemon peel by-products. Various extraction techniques, including stirring, ultrasound, and pulsed electric field, were evaluated, along with factors such as extraction time, temperature, and solvent composition. The results revealed that simple stirring for 150 min at 20 °C proved to be the most effective and practical method. The ideal solvent mixture consisted of 75% ethanol and 25% water, highlighting the crucial role of solvent composition in maximizing extraction efficiency. Among the extracted compounds were phenolics, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids. Under optimum extraction conditions, the extract was found to contain high total phenolic content (TPC) (51.2 mg of gallic acid equivalents, GAE/g dry weight), total flavonoid content (TFC) (7.1 mg of rutin equivalents, RtE/g dry weight), amounts of ascorbic acid (3.7 mg/g dry weight), and total carotenoids content (TCC) (64.9 μg of β-carotene equivalents, CtE/g). Notably, the extracts demonstrated potent antioxidant properties (128.9 μmol of ascorbic acid equivalents, AAE/g; and 30.3 μmol of AAE/g as evidenced by FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively), making it a promising ingredient for functional foods and cosmetics. The study's implications lie in promoting sustainable practices by converting lemon peel into valuable resources and supporting human health and wellness through the consumption of natural antioxidants.

Comparison of Conventional and Green Extraction Techniques for the Isolation of Phenolic Antioxidants from Sea Fennel

In this study, different extraction methods were compared for the isolation of bioactive phenolic compounds from sea fennel: microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and conventional solvent extraction (CSE). Total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were determined spectrophotometrically. In contrast, the determination of individual phenolics was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet/visible detector (HPLC-UV/VIS). Two in vitro assays (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH)) were performed to determine antioxidant activity. The maximum extraction of phenolic compounds was achieved with 50% ethanol, while the MAE method showed the highest extraction efficiency, with a total phenolic content of more than 25 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mg and a chlorogenic acid content of more than 10 mg/g, respectively. The highest antioxidant potential was also observed in the samples from MAE (the FRAP value ranged from 173 to 185 µmol Fe2+/g, and the DPPH inhibition ranged from 55 to 59%), which was consistent with the extraction results. Although the phenolic antioxidants of sea fennel have been extensively studied recently, to the authors’ knowledge, this study was the first to evaluate the application of the new techniques for their isolation and to show the advantages of MAE compared to the other techniques used.

Biochemical, Nutritional and Microbiological Quality of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Fruit Pulp Marketed in Ouagadougou

Baobab pulp is consumed in Burkina Faso for its nutritional and health properties. This study aimed to evaluate biochemical, nutritional and microbiological quality of baobab pulp sold on the markets of Ouagadougou. A total of five samples were collected in five markets. Total aerobic mesophilic flora, Salmonella, Sighella, yeasts and molds, water content, total sugars, protein content, dry matter, pH, Ash content and total phenolic content were determined by standard methods. Water content were ranged between 9.25 and 9.85% with an average of 9.63%; Ash content, between 4.07 to and 9.98 % with an average of 5.67%; total sugars were from 49.84 to 56.85 % with an average of 52.58 %; dry matter ranged, from 90.14 to 90.74 with an average of 90.36 and a low protein content (2.95 to 5.30%) with an average of 3.95%. pH and total phenolic values are respectively from 4.78 to 5.06 with an average 4.96 and 1790.64 to 2385 with an average of 2029.31 mg of gallic acid equivalent. Total aerobic mesophilic flora (TMFA) revealed load of 7.73×107 to 1.06×108 CFU/mL and an absence of Salmonella and Sighella (SS) in 25 g. As for yeasts and molds, they varied from 1.00×105 CFU/mL to 2.91×105 CFU/mL. The biochemichal characteristics revealed the nutritional quality but the microbiological results, cases of non-compliance. However, cases of conformity were observed for Salmonella, Sighella, yeasts and molds. An interesting total sugars and total phenols and low proportions of protein were revealed. It is important to focus on microbiological quality to preserve consumer health.

Optimization of Conditions for Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Olive Pomace of Žutica Variety: Waste Valorization Approach.

Olive pomace is a by-product of olive oil production that is toxic to the environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methods of olive pomace valorization through the implementation of novel technology, the so-called microwave-assisted extraction process. To determine the total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA), polyphenol extraction using MAE was performed. Response surface methodology was used to determine the best extraction conditions, whereby the effects of three factors, solid ratio (g/50 mL), time (s), and power (W), were measured. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was used to assess AA, whereas the spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method was used to determine TPC. The highest TPC of 15.30 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried weight (mg GAE/gdw) was generated after 105 s at 450 W, with a solid concentration of 1 g/50 mL, while the maximum AA was 10 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of dried weight (mg AAE/gdw). Numerical optimization revealed that 800 W, 180 s, and 1 g/50 mL were the best conditions for obtaining maximum TPC and AA.

Impact of Room-Temperature Storage on the Pecan Kernel Color, Carotenoids, Polyphenols, and Physicochemical Properties

This study aimed to investigate the changes in the pecan kernel color, carotenoids, polyphenols, and physicochemical properties during five months of storage at room temperature for five different pecan varieties. The results showed that the pecan kernel color darkened with a shift toward more red and less yellow during the storage. Additionally, the dorsal side of the kernel had a lighter color than the ventral side. Total carotenoids deceased from 92.0–118.8 to 45.2–101.9 μg/100 g of whole kernel, while total polyphenols had no significant differences (18.1–27.0 mg of GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g of whole kernel) commonly. Three phenolics (gallic acid, catechin, and ellagic acid) were of 6.7–9.6, 31.4–46.7, and 11.7–16.2 mg/100 g of whole kernel and increased during storage. The pecan kernel moisture loss was significant, while the total lipids remained unchanged. Five texture parameters (hardness, toughness, slope, fracturability, and break) showed irregular changes. Genotypic variation was observed in all five varieties, although the storage was the main factor affecting the compositions.

Optimization of the Extraction Methodology of Grape Pomace Polyphenols for Food Applications.

This study aims to take advantage of the wine industry by-products and extract bioactive compounds from grape pomace by applying methodologies susceptible to be integrated easily into industrial workflows because of the association with standard instrumentation and facilities, while the main factors affecting the efficiency of the process have been optimized. The sampling consisted of two grape varieties: 'Touriga Nacional' and 'Sousão'. A response surface methodology (RSM) method was used to optimize the extraction conditions based on three independent variables according to the chemical characteristics and stability/lability traits associated with polyphenols; the main bioactive phytochemical in grape pomace: solvent (50%, 70%, and 90% ethanol); temperature (20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C); and pH (0.5% HCl, 2% HCl, and 3.5% HCl). The phytochemical profile, as well as the radical scavenging and reducing powers were determined on 27 different samples. The highest yield and antioxidant activity corresponded to extracts obtained at 60 °C using 3.5% HCl and 70% ethanol. The values for total phenols and flavonoids were 44.93 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and 22.95 mg of catechins equivalents (CE) per gram, respectively. Concerning the evaluation of antioxidant capacity using various assays such as ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, the results obtained were 0.30, 0.43, and 0.36 mmol of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) per gram, correspondingly. The analysis of the extract obtained with the best extraction performance using these parameters via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry has been also performed, allowing us to identify fourteen (14) compounds, including phenolic acids (n = 3), flavonols (n = 7), and anthocyanins (n = 4). As a result of this process, the best conditions for the production of a natural and environmentally friendly dye, not only avoiding waste but also reusing these by-products, were achieved.

Chemical Characterization and Several Bioactivities of Cladanthus mixtus from Morocco

The purpose of this work was to investigate, for the first time to our knowledge, the chemical composition and bioactivity of methanolic extracts (roots, stems, leaves, and flowers) from Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall. that grows wild in northern Morocco (the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region). The phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by spectrophotometer methods, and the composition of derivatized methanolic extracts from C. mixtus using N-O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was carried out by applying the 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) tests. The micro-dilution technique was chosen to investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts against two bacterial strains and three fungal species. The results showed that the values of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be higher in flower extracts (30.55 ± 0.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dried weight (DW) and 26.00 ±1.34 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/g DW, respectively). Other groups of chemical compounds were revealed by GC-MS, such as carbohydrates (27.25-64.87%), fatty acids (1.58-9.08%), organic acids (11.81-18.82%), and amino acids (1.26-7.10%). Root and flower methanolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity using ABTS (39.49 mg of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g DW) and DPPH (36.23 mg TE/g DW), respectively. A positive correlation between antioxidant activity and polyphenol and flavonoid amounts was found. Antibacterial tests showed that the best activity was presented by the leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) = 20 mg/mL) and Escherichia coli (MIC of 30 mg/mL and MBC of 35 mg/mL). S. aureus was more sensitive to the extracts compared to E. coli. All extracts showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, with the best efficacy reported by the flower and leaf extracts (MIC = 1.25 mg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) = 2.5 mg/mL). In general, extracts of C. mixtus appeared less effective against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.

Ethanol Extract of Passiflora cincinnata Seeds Posses Antidiabetic, Antiglycant, and Antioxidant Activities in vitro

This work aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, antiglycation, and antioxidant potentials of the ethanol extract of seeds of Passiflora cincinnata (EPCIN) in vitro. The EPCIN was evaluated from the following assays: total phenolic content (TPC – mg of Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g of dry extract), Radical Scavenging Assays (DPPH•, HOCl-scavenging assay), and protective effects against glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with methylglyoxal (MGO) or a mixture of reducing sugars, fructose and glucose, as well as the potential for MGO capture by derivatization with ortho-phenylenediamine (OPD). To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of EPCIN in vitro, we used the assays of enzymes α-amylase (4 U/mL), α-glucosidase (0.25 U/mL), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4 – 3.125 mU). The cell viability of EPCIN-pretreated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) alone or in the presence of the carcinogen 4-[(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine]-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) was measured using MTS assay. Quercetin (QCT), piceatannol (PIC), acarbose (ACB), and sitagliptin (STG) were used for comparison purposes. EPCIN had an average of TPC 157.0 ± 1.5 mg of GAE/g of dry extract, exhibited IC50 for DPPH• and HOCl of 11.9 ± 1.8 μg/mL and 6.9 ± 0.9 μg/mL, respectively. EPCIN and AMG inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) with IC50 of 574 ± 8.7 and 31.9 ± 2.7 μg/mL for the initial stage and 542.6 ± 2.7 and 52.8 ± 8.1 μg/mL for the intermediate stage of glycation, respectively. EPCIN showed IC50 for α-amylase and α-glucosidase of 218.2 ± 15.9 μg/mL (p&lt;0,05) and 242.0 ± 25 μg/mL (p&lt;0,05), respectively. EPCIN did not show cytotoxicity for BEAS-2B cells at 10 and 50 μg/mL concentrations. In addition, it was also able to protect cultured human cells from oxidative stress caused by the NNKOAc at 100 μM. The in vitro evidence of the potential antioxidant, antiglycant, and antidiabetic effects warrants further investigation of the antidiabetic potential of Passiflora cincinnata seeds.

Ethanol Extract of Passiflora cincinnata Seeds Posses Antidiabetic, Antiglycant, and Antioxidant Activities in vitro

This work aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, antiglycation, and antioxidant potentials of the ethanol extract of seeds of Passiflora cincinnata (EPCIN) in vitro. The EPCIN was evaluated from the following assays: total phenolic content (TPC – mg of Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g of dry extract), Radical Scavenging Assays (DPPH•, HOCl-scavenging assay), and protective effects against glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with methylglyoxal (MGO) or a mixture of reducing sugars, fructose and glucose, as well as the potential for MGO capture by derivatization with ortho-phenylenediamine (OPD). To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of EPCIN in vitro, we used the assays of enzymes α-amylase (4 U/mL), α-glucosidase (0.25 U/mL), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4 – 3.125 mU). The cell viability of EPCIN-pretreated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) alone or in the presence of the carcinogen 4-[(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine]-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) was measured using MTS assay. Quercetin (QCT), piceatannol (PIC), acarbose (ACB), and sitagliptin (STG) were used for comparison purposes. EPCIN had an average of TPC 157.0 ± 1.5 mg of GAE/g of dry extract, exhibited IC50 for DPPH• and HOCl of 11.9 ± 1.8 μg/mL and 6.9 ± 0.9 μg/mL, respectively. EPCIN and AMG inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) with IC50 of 574 ± 8.7 and 31.9 ± 2.7 μg/mL for the initial stage and 542.6 ± 2.7 and 52.8 ± 8.1 μg/mL for the intermediate stage of glycation, respectively. EPCIN showed IC50 for α-amylase and α-glucosidase of 218.2 ± 15.9 μg/mL (p&lt;0,05) and 242.0 ± 25 μg/mL (p&lt;0,05), respectively. EPCIN did not show cytotoxicity for BEAS-2B cells at 10 and 50 μg/mL concentrations. In addition, it was also able to protect cultured human cells from oxidative stress caused by the NNKOAc at100 μM. The in vitro evidence of the potential antioxidant, antiglycant, and antidiabetic effects warrants further investigation of the antidiabetic potential of Passiflora cincinnata seeds.

Antioxidant Properties, Bioactive Compounds Contents, and Chemical Characterization of Two Wild Edible Mushroom Species from Morocco: Paralepista flaccida (Sowerby) Vizzini and Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke.

Mushrooms have been consumed for centuries and have recently gained more popularity as an important source of nutritional and pharmaceutical compounds. As part of the valorization of mushroom species in northern Morocco, the current study aimed to investigate the chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of two wild edible mushrooms, Paralepista flaccida and Lepista nuda. Herein, the bioactive compounds were determined using spectrophotometer methods, and results showed that the value of total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be higher in P. flaccida (32.86 ± 0.52 mg) than in L. nuda (25.52 ± 0.56 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/mg of dry methanolic extract (dme)). On the other hand, the value of total flavonoid content (TFC) was greater in L. nuda than in P. flaccida, with values of 19.02 ± 0.80 and 10.34 ± 0.60 mg of (+)-catechin equivalents (CEs)/g dme, respectively. Moreover, the ascorbic acid, tannin, and carotenoids content was moderate, with a non-significant difference between the two samples. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis allowed the identification and quantification of thirteen individual phenolic compounds in both P. flaccida and L. nuda, whereas p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was recognized as the major compound detected, with values of 138.50 ± 1.58 and 587.90 ± 4.89 µg/g of dry weight (dw), respectively. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanolic extracts of P. flaccida and L. nuda revealed the presence of sixty-one and sixty-six biomolecules, respectively. These biomolecules can mainly be divided into four main groups, namely sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and organic acids. Moreover, glycerol (12.42%) and mannitol (10.39%) were observed to be the main chemical compositions of P. flaccida, while L. nuda was predominated by linolelaidic acid (21.13%) and leucine (9.05%). L. nuda showed a strong antioxidant property, evaluated by DPPH (half maximal effective concentration (EC50) 1.18-0.98 mg/mL); β-carotene bleaching (EC50 0.22-0.39 mg/mL); and reducing power methods (EC50 0.63-0.48 mg/mL), respectively. These findings suggested that both mushrooms are potential sources of various biomolecules, many of which possess important biological activities which are interesting for the foods and pharmaceuticals industry.