Mg Of Fluoride Research Articles

Tegillarca granosa shell combination with Vitis vinifera and fluoride in decreasing enamel microporosity

Background: White spot lesion is a demineralization process indicated by the increased of enamel microporosity. A tegillarca granosa shell contains 98.7% calcium and Vitis vinifera contains phytochemical compounds with fluoride, which has a potential to stimulate remineralization. Purpose: To analyze the Tegillarca granosa shell combination with Vitis vinifera and fluoride in decreasing enamel microporosity. Methods: The cream was prepared by combining 10% and 20% Tegillarca granosa shell with 10 grams of Vitis vinifera extract and 100 mg of fluoride. The cream was tested beforehand for viscocity and pH. Furthermore, 16 premolars were etched and divided into four groups. Group 1 was smeared with placebo (negative control) and Group 2 was smeared with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (positive control). The other groups were smeared with cream 10% (Group 3) and 20% (Group 4) Tegillarca granosa shell combination with Vitis vinifera and fluoride. Teeth were treated three times a day for 30 minutes and soaked in artificial saliva. After 14 days, the enamel microporosity was carried out using a scanning electron microscope. The data was analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by post-hoc least significant difference (LSD). Results: The enamel microporosity showed significant difference between Group 1 and the other groups. There was no significant difference between Groups 2, 3, and 4 (p<0.05). Although there was no significant difference between Group 3 and 4, the lowest one was in Group 4 (p>0.05). Conclusion: The cream, prepared by combining Tegillarca granosa shell with Vitis vinifera and fluoride, is effective in decreasing the enamel microporosity.

Fluorides immobilization through calcium aluminate cement-based backfill: Accessing the detailed leaching characterization under torrential rainfall

Urbanization and economic development have increased the demand for fertilizers to sustain food crop yields. Huge amounts of by-products, especially phosphogypsum (PG), are generated during the wet processing of rock phosphate to produce fertilizers. Chronic exposure to fluoride in phosphogypsum in groundwater as a result of the weathering of fluoride-containing waste poses a significant health risk to millions of people. We propose a method for using calcium aluminate cement (CAC) to remediate high fluoride contents in solid waste. Column leaching tests under harsh rainfall conditions confirmed the efficient fluoride immobilization capacity of a CAC binder. Although the fluoride concentrations in leachates during the first 1–2 days (1.25 mg/L) slightly exceeded the threshold of 1.00 mg/L, the concentrations over 3–28 days (ranging from 0.98 to 0.83 mg/L) consistently remained well within the acceptable range. Furthermore, our characterization and geochemical modeling revealed the fluoride retention mechanisms of CAC-stabilized PG under laboratory-simulated conditions of torrential rainfall. During leaching, physical encapsulation prevents fluoride from contacting leachate. However, an unfavorable pH value can cause the release of fluoride from the cement matrix, which is subsequently captured by aluminate hydrate through adsorption or co-precipitation. We quantified the carbon footprint of CAC for immobilizing 1 mg of fluoride in PG, obtaining a remarkably low value of 4.4 kg of CO2, in contrast to the emissions associated with the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The findings suggest a unique opportunity for extensive PG remediation. This opportunity extends the horizons of achieving zero-waste emissions in the phosphorus industry and has practical significance in the context of reducing carbon emissions.

Effects of sodium fluoride on neural tube development in chick embryos

ObjectiveVarious environmental factors encountered in daily life are associated with the development of neural tube defects. This study aims to investigate the effects of fluoride on neural tube development in chick embryos. MethodsA total of 60 specific pathogen-free, fertile, zero-day Leghorn-type eggs were used in the study. Group 1 was the control group, in which only saline was administered. Group 2 was the low-dose group, in which 0.003 mg of fluoride was administered, and Group 3 was the high-dose group, in which 0.006 mg of fluoride was administered. After 72 h of incubation, the embryonic disc was evaluated microscopically. ResultsIn the control group, the surface ectoderm of all sections was intact, the neural tube was closed, and the neuroepithelium, the basement membrane surrounding the neuroepithelium, the somites, and the notochord displayed standard structure. Neural tube defects were observed in 3 of the chick embryos, that was given low-dose fluoride. In Group 3, which was administered high doses of fluoride, neural tube defects were observed in 4 embryos. It was observed that the development of neural tube defects was no statistically significantly higher in low and high-dose fluoride group compared to the control group. ConclusionLow and high-dose fluoride exposure was associated with developing neural tube defects, but there was no statisticaly significance.

A case report of skeletal fluorosis leading to cervical compressive myelopathy and a review of literature

Fluorosis is a public health problem that is caused by excess intake of fluoride through ground/deep bore water. It gets deposited in the bones, teeth, and soft tissues. Fluoride in the human body acts as a “double-edged sword.” Fluoride is beneficial in small amounts but toxic in large amounts. People who have consumed 10–20 mg of fluoride per day for more than 10–20 years may develop crippling skeletal fluorosis. Stiffness and pain in the major joints, including the neck, back, hips, and knees, reduce mobility. The bone structure may change and ligaments may calcify in extreme cases, resulting in muscular weakness and pain. Here, we have reported a case of chronic quadriparesis due to compressive cervical myelopathy. After extensive workup, diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis was made.

T for target organ, timing, and fluoride exposure

Background: The brain is a main target organ for fluoride toxicity during early development. Based on recent epidemiological evidence, an approximate benchmark dose has been calculated for pregnant women at about 0.2 mg/L in water (or urine). This means that current limits for water-fluoride are too high, but tea has been suggested as an additional exposure source. Methods: Popular brands of teabags and loose tea were purchased in supermarkets and specialty shops in Denmark. Tea infusions were prepared in a standardized way (1 teabag or 2 g of loose tea per 200 mL cup) in deionized water, and the fluoride concentration was measured by ion-specific electrode. Results: Fluoride releases varied substantially. Teabags showed rather uniform and relatively high fluoride concentrations, mostly between 1 and 2.5 mg/L. Green tea and oolong tea showed results between 0.5 and 2 mg/L, and white teas were mostly lower. The concentrations in fruit/herb teas seemed to depend on the content of black tea. Some types of black tea exceeded 4 mg/L. The highest results were obtained for teas from Kenya, the lowest for Nepalese teas. The results suggest that a single cup of tea may well contribute an intake of at least 0.2 mg of fluoride (in addition to the water-fluoride concentration), thereby likely increasing the exposure above the estimated benchmark dose. Conclusions: Tea consumption is a main challenge in fluoride exposure assessment. In addition to limiting fluoride concentrations in potable water and in bottled water, information on fluoride concentrations in tea should be made available to allow consumers to choose wisely.

Effect of pyrolysis conditions on characteristics and fluoride adsorptive performance of bone char derived from bone residue

The high cost and environmental issues associated to the fluoride removal technologies as well as their continuous and excessive applications display several challenges in groundwater remediation. This study discusses the fluoride removal potential of bone char prepared from the bone residue. The influence of pyrolysis conditions on the physiochemical properties of the bone char is examined. The bone char synthesized under modest conditions was characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was found that fluoride adsorption declines with rising the calcination temperature. The bone char samples prepared under N2 environment indicated higher adsorption as compared with the samples prepared under air environment. 4.29 mg of fluoride is adsorbed on 1 g of bone char prepared at 350 °C under N2 environment while, this value was dropped to 2.91 mg g−1 when bone char is synthesized at 700 °C. However, under air environment, the adsorption was 3.63 and 0.16 mg g−1 for bone chars prepared at 350 and 700 °C, respectively. The packed bed columns were operated with different size of particle (150–425 μm) and EBCT (0.5 & 1 h). Columns effectively treated the fluoride containing influent (10 mg L−1) and achieved acceptable level in a short EBCT. This study displayed the great potential of bone char usage in fluoride affected areas.

Fluoride concentration of commercially available infant formulae in the United Arab Emirates.

To assess fluoride concentration in infant formulae commercially available in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and compare the measured levels of fluoride to the reported ones on the label. Twenty-four different infant formula samples collected from retailers in the UAE market were tested for the fluoride content using ion-selective electrode method. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. The mean fluoride content of baby formula samples collected was 0.19ppm (range 0-0.4ppm). All tested samples of formulae were manufactured outside the UAE. Following the daily recommended manufacturer's preparation guidelines, tested formulae had a range of 0-0.35mg of fluoride per day, a concentration below the average daily recommended fluoride intake for a 6-month-old infant with an average weight of 7.2-8kg (0.36-0.42mg fluoride). Out of the 11 samples where the fluoride content was mentioned on the label, only two were verified to have a somewhat accurate reported concentration when comparing the concentration mentioned on the label with our test results. Out of the 13 samples with no fluoride concentration mentioned on the label, three were found to have no fluoride (Neocate, Isomil, Aptamil), while the remainder (10) contained fluoride with a range of (0.1-0.4ppm). All the UAE available infant formulae tested had lower than the maximum daily recommended dosage of fluoride. Many labeling inaccuracies were observed. Accurate labeling guidelines are recommended.

Association Between Maternal Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy and IQ Scores in Offspring in Canada

The potential neurotoxicity associated with exposure to fluoride, which has generated controversy about community water fluoridation, remains unclear. To examine the association between fluoride exposure during pregnancy and IQ scores in a prospective birth cohort. This prospective, multicenter birth cohort study used information from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals cohort. Children were born between 2008 and 2012; 41% lived in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water. The study sample included 601 mother-child pairs recruited from 6 major cities in Canada; children were between ages 3 and 4 years at testing. Data were analyzed between March 2017 and January 2019. Maternal urinary fluoride (MUFSG), adjusted for specific gravity and averaged across 3 trimesters available for 512 pregnant women, as well as self-reported maternal daily fluoride intake from water and beverage consumption available for 400 pregnant women. Children's IQ was assessed at ages 3 to 4 years using the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence-III. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine covariate-adjusted associations between each fluoride exposure measure and IQ score. Of 512 mother-child pairs, the mean (SD) age for enrollment for mothers was 32.3 (5.1) years, 463 (90%) were white, and 264 children (52%) were female. Data on MUFSG concentrations, IQ scores, and complete covariates were available for 512 mother-child pairs; data on maternal fluoride intake and children's IQ were available for 400 of 601 mother-child pairs. Women living in areas with fluoridated tap water (n = 141) compared with nonfluoridated water (n = 228) had significantly higher mean (SD) MUFSG concentrations (0.69 [0.42] mg/L vs 0.40 [0.27] mg/L; P = .001; to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.05263) and fluoride intake levels (0.93 [0.43] vs 0.30 [0.26] mg of fluoride per day; P = .001). Children had mean (SD) Full Scale IQ scores of 107.16 (13.26), range 52-143, with girls showing significantly higher mean (SD) scores than boys: 109.56 (11.96) vs 104.61 (14.09); P = .001. There was a significant interaction (P = .02) between child sex and MUFSG (6.89; 95% CI, 0.96-12.82) indicating a differential association between boys and girls. A 1-mg/L increase in MUFSG was associated with a 4.49-point lower IQ score (95% CI, -8.38 to -0.60) in boys, but there was no statistically significant association with IQ scores in girls (B = 2.40; 95% CI, -2.53 to 7.33). A 1-mg higher daily intake of fluoride among pregnant women was associated with a 3.66 lower IQ score (95% CI, -7.16 to -0.14) in boys and girls. In this study, maternal exposure to higher levels of fluoride during pregnancy was associated with lower IQ scores in children aged 3 to 4 years. These findings indicate the possible need to reduce fluoride intake during pregnancy.

Dissolved fluoride removal by OCP, a precursor of apatite

The consumption of water with fluoride concentration higher than 1.5 mg/L (WHO recommended limit) is recognized to cause serious diseases. Fluoride removal from natural contaminated waters is a worldwide priority for more than 200 million people. The octacalcium phosphate (OCP), a mineralogical precursor of bio-apatite, is here tested as a fluoride remover. A new two-step method for the synthesis of OCP is proposed; it consists of 1) synthesis of brushite from calcium carbonate and phosphoric acid and, 2) subsequent hydrolysis of brushite. Fluoride removal experiments were performed in batch-mode using 200 mg of OCP in 50 ml solutions with different initial concentrations of fluoride (from 40 to 140 mg/L). Most of fluoride is removed within the first two hours, whereas the WHO limit of 1.5 mg/L is reached within a minimum of 3 hours for a starting Fconcentration of 40 mg/L, and in about 12 hours for a starting F-concentration of 80 mg/L. One gram of OCP can remove up to 26 mg of fluoride. The pH of the solution after the treatment is within the range of drinking water. XRD characterization of the solid phases, before and after the experiments, indicates that OCP transforms into fluorapatite via Fremoval from solution.

Release of Fluoride in Saliva the Use Chewing Gums with Different Fluoride Compounds NaMFP, SnF2 and Naf

The goal of search determine the effect of use commercially chewing gums on fluoride kinetics in saliva. Using of three commercially chewing gums with fluoride from local markets, contains 3.38 mg of fluoride as marketed sodium mono fluorophosphates (NaMFP), Stannous fluoride (SnF2) and sodium fluoride (NaF) which are the three most common sources of fluoride used in currently fluoride dentifrices. Fifteen 7–9 year-old volunteers were instructed to chew the fluoridated gums. After starting chewing saliva collected at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 15 minutes. The Salivary fluoride analyzed by using of fluoride-specific electrode (201Fluoride E. Hanna instruments) after acid hydrolysis. The fluoride amount in the saliva samples after the use of chewing gum which contains Sodium mono-fluorophosphates (NaMFP) and Stanous fluoride (SnF2), were 0.328 mg and 0.258 mg respectively which higher than after the use of chewing gum contains sodium fluoride (NaF) which was 0.041mg in all experimental periods. The high fluoride presence in saliva after the use of chewing gum of (NaMFP) and (SnF2), are significant to prevent dental caries and this should be evaluated in clinical researches.

Synthesis of bone char from cattle bones and its application for fluoride removal from the contaminated water

This study is focused on the synthesis of bone char (BC) and its application in adsorptive removal of fluoride from the water. The BC was synthesized by the thermal pyrolysis of used cattle bones. In preliminary stage, BC was synthesized at different temperatures ranging from 350 to 700 °C and due to the higher surface area and adsorption capacity, BC synthesized at 350 °C was selected for further experiments. The XRD pattern of BC found better in agreement with the standard pattern of hydroxyapatite. FTIR analysis also signified basic spectra of hydroxyapatite with specific bands at wavelength of 3429, 1639, 1453, 1037, 604 and 566 cm−1. Typical agglomerated structure of hydroxyapatite was witnessed in morphological examination with SEM. The specific surface area, total pore volume and the average pore diameter were found 79.34 m2 g−1, 0.041 cm3 g−1 and 2.09 nm, respectively. The elemental chemical analysis revealed 1.71 Ca/P ratio. About 10.56 mg of fluoride was adsorbed on 1 g of BC. The adsorption isotherm data was briefly illustrated by applying Langmuir isotherm model and Freundlich isotherm model. In conclusion, BC is successfully synthesized and the highest fluoride adsorption capacity was achieved as compared with earlier studies.

Defluoridation of aqueous solution using alkali–steam treated water hyacinth and elephant grass

Inexpensive and abundantly available water hyacinth petioles and elephant grass leaves, ground into powder form after alkali–steam treatment, have been studied for their fluoride removal potential. About 85% of fluoride present within 5 mg/l NaF-spiked distilled water could be removed using only 1.0 g of treated water hyacinth and 1.5 g of similarly treated elephant grass. Compared to activated alumina, a commonly used defluoridation agent that removes about 2 mg of fluoride per gram of adsorbent, treated water hyacinth (that removed about 5 mg of fluoride per gram of adsorbent) and elephant grass (that removed about 7 mg of fluoride per gram of adsorbent) exhibited greater fluoride removal efficiencies. Fluoride removal efficiency was found to decrease with increasing pH and anion concentrations of fluoride solution and increase with duration of exposure. Chemical characterization of these biosorbents before and after exposure to fluoridated water indicated that the fluoride removal process is attributable to chemical adsorption driven primarily by C─F bond formation and hydrogen bonding between fluoride ions and protonated surface groups of the biomasses. The process also appears to be advantageous because it is inexpensive, does not produce sludge, or increase water hardness, or release hazardous leachates.

Voriconazole, Fluoride Levels, and Periostitis

Because of its excellent oral bioavailability and central nervous system penetration, voriconazole is recommended for a variety of fungal infections. However, voriconazole is trifluorinated, and the recommended maintenance dose of 400 mg daily contains 65 mg of fluoride — 15 times more than the recommended daily intake. Periostitis, skeletal fluorosis, and exostoses have …

Preparation, characterization and analyses of carbons with natural and induced calcium compounds for the adsorption of fluoride

A comparative study of fluoride removal has been made using samples of carbons obtained from single carbonization from pecan nut shells and plum kernels and carbons obtained by impregnation of these wastes, prior to their carbonization, with a calcium acetate solution. The impregnation step was determinant for increasing the ability of carbons to remove fluoride anions from water of carbons prepared from both precursors. The intrinsic calcium content of the precursors left a footprint in the process, with carbons prepared from the higher calcium content precursor (i.e., pecan nut shells) always performing better than the plum kernel carbon counterpart. Outstanding fluoride retention abilities (from 0.5 to 2.5mg of fluoride adsorbed per gram of carbon) were obtained if pecan nut shells are impregnated with a calcium solution of 3151mg/L and carbonized at 800°C (sample denominated IC-PN-25). These results can be associated with the calcium compounds founded in IC-PN-25 which are CaO and CaCO3, according with the X-ray results. Furthermore, dynamic adsorption studies were carried out using beds of carbon denominated IC-PN-25. Reasonably high (0.4) filter usage ratios were obtained in such on-column adsorption studies. Finally, different models were used to fit batch and dynamic adsorption data, with Sips and Yan models fitting better the equilibrium isotherm and breakthrough curve data, respectively, than others.

The comparison study of Fluoride kinetics in saliva after the use of chewing gums containing different fluoride compounds In Iraqi subjects

There is a relationship between the use of fluoride, the reduction of dental caries and the increase of dental fluorosis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the fluoride kinetics in saliva after using two commercially available chewing gums with fluoride, which contains (3.38) mg of fluoride as marketed Sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) and sodium fluoride (NaF) which are the two most common sources of fluoride used in currently fluoride dentifrices.Fifteen 7-9 year-old volunteers were instructed to chew the fluoridated gums. Total saliva was collected, at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 15 minutes after 3 minutes starting chewing. Salivary fluoride was analyzed with a fluoride-specific electrode (201 Fluoride E. HANNA instruments) after acid hydrolysis.The fluoride amount in the saliva samples after the use of chewing gum which contains Sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) was 0.4 mg which higher than after the use of chewing gum contains sodium fluoride (NaF) which was 0.041mg in all experimental periods, The high fluoride presence in saliva after the use of chewing gum of (NaMFP) is significant to prevent dental caries and this should be evaluated in clinical researches. On the other hand, children at an age of risk for dental fluorosis should avoid the use of this kind of chewing gums.

Alimentary fluoride intake in preschool children

BackgroundThe knowledge of background alimentary fluoride intake in preschool children is of utmost importance for introducing optimal and safe caries preventive measures for both individuals and communities. The aim of this study was to assess the daily fluoride intake analyzing duplicate samples of food and beverages. An attempt was made to calculate the daily intake of fluoride from food and swallowed toothpaste.MethodsDaily alimentary fluoride intake was measured in a group of 36 children with an average age of 4.75 years and an average weight of 20.69 kg at baseline, by means of a double plate method. This was repeated after six months. Parents recorded their child's diet over 24 hours and collected duplicated portions of food and beverages received by children during this period. Pooled samples of food and beverages were weighed and solid food samples were homogenized. Fluoride was quantitatively extracted from solid food samples by a microdiffusion method using hexadecyldisiloxane and perchloric acid. The content of fluoride extracted from solid food samples, as well as fluoride in beverages, was measured potentiometrically by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode.ResultsAverage daily fluoride intake at baseline was 0.389 (SD 0.054) mg per day. Six months later it was 0.378 (SD 0.084) mg per day which represents 0.020 (SD 0.010) and 0.018 (SD 0.008) mg of fluoride respectively calculated per kg bw/day.When adding the values of unwanted fluoride intake from the toothpaste shown in the literature (0.17-1.21 mg per day) the estimate of the total daily intake of fluoride amounted to 0.554-1.594 mg/day and recalculated to the child's body weight to 0.027-0.077 mg/kg bw/day.ConclusionsIn the children studied, observed daily fluoride intake reached the threshold for safe fluoride intake. When adding the potential fluoride intake from swallowed toothpaste, alimentary intake reached the optimum range for daily fluoride intake. These results showed that in preschool children, when trying to maximize the benefit of fluoride in caries prevention and to minimize its risk, caution should be exercised when giving advice on the fluoride containing components of child's diet or prescribing fluoride supplements.

Development and Testing of Bioadhesive, Fluoride-containing Slow-release Tablets for Oral Use

The bioadhesive characteristics of tablets for oral use made from modified starch, polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were investigated. Adhesion force and energy were determined in-vitro and maximal adhesion time was evaluated in-vivo in human subjects. In-vitro, PAA showed the best bioadhesive properties, followed by modified maize starch and PEG with a mol. wt of 300,000-400,000 daltons. The presence of 0.1 mg of fluoride as NaF did not lead to significant differences in adhesion force and energy for the same formulation. The in-vivo bioadhesion was not strongly correlated to the in-vitro data. PAA, despite its excellent adhesion, proved to be irritating to the mucosa. PEG with a mol, wt of 200,000 daltons was subject to erosion. CMC showed good bioadhesive properties but the mechanical strength of the tablets was low. Modified maize starch tablets containing 5% (w/w) PAA and PEG with a mol. wt of 300,000 daltons proved to be the most suitable formulations for a fluoride-slow-release tablet with bioadhesive properties. In-vitro, the tablets released all of the fluoride within the 8 h period, with a high initial release. The release rate was related to the water absorption rate of the tablets. The PAA-containing formulations and the CMC formulations had the fastest release. In-vivo, fluoride levels with a minimum of 150 and a maximum of 1000 micrograms mL-1 were maintained for 8 h in the oral cavity. These fluoride levels were sustained significantly longer than those obtained with the administration of fourfold the amount of fluoride in the form of a fluoride-containing toothpaste. The release characteristics in-vivo exhibited a high variation. The use of bioadhesive polymers in oral pharmacotherapy seems promising.

Micronutrients in Parenteral Nutrition: Boron, Silicon, and Fluoride

Boron may be beneficial for bone growth and maintenance, central nervous system function, and the inflammatory response, and silicon may be beneficial for bone maintenance and wound healing. Fluoride is not an essential element but amounts provided by contamination may be beneficial for bone strength. Fluoride toxicity may be a concern in parenteral nutrition. Further studies are warranted to determine whether there are optimal amounts of boron and silicon that should be delivered to typical and special population patients receiving parenteral nutrition. In addition, further studies are needed to determine whether providing the dietary guideline of adequate intake amounts of fluoride parenterally would prevent or treat parenteral nutrition osteopenia.

Fluoride kinetics in saliva after the use of a fluoride-containing chewing gum

There is a relationship between the use of fluoride, the reduction of dental caries and the increase of dental fluorosis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the fluoride kinetics in saliva after using the Happydent chewing gum, which contains 3.38 mg of fluoride as monofluorophosphate. Fifteen 7-9-year-old volunteers were instructed to chew the gum Trident (control) and Happydent on different days. Total saliva was collected for 3 minutes, at 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after starting chewing. Salivary fluoride was analyzed with a fluoride-specific electrode (Orion 96-09) after acid hydrolysis. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and by Tukeys post hoc test (p < 0.05). The mean amounts +/- sd (mg) of fluoride released in saliva were 0.276 +/- 0.126 and 0.024 +/- 0.014 for Happydent and Trident respectively. The fluoride amount in the saliva samples after the use of Happydent was significantly higher than after the use of Trident in all experimental periods, except after 30 and 45 minutes. The high fluoride presence in saliva after the use of Happydent may be significant to prevent dental caries and this should be evaluated in clinical researches. On the other hand, children at an age of risk for dental fluorosis should avoid the use of Happydent.

Ostéose fluorée due à une consommation excessive de dentifrice fluoré

Osteofluorosis is caused by chronic fluoride intoxication. Fluoride is used in toothpaste for the prevention of dental caries, and dental fluorosis has often been reported among children and attributed to ingestion of fluoride toothpaste. We report a case of chronic fluoride intoxication caused by excess use of toothpaste in an adult. A 45-year-old woman consulted a rheumatologist for painful swelling of the fingers, phalangeal rather than articular. She also had brown staining on her teeth. Radiography of the hands showed periosteal apposition on the phalanges. Further work-up ruled out tumoral or thyroid causes. Laboratory tests showed elevated fluoride levels in the blood (50.9 micromol/L, normal<1.5 micromol/L) and in the urine (721 micromol/L, normal<46 micromol/L). On questioning, we found only one cause for chronic fluoride intoxication: excess and unusual use of toothpaste. The patient brushed her teeth 18 times a day and swallowed the toothpaste, because she liked the taste. She consumed a tube of toothpaste every 2 days, thereby swallowing 68.5 mg of fluoride every day. Suspecting fluorosis from toothpaste, we asked the patient to use a toothpaste without fluoride. Sixteen weeks later, the pain had ceased, and laboratory tests showed massively reduced but still elevated fluoride levels in the blood (6.9 micromol/L) and urine (92.7 micromol/L). In this rare case of fluoride intoxication, misuse of a normally innocuous product caused osteofluorosis.