Mg Of Fat Research Articles

In vitro digestion and culture in Caco‐2 cells to assess the bioavailability of fatty acids: A case study in meat matrix enriched with ω‐3 microcapsules

AbstractThis work aimed to evaluate the Caco‐2 cells as a model to study the epithelial transport of intestinal lipid extracts subjected to in vitro digestion, to establish a standard protocol for the determination of bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fatty acids in meat matrix, especially in those enriched with ω‐3 (eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA)). Samples were first subjected to in vitro digestion, and then, the intestinal extract was incubated with Caco‐2 cells. A first trial was conducted to select the most influencing variables on the fatty acid transport during Caco‐2 cell incubation: fat quantity on the intestinal extract, incubation time, and shaking. Then, a second experiment was carried out to determine the influence of these variables, being the fat quantity and the incubation time the most influencing factors on the transport and bioavailability of fatty acids. The effect of shaking was not so marked but seemed to improve the bioavailability of saturated fatty acids. This study also allows establishing the most suitable conditions: intestinal extracts with 30 mg of fat, longer incubation times (8 h), and shaking, achieving active and passive fatty acid transport without compromising the integrity of the Caco‐2 cell monolayer. The accurate results obtained for major and minor fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA are remarkable, due to the interest in these bioactive compounds. Thus, this study provides a combined protocol based on static in vitro digestion followed by Caco‐2 cell incubation to assess the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fatty acids in meat samples.

Surgical Correction of Massive Gynecomastia Using Power-Assisted Liposuction and Direct Gland Resection

Introduction: The surgical treatments of mild to moderate gynecomastia has evolved towards less invasive techniques, such as power-assisted liposuction, suction-assisted lipectomy or ultrasound-assisted liposuction. Excisional techniques are still indicated for the most severe cases characterized by skin excess and ptosis. The aim of this study was to present a method of using power-assisted liposuction combined with gland resection to treat gynecomastia with severe hypertrophy. Materials and Methods: We conducted a chart review of 27 consecutive patients treated for massive gynecomastia between 2014 and 2018. Power-assisted liposuction was performed to remove the fatty breast tissue. Incisions for liposuction were placed at lateral inframammary fold and upper anterior axillary pillar. An inferior hemiperiareolar incision was then performed to allow direct resection of fibroglaundular breast tissue. A final liposuction in all directions was performed again to recontour the breast. No skin was resected and drains were always inserted in each breast. Compression vest was worn for 6 weeks after surgery. Results: In average, 749 mg of fat and fibroglandular tissue were removed from each breast. No complications were reported. At 1 year follow-up, ideal aesthetic results, with minimal scars, adequate virilization of the chest contour and full satisfaction of surgeon and patient were observed in 24 patients, while 3 patients presented residual skin excess. Conclusion: In average, 749 mg of fat and fibroglandular tissue were removed from each breast. No complications were reported. At 1 year follow-up, ideal aesthetic results, with minimal scars, adequate virilization of the chest contour and full satisfaction of surgeon and patient were observed in 24 patients, while 3 patients presented residual skin excess.

Nutritional levels of pregnant and postpartum tsetseGlossina pallidipesAusten captured in artificial warthog burrows in the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe

In Zimbabwe, female tsetse Glossina pallidipes Austen, collected from artificial warthog burrows and subjected to ovarian dissection and nutritional analysis, provide the first field estimates of resource allocation from mother to offspring across all of pregnancy. Approximately 45% of 1833 females captured are full-term pregnant on entering the burrow. The remainder presumably use burrows as refuges at temperatures >32 °C. Maternal residual dry weight (RDW) increases by 1.5 mg after the first feed post-larviposition but, thereafter, only by 1.4 mg by 90% of pregnancy completion. Uterine RDW changes little by 60% of pregnancy completion but increases by >6 mg by parturition. Between the times of 5% and 90% pregnancy completion, maternal RDW is approximately constant: it then declines 2.8 mg by parturition, balancing larval gains of 2.6 mg. Mothers accumulate 6.3 mg of fat in the first 80% of pregnancy, while uterine fat increases by only 0.8 mg. Thereafter, by parturition, larval fat increases by 4.1 mg, whereas maternal fat declines by 3.3 mg. The larva deposited is 5% heavier than its mother and has 52% more fat. RDW and fat levels, corrected for fly size and haematin, are 1 and 2 mg, respectively, lower in females from traps than those from burrows. Burrow catches provide an improved picture of tsetse pregnancy dynamics, highlighting a reproductive strategy involving resource commitment to the larva being delayed until late pregnancy when sufficient stores guarantee viable pupal production. Larval development in tsetse starts significantly later than the analogous changes during pregnancy in two mammals and two viviparous fish.

Abstract 192: Role of adipose tissue in bladder cancer progression

Abstract Introduction: Obesity has been found to be associated with increased risk of bladder cancer, worse-cancer-specific outcomes and increased risk of recurrence. Moreover, bladder cancers that involve macroscopic extravesical invasion of the perivesical fat are highly predisposed to lymph node metastases and local recurrence. The objective of our study is to elucidate the mechanism by which adipose tissue contributes to bladder cancer progression. We hypothesize that adipose tissue in bladder cancer patients has the potential to modulate the tumor microenvironment by inducing pro-tumorigenic pathways in bladder cancer progression. Methods: Human adipose tissue fragments (bladder, urachal, subcutaneous and prostate when applicable) were collected from muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients undergoing cystectomy. Information on patient Body Mass Index (BMI), diabetes diagnosis, medications and gender were used in analysis. BMI status was classified into normal (under 25 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2). Gene expression was profiled from total RNA isolated from 100mg of fat using the Illumina Human HT12 whole genome expression BeadChips. Fat conditioned media (CM) was prepared from 500 mg of the patient fat processed as primary adipose tissue explant cultures for 16 hours. Secreted factors from CM were measured using MILLIPLEX MAP 41-plex Human Cytokine/Chemokine Panel. Migratory potential was assayed by Transwell (BD falcon) migration. T24 human bladder cancer cells were placed in the upper chamber with patient fat CM or control serum free media in the lower chamber. Cells were allowed to transmigrate across the porous membrane for 18 hours. Results: At the genomic level in fat specimens from twelve cancer patients with different BMI status indicated a number of differentially expressed genes previously implicated in cancer progression. The expression of CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (a secreted protein) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 are significantly upregulated in fat samples from obese and overweight patients relative to normal. At the protein level in CM, three factors: interleukin-8, growth regulated oncogene-alpha and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, are found in high levels across all patient tissue depots. Surprisingly, exposing T24 cells to CM from bladder fat depots increased their migratory potential. Ongoing studies are evaluating the specific factors involved in this difference. Conclusions: The identified differentially expressed genes and secreted factors provide a possible mechanism to explain the effects of obesity on tumor progression in bladder cancer. In addition to BMI, the migratory potential of T24 cells was also differentially modulated by the different fat deposit types. Ongoing studies are investigating the effect of adipose tissue-derived factors on bladder cancer to help improve outcome in advance bladder cancer patients with added complexities of obesity. Citation Format: Nisha Hariharan, Robert S. Svatek, Carolina B. Livi, Jonathan A.L. Gelfond, Teresa L. Johnson-Pais, Robin J. Leach. Role of adipose tissue in bladder cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 192. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-192

Body temperature patterns of big brown bats during winter in a building hibernaculum

Abstract Hibernating bats display a wide range of thermoregulatory patterns during hibernation, but to date, the majority of research on the topic has been done on cavernicolous bats. Thus, we measured skin temperature of free-living big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) during winter in a building hibernaculum in western Indiana. Torpor bouts were considerably shorter than bouts used by cavernicolous bats, lasting a mean of 3.3 days, whereas arousals lasted on average 5.0 h. There was a significant correlation between roost temperature and length of the euthermic period and a larger proportion of bats aroused on warm days, suggesting big brown bats might be taking advantage of warm nights to forage, although evidence for winter feeding is ambiguous in this population. As has been recorded for other noncavernicolous bats during hibernation, most individuals took advantage of partial passive rewarming during some arousals. We estimate these passive arousals could save bats, on average, 96 mg of fat over the co...

Effect of feeding extruded flaxseed on milk quality of dairy cows

Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy cows with extruded flaxseed (EF) on milk quality. After a 7-d adaptation period, 40 Holstein dairy cows in midlactation were divided in two experimental groups, based on parity, milk yield and composition, and days in milk. Animals were fed for 28 d a standard total mixed ration containing or not (control) 1.8 kg/cow/d of a supplement based on extruded flaxseed (EF). Milk yield was recorded daily and individual milk samples were collected weekly for analysis. Milk yield was not affected by treatment and averaged 26.2 kg/d throughout the study. Feeding EF reduced milk fat (3.95 vs. 4.24%; P=0.053) and tended to reduce milk protein (3.32 vs. 3.50%; P=0.104). The milk from cows fed EF contained more (P<0.01) stearic (12.0 vs. 7.8 mg/100 mg of fat), oleic (21.2 vs. 18.0 mg/100 mg of fat), ?-linolenic (0.85 vs. 0.41 mg/100 mg of fat) and vaccenic (1.43 vs. 0.62 mg/100 mg of fat) acids than control and also more c9,t11 CLA (0.91 vs. 0.59 mg/100 mg of fat). Conversely, compared with control, feeding EF reduced milk concentrations of palmitic acid (26.5 vs. 33.4 mg/100 mg of fat; P<0.01). The present results show that feeding EF to dairy cows is an efficient strategy to enrich milk in beneficial fatty acids such as vaccenic acid, CLA and omega-3 fatty acids. Nevertheless, the milk fat reducing effect of flaxseed as well as other sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids should be taken into account.

Enhancing the viability of fat grafts using new transfer medium containing insulin and β-fibroblast growth factor in autologous fat transplantation

With the increasing application of liposuction in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck region and aesthetic plastic surgery of the facial region, autologous fat transplantation is widely used. However, due to the high absorption rate of fat grafts, a number of studies have examined the use of different agents to increase the viability of such grafts. Here, we evaluated the effects of a new transfer medium containing insulin and beta-fibroblast growth factor, which can increase the viability of fat grafts before performing autologous fat transplantation. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. For each rabbit, we harvested 4mg of fat from both inguinal regions. The samples from each rabbit were pooled, divided into four equal aliquots and then soaked in a transfer medium. Group I was the control group with normal saline as the transfer medium, group II used modified Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (modified DMEM), group III used modified DMEM with insulin and group IV used modified DMEM with insulin and beta-fibroblast growth factor. After dividing the dorsum of each rabbit into four even parts, one fat sample from each group was transplanted into one of the pockets created in the loose areolar tissue immediately beneath the dermis. Six rabbits were euthanised using pentobarbital sodium each time, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after fat transplantation, and we measured the weights of the fat grafts and examined the histological changes using light microscopy. Groups III and IV showed significantly greater viability of fat grafts than the controls in the group I. On histological examination, large numbers of mature adipocytes were observed in groups III and IV, and reduced cyst formation and fibrosis were also observed. Autologous fat transplantation using the new transfer medium containing insulin and beta-fibroblast growth factor is a simple, promising strategy for clinical application designed to augment the viability of fat transplantation.

Contact with Existing Adipose Tissue Is Inductive for Adipogenesis in Matrigel

The effect of adipose tissue on inductive adipogenesis within Matrigel (BD Biosciences) was assessed by using a murine chamber model containing a vascular pedicle. Three-chamber configurations that varied in the access to an adipose tissue source were used, including sealed- and open-chamber groups that had no access and limited access, respectively, to the surrounding adipose tissue, and a sealed-chamber group in which adipose tissue was placed as an autograft. All groups showed neovascularization, but varied in the amount of adipogenesis seen in direct relation to their access to preexisting adipose tissue: open chambers showed strong adipogenesis, whereas the sealed chambers had little or no adipose tissue; adipogenesis was restored in the autograft chamber group that contained 2- to 5-mg fat autografts. These showed significantly more adipogenesis than the sealed chambers with no autograft ( p < 0.01). Autografts with 1mg of fat were capable of producing adipogenesis but did so less consistently than the larger autografts. These findings have important implications for adipose tissue engineering strategies and for understanding de novo production of adipose tissue.

Preliminary Evaluation of Pre- and Post-Prandial 3α-Hydroxy Bile Acids in the Green Iguana, Iguana iguana

ABSTRACT Pre- and post-prandial plasma 3α-hydroxy bile acids and other biochemical reference intervals were established for a group of 11 healthy male green iguanas, Iguana iguana. All animals were fasted for 48 hr and then fed a herbivorous, commercially available critical care diet containing 606 +/− 52.6 mg of fat per kg body weight to stimulate bile release. Pre-prandial bile acid concentrations (7.5 ± 7.8 μmol/L) significantly increased at 3 and 7.5 hr post-prandially to 33.3 ± 22.0 μmol/L and 32.5 ± 8.4 μmol/L, respectively. Liver histopathology and general necropsy findings were unremarkable. This study demonstrated a significant increase in post-prandial plasma 3α-hydroxy bile acid concentration in healthy green iguanas. This study suggests that fasting status should be considered when evaluating bile acid concentrations.

Detection Method of Irradiated Chicken by GC Analysis of 2-Alkylcyclobutanones and Hydrocarbons Using Soxhlet Extraction and Florisil Chromatography.

A procedure was established for the detection of irradiated chicken by GC/FID analysis of2- alkylcyclobutanones (RCBs) and hydrocarbons (HCs) using cleanup by Soxhlet extraction and Florisil chromatography.Fat extract was obtained from irradiated chickens by a Soxhlet apparatus. A concentrated fat extract containing200 mg of fat with 2 μg of n-eicosane as internal standard (IS) was applied to Florisil columns, which were deactivated by adding 17parts of water to 100 parts of adsorbent. The HCs were eluted in 60 ml of n-hexane. This eluate was concentrated and analyzed by GC/FID. After 150ml of n-hexane was eluted from the same column, RCBs were eluted with 120ml of 1% diethyl ether solution in n-hexane. This eluate was concentrated to 0.2ml and 0.1μg of 2-cyclohexylcyclohexanone (IS) was added to the mixture, which was analyzed by GC/FID. This process rendered it possible to detect HCs and RCBs efficiently and simultaneously.HCs and RCBs were detected in chicken meat irradiated at 0.5 kGy by GC/FID.

COLLECTION CAPACITY OF A SOLID PHASE TRAP IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION FOR THE EXTRACTION OF LIPIDS FROM A MODEL FAT SAMPLE

Collection capacity of lipids from a model fat in supercritical fluid extraction using a solid phase traps was investigated. It was found that 0.6 g of an octadecylsilica material efficiently trapped 80–100 mg of fat. By developing a fractionated extraction/elution procedure, samples containing up to 500 mg of fat could easily be trapped. Losses due to the vapor pressure of the fat components were negligible, even after several hours of purging with gaseous carbon dioxide at a flow rate of ca 1 L/min. The trapping efficiency was found to be independent of the flow rate up to at least ca 1 L/min of gaseous carbon dioxide, and of modifiers (ethanol, methanol) in concentrations up to at least 10% if the temperature in the trap was sufficiently high to prevent modifier condensation.

Factors affecting the landing and feeding responses of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes to a stationary ox.

In Zimbabwe, studies were made of the landing and feeding responses of Glossina pallidipes on an ox. Of the tsetse approaching an ox, approximately 70% fed. Increasing densities of tsetse increased the grooming responses of the ox but had no significant effect on the percentage of tsetse that engorged. The landing site of tsetse on the ox varied with density, with approximately 50% landing on the legs at low densities (< 20 flies per ox), compared to approximately 80% at densities > 40 flies per ox. For male G. pallidipes, the mean bloodmeal size was 37 mg. The probability of feeding was negatively correlated with fat content, declining from 91% for flies with < 1 mg fat to < 50% for flies with > 4 mg fat. Bloodmeal size was also negatively correlated with fat content; the regression equation relating bloodmeal size and fat content indicated that the mean wet weight declined from 42 mg for flies with 1 mg of fat to 31 mg for flies with 5 mg of fat. For females, the probability of feeding was not significantly affected by age as determined by ovarian category but there was a paucity of young (ovarian category 0) flies attracted to the ox. Pregnancy status had no significant effect on the probability of feeding, but samples of flies attracted to the ox showed a relative dearth of females approaching larviposition and a preponderance just after.

On-line high-performance liquid chromatography-solvent evaporation - high-performance liquid chromatography - capillary gas chromatography - flame ionisation detection for the analysis of mineral oil polyaromatic hydrocarbons in fatty foods

An automated on-line method is described that involves a first LC separation on a large column, evaporation of a 6-ml fraction in an on-line solvent evaporator, a second LC separation using a different mobile phase, fractionating the components of interest and transfer to GC through the in-line vaporiser/overflow interface. The method is designed for the injection of a large amount of food extract (e.g. up to 200 mg of fat) and is applied to the analysis of mineral oil material in a linseed oil.

Shivering and its cost during reproductive behaviour in Neotropical owl butterflies, Caligo and Opsiphanes (Nymphalidae: Brassolinae)

Abstract. Male owl butterflies Caligo and Opsiphanes were gathered during crepuscular hours along an edge habitat, where they engaged either other males of the same species in aerial encounters, or females in courtship and copulation. Shivering elevated thoracic temperature during crepuscular hours approximately 10°C above ambient temperature for Caligo and 15°C for Opsiphanes in phase with reproductive activities for both males and females. Male displays endured on average 30 min, and the estimated cost of maintaining an elevated body temperature during this time was 3 mg of fat for each bout. Owl butterflies are generally lethargic during daylight hours and rarely shivered and never basked in sunlight during these times. Owl butterflies shivered in ambient temperatures (24-26°C) that were well above the lower critical temperature for flight (19-20°C). Shivering did not elevate abdominal temperature, and hence the butterflies did not raise their temperature to make pheromones volatile from abdominal scent glands. By elimination of these alternative hypotheses, it was concluded that shivering to elevate thoracic temperature prepares owl butterflies for reproductive encounters.

Automated sample clean‐up and fractionation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk using NP‐HPLC with column‐switching

AbstractA method has been developed for the automated sample pretreatment of organochlorine pesticides (OCP's) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) in extracts of human milk. This work was part of a regular monitoring program presently carried out at our institute. In this program several hundreds of human milk samples have to be analyzed for the occurrence of PCB's and OCP's.With a normal bore straight phase HPLC system, utilizing column switching we are able to separate the fat from the compounds of interest and, moreover, complete separation of the PCB fraction from the OCP's can be achieved. Under the conditions used to separate the PCB fraction from intefering OCP's column‐switching is essential since the retention times for the OCP's vary from 4 minutes for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to more than 2 hours for dieldrin.1 ml of an extract containing 45 mg of fat is injected on the first (pre)column, the fat is retained on this column and the early eluting HCB, the PCB fraction, and the DDT complex are transferred to the second (analytical) column. Compounds eluting later than p,p′‐DDT are collected directly from the precolumn. Meanwhile, the PCB fraction is separated from the rest of the OCP's on the analytical column.Contrary to conventional gravity‐controlled chromatography or solid phase extraction the clean‐up process can be monitored on‐line by UV‐detection, thus rendering a fast and reliable optimization of the system. The OCP‐fractions collected from the LC are pooled before they are transferred to a high resolution gas chromatograph equipped with a large volume option. The PCB‐fraction is injected directly in a HRGC equipped with a concurrent solvent evaporation injection device.The limits of detection for the OCP's (HCB, α‐,β‐ and γ‐HCH, β‐Hepo (heptachlorepoxide), dieldrin, p,p′‐DDE, o,p′‐DDT p,p′‐DDT and TDE) and the PCB's investigated are at sub‐ppb level (fat basis); the recoveries vary from 80 to 100%.

HPLC Silica Column Fractionation of Pesticides and PCB from Butterfat

Abstract Separation of trace levels of toxic pesticides and other chemical contaminants (e.g., PCB) from edible fats and oils in preparation for quantitation by gas chromatography (i.e., GC-EC, GC-MS, etc.) continues to be an important analytical concern. Commercial HPLC silica columns were evaluated for practical application to the fractionation of selected compounds of different polarity from butterfat. Samples were injected in hexane solution and fractionated using isocratic hexanemethylene chloride mobile phases. Fat was readily purged from the columns with methylene chloride. A 254-nm UV detector was used to monitor elution patterns of concentrated standard solutions and of lipid material. Analyte fractions subsequently collected from samples fortified at sub-ppm levels were analyzed by GC-EC after concentration into hexane. A semi-preparative HPLC silica column (25 cm × 9.4 mm i.d., 6 um spheres) provided complete separation of organochlorine compounds and partial separation of organophosphorous pesticides tested from at least 500 mg of fat. This column was shown to be superior to the “official” (AOAC) Florisil column with regard to resolution, speed of elution, solvent volume required, and loading capacity. The column, which operated at moderate pressures of >1000 psi, proved to be resilient and reproducible to repeated sample injections, frac tionations and purgings made from either end.