Mg Of Amino Acids Research Articles

Structural and Functional Tailoring of Melanin-Like Polydopamine Radical Scavengers

Melanin is a ubiquitous but poorly understood polymeric, dark brown to black pigment biomaterial found both in nature and by organic synthesis. Its structural heterogeneity and disordered covalent/...

Partitioning the efficiency of utilization of amino acids in growing broilers: Multiple linear regression and multivariate approaches.

Determining the efficiency of amino acid (AA) utilization in growing animals is crucial to estimate their requirement accurately. In broiler chickens, the composition of AA in feather is different from feather-free body and the proportion of feathers will change along broiler’s growth, which may impact the efficiency of utilization on AA consumed. Therefore, in order to establish a method that predicts the efficiency of utilization for feather-free body and feather, two approaches were evaluated: a multiple linear regression and a multivariate analysis. Additionally, a new factorial model was proposed to predict AA requirements in broiler chickens. Data from 13 trials that evaluated the requirements for lysine (Lys), sulphur AA (SAA), threonine (Thr), and valine (Val) in male broilers were used for the analyses. Both methods of analysis were consistent in showing that the efficiency of utilization in feather-free body and feather were different. Using multiple linear regression, the values of efficiency of utilization estimated in feather-free body were 0.68, 0.72, 0.81, 0.79 (mg of amino acid deposited / mg of amino acid consumed above maintenance) and in feather were 0.58, 0.77, 0.78, and 1.57 (mg/mg) for Lys, SAA, Thr, and Val, respectively. Applying the multivariate approach, the corresponding predicted values were 0.68, 0.67, 4.23, 0.27 (mg/mg) in feather-free body and 1.16, 0.86, 0.16, and 1.10 (mg/mg) in feather, respectively. According to the results, efficiency of utilization may be related, to some extent, on the concentration determined in each tissue. The uncertainty around the amount of AA consumed for gain directed to feather-free body or feather deposition could be a limitation for multivariate analyses. The results indicated that multiple linear regression predictions may be better estimates of utilization efficiency. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the effect of age on deposition and partitioning of dietary AA in different parts of the broiler.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF ARTEMISIA NILAGIRICA (CLARKE) PAMP. LEAF EXTRACT

<p>ABSTRACT<br />Objective: The points of this exploration work were to decide the quantitative examination of bioactive mixes. Customarily, cutting edge meds rely<br />on the phytochemicals got from the plant source in bigger extents. Numerous bioactive auxiliary metabolites have a positive metabolic reaction on<br />different human diseases.<br />Methods: In the present examination, Artemisia nilagirica, leaves were gathered, dried, powdered and put away in hermetically sealed compartments<br />for quantitative investigation of phytochemicals according to standard strategies.<br />Results: The methanolic leaf concentrate of enrolled 4.33 mg of alkaloids, 1.22 mg of saponins, 12.4 mg of tannins, 24.3 mg of glycosides, 10.2 mg<br />terpenoids, 1.33 mg of coumarin, 59.4 mg of amino acids, 12.2 mg of fatty acids, 17.2 mg of flavonoids, 10.2 mg of phenols, and steroids in follows<br />separately.<br />Conclusion: The plant has a high helpful quality as far as an assortment of phytochemicals from leaf remove and had let to a sure level toward<br />extraction and refinement of specific bioactive mixes for human nourishment.<br />Keywords: Artemisia nilagirica, Secondary metabolites, Quantitative analysis, Leaf extract, Flavonoids.</p>

Keratinolytic activities of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. MBRL 575 from a novel habitat, limestone deposit site in Manipur, India.

Microbial degradation of keratinous wastes is preferred over physicochemical methods as the latter is costlier and not eco-friendly. Novel habitats are promising for discovery of new microbial strains. Towards discovery of novel keratinolytic bacteria, screening of bacterial strains from a novel limestone habitat in Hundung, Manipur, India was done and a promising isolate, MBRL 575, was found to degrade native chicken feather efficiently. It could grow over a broad pH range (Langeveld et al. in J Infect Dis 188:1782–1789, 2003; Park and Son in Microbiol Res 164:478–485, 2009; Zaghloul et al. in Biodegradation 22:111–128, 2011; Takami et al. in Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 56:1667–1669, 1992; Riffel et al. in J Biotechnol 128:693–703, 2007; Wang et al. in Bioresour Technol 99:5679–5686, 2008) and in presence of 0–15 % NaCl. Based on phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the new keratinolytic limestone isolate was identified as Bacillus sp. MBRL 575. It produced 305 ± 12 U/ml keratinase and liberated 120 ± 5.5 mg of soluble peptides and 158 ± 4 mg of amino acids per gram of feather after 48 h of incubation at 30 °C in chicken feather medium. The strain could also degrade feathers of other species besides chicken. The cell-free enzyme was also able to degrade feather. Citrate and soybean meal were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen supplements for enhanced enzyme, soluble peptide and amino acid production. In addition to keratinolytic activity, MBRL 575 also exhibited antagonistic activity against two major rice fungal pathogens, Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae (65 %) and Rhizoctonia solani (58 %).

The yield of spring barley in the brown soils of the Nizhnee Povolzh'e region

The results of small (20-22 cm) and relatively deep main processing of the soil (27-30 cm) and variable rate application depth of arable horizon of doses of mineral nutrition (N and P2O5) on yield of spring barley. It is established that ploughing soil up to 30 cm (pillars of Cibima) with in-corporation at the same depth easy phosphorus-rhenium increases the biological activity of the soil microflora involved in the proposal of cellulose substrates is a means of increasing the fertility of light chestnut soil, which is especially important for rainfed conditions. The average crop capacity in the shallow plowing is 2 t/ha and was lower at 15% compared to Varian, where he held a deep subsurface tillage. By years of research sum-total biological activity in the deep subsurface treat-ment amounted to 930 mg of amino acids per gram of leaf, which is higher by 26% the variant with shallow plowing. Compared to shallow ploughing (option 1) at subsurface relatively deep processing of crude soil (option 2) there is greater accumulation of productive moisture in a meter layer. In the period of tillering of plants at average moisture reserves in option 2 is higher by 16% than in option 1 and constitute a 147 mm. In phase trubavina-earing and full maturity of the spring-barley the difference between the productive moisture content increases to between 20 and 33% in the direction of no-till deep processing. Relatively high soil moisture (a consequence of the method of tillage) contributed to a more rapid transition of phosphates in the horizon of 25-30 cm and nitrate in the layer 10-15 cm in available forms of nutrients for soil microorganisms. It is revealed that the application rate of nitrogen and phosphorus should be linked with the main processing of the soil, and the peculiarities of development of the root system of cultivated crops.

Changes in Organic and Inorganic Nutrients in Terminal Shoots of ‘Fuyu’ Persimmon during Spring Growth

감나무 신초의 초기 생장기 동안 양분 조성 및 분배 양상을 파악하기 위하여 전엽 후부터 약 40일 동안 정단신초의 유기화합물과 무기원소를 조사하였다. 성목 '부유'를 3년간 시험재료로 사용하였으며, 신초는 줄기, 잎, 과실(화뢰 포함)로 나누어 분석하였다. 신초생장기에 가용성당 농도는 잎과 과실에서, 전분은 잎에서만 증가하였다. 아미노산 농도는 세 부위 모두에서 감소하는 경향이었으나 단백질은 변화가 뚜렷하지 않았다. 신초당 이들 유기화합물의 함량은 신초생장과 함께 증가하였는데, 줄기나 과실보다 잎에서 월등히 많아 5월 동안 각 양분 총량의 60% 이상을 차지하였다. 생장이 진행됨에 따라 N과 P 농도는 세 부위에서 점진적으로 낮아진 반면, K 농도는 줄기에서만 감소하였다. Ca와 Mg농도는 부위별로 경시적인 변화가 뚜렷하지 않고 해에 따른 차이도 컸다. 각 무기원소의 단위 신초당 함량은 생장량의 증가로 모든 부위에서 증가하였는데, 잎이 5월 중순 이후 각 무기원소 함량의 54-82%를 차지하였다. 신초의 길이 생장이 완료된 때의 단위 신초당 가용성당과 전분 함량은 3년동안 각각 526-768과 245-844mg의 범위에 있었으며, 아미노산과 단백질 함량은 각각 26-31과 66-103mg이었다. 신초당 무기원소 함량은 K가 203-388mg으로 가장 많았고 다음으로 N이 132-159mg이었다. 발아 직후의 생장 전반부와 생장이 정지되는 시기에 가까운 후반부의 각 양분 함량의 상대적인 변화율을 조사한 결과 모두 전반부의 값이 후반부 값보다 월등히 높아 생장 초기에 양분의 증가속도가 월등하게 높음을 나타냈다. 초기에 변화율이 이렇게 높은 것은 저장양분의 공급 때문이며, 연차간 차이는 기상이나 재배 조건에 따른 초기 변화율의 차이와 깊은 관련이 있을 것으로 판단되었다. To understand changes in composition and distribution of nutrients during early shoot growth of persimmon, organic compounds and inorganic elements of terminal shoots were analyzed for about 40 days from the time of foliation. Sample shoots were collected from mature 'Fuyu' trees for this three-year experiment and they were divided to stem, leaves, and the fruits including flower buds at the earliest stage. During shoot growth, concentration of soluble sugars increased in both leaves and fruits, but that of starch increased only in leaves. Those of amino acids tended to decrease in all the parts but there was no consistent change in proteins. As shoots grew, contents of all the organic compounds in a shoot increased, and they were especially higher in May leaves accounting for more than 60% of the shoot total for each nutrient. Along with shoot growth, concentrations of N and P gradually decreased in all three parts, while K decreased only in stem. However, those of Ca and Mg did not show notable changes in all the parts with wide variations depending on the year. Due to the quantitative increase in growth, contents of inorganic elements in a shoot increased in all the parts and the leaves accounted for 54-82% of the shoot total. At the cessation time of extension growth, a shoot contained 526-768 mg of soluble sugars, 245-844 mg of starch, 26-31 mg of amino acids, and 66-103 mg of proteins for three years. On the other hand, a shoot contained 203-388 mg of K, the greatest among the inorganic elements, followed by 132-159 mg of N. Changes of the nutrients in a shoot were much greater during the earlier stage of growth after foliation than during the later stage toward growth cessation, suggesting the importance of mobilizing reserve nutrients for the early growth of the shoots. The results of this study also suggested that the rate of nutrient changes, especially during the earlier stage of shoot growth, could be affected by environmental and cultural conditions.

A High-Maltose Broth Method for Studying the Effects of Amino Acids on Fermentability

Brewery fermentations require sufficient yeast growth during fermentation to achieve the timelines and beer quality expected. It is only possible to obtain the necessary growth when yeast are provided with an adequate supply of all nutrients, including amino acids, minerals, and fermentable sugars. However, a broth made from 100% high-maltose syrup (HMS), and thus containing no micronutrients, showed excellent fermentability under standard laboratory conditions (Congress wort specific gravity, high pitching rates, and continuous stirring), indicating no requirement for micronutrients under these conditions. The aim of this study was to develop a lab-scale fermentation test, based on reduced pitching rates and use of adjunct sugars, that would indicate the need for micronutrients during fermentation. Malts from three barley varieties and of varying quality were used to investigate the effectiveness of the test. Amino acid levels in worts and fermented worts were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Effects of amino acids on fermentability were most apparent when a pitching rate of 0.45 g of compressed yeast per 100 mL of broth and a broth with a 40:60 ratio of HMS to Congress wort were used. At least 1,000 mg of amino acids per L was necessary to completely ferment an 8.5°P broth. Individual amino acids were absorbed in the order expected, with the exception of glutamine, a type A amino acid, which was absorbed at a slower rate than the type B amino acids histidine and methionine. The broth method also found that proline was absorbed even under standard fermentation conditions once other amino acids had been depleted.

The RENUVA SYSTEM Increases Growth Hormone and Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1 in Man.

Growth hormone declines with age. Growth hormone deficiency decreases energy, cognitive powers and gives other age related symptoms. These symptoms are reversed with growth hormone replacement. Growth hormone is stimulated by amino acids, nicotinic acid and growth hormone releasing peptides. The RENUVA SYSTEM contains 480 mg of amino acids, 38 mg of nicotinic acid and 1,500 mg of growth hormone releasing peptides 2 and 6. The proprietary system delivers, by mouth, 90% of peptides into the blood stream including large proteins like growth hormone. Since growth hormone is released in pulses, measurements have great variability. Growth hormone acts through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) which varies less and is used clinically to gauge growth hormone effects. This study examines the rise in growth hormone and IGF-1 in response to the RENUVA SYSTEM. Thirteen healthy subjects over 40 years of age on no regular medications other than contraception or hormone replacement therapy were given the RENUVA SYSTEM after an overnight fast. Blood was drawn and analyzed for growth hormone and IGF-1 at-10, -5, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes. There was a 98 ± 50% (SEM) average rise in growth hormone from baseline to peak value (p<0.05). IGF-1 rose from 198 ± 15.3 ng/ml at baseline to 241 ± 17.4 ng/ml at 120 minutes (p<0.02). Although 2 subjects had mild transient flushing, there were no other adverse events, and the RENUVA SYSTEM was well-tolerated. The RENUVA SYSTEM produces a statistically significant rise in growth hormone and IGF-1.

Viability and Isolation of Marine Bacteria by Dilution Culture: Theory, Procedures, and Initial Results

Dilution culture, a method for growing the typical small bacteria from natural aquatic assemblages, has been developed. Each of 11 experimental trials of the technique was successful. Populations are measured, diluted to a small and known number of cells, inoculated into unamended sterilized seawater, and examined three times for the presence of 10 or more cells per ml over a 9-week interval. Mean viability for assemblage members is obtained from the frequency of growth, and many of the cultures produced are pure. Statistical formulations for determining viability and the frequency of pure culture production are derived. Formulations for associated errors are derived as well. Computer simulations of experiments agreed with computed values within the expected error, which verified the formulations. These led to strategies for optimizing viability determinations and pure culture production. Viabilities were usually between 2 and 60% and decreased with >5 mg of amino acids per liter as carbon. In view of difficulties in growing marine oligobacteria, these high values are noteworthy. Significant differences in population characteristics during growth, observed by high-resolution flow cytometry, suggested substantial population diversity. Growth of total populations as well as of cytometry-resolved subpopulations sometimes were truncated at levels of near 10 cells per ml, showing that viable cells could escape detection. Viability is therefore defined as the ability to grow to that population; true viabilities could be even higher. Doubling times, based on whole populations as well as individual subpopulations, were in the 1-day to 1-week range. Data were examined for changes in viability with dilution suggesting cell-cell interactions, but none could be confirmed. The frequency of pure culture production can be adjusted by inoculum size if the viability is known. These apparently pure cultures produced retained the size and apparent DNA-content characteristic of the bulk of the organisms in the parent seawater. Three cultures are now available, two of which have been carried for 3 years. The method is thus seen as a useful step for improving our understanding of typical aquatic organisms.

Turnover rates of fatty acid and amino acid in the coelomic fluid of the sea star Asterias rubens: Implications for the route of nutrient translocation during vitellogenesis

1. 1. The turnover of fatty acid and amino acid in the coelomic fluid of the sea star Asterias rubens was quantified by intra-coelomic injection of radiolabelled oleic acid and l-leucine which had half times of 2 and 10 min, respectively. 2. 2. The molar composition of the amino acids of the cell-free coelomic fluid was determined. The total concentration of amino acids was 4.33 ± 1.93 μg/ml; the total concentration of fatty acids was 0.34 μg/ml. 3. 3. In a period of 4 weeks, 74 mg of fatty acid and 201 mg of amino acid is transferred through the coelomic fluid of a standardized 100 g animal. 4. 4. In vitro experiments allow an estimation of the apparently minor role of coelomocytes in lipid transport. 5. 5. Transport of fatty acid and amino acid through the perivisceral coelomic fluid can by far not meet the demands of the ovaries during vitellogenesis. Therefore, other systems (haemal and perihaemal) must play an important role.

Partial characterization of organic material in surface sediments from Balsfjorden, northern Norway, in relation to its origin and nutritional value for sediment-ingesting animals

Surface sediments from the Svartnes basin (195 m deep) in Balsfjorden, northern Norway (ca. 70°N), were partially characterized to assess the nature and origin of the organic material present and its potential nutritive value for sediment-ingesting animals. Seasonal analyses were carried out on material collected between May 1979 and August 1980 for total organic matter, organic C and N, acid-extractable amino acids and lipids extractable with chloroform:methanol. Little or no seasonal variation was seen in any of the parameters analysed. The mean apparent organic content was 9.3% of sediment dry weight, the organic C content was 2.38%, the organic N content was 0.26% and the C:N ratio was 9.1:1. Acid hydrolysis of sediment yielded 575 mg of amino acids and 41 mg of NH3 per 100 g sediment dry weight, the composition of the amino acids being similar to that of nutritionally highquality animal or microbial protein. Glucoseamine was not detected in acid hydrolysates of sediment, consistent with the absence of chitin. Chloroform:methanol extraction yielded 133 mg of material per 100 g sediment dry weight, 62% of which was accounted for by saponifiable lipids (fatty acids) and non-saponifiable lipids present in approximately equal amounts. Fatty alcohols accounted for 30% of the non-saponifiable lipids and phytol accounted for 40% of the fatty alcohols. Small amounts of very long-chain fatty alcohols characteristic of terrestrial plants were present, but long-chain monounsaturated fatty alcohols characteristic of marine zooplankton were essentially absent. Very small quantities of long-chain ketones characteristic of marine coccolithophores were detected. The major fatty acids present in sediments were 16:0, 14:0, 16:1 (n-7) and 18:1 (n-9), and 11% of the total fatty acids were comprised of a mixture of odd-numbered straight-chain and branched-chain moieties characteristic of micro-organisms. The data point to small amounts of material characteristic of marine and terrestrial photosynthetic organisms being present in sediments at any given time, whereas material characteristic of marine zooplankton is not present. The presence of material characteristic of micro-organisms is consistent with conversion of sedimenting material into a pool of sediment micro-organisms. Although the biological availability to sediment-ingesting organisms of the esterified fatty acids and the acid-extractable amino acids in sediments remains to be assessed, the maximum amounts available are equivalent to approximately 60 mg of polar lipid and 575 mg of protein per 100 g sediment dry weight. These amounts are small in relation to the production rates in the photic zone of the fjord, implying that the bulk of the energy flow in Balsfjorden occurs in its relatively short pelagic food chains.

Amino acid composition of human nail, as measured by gas-liquid chromatography.

We describe a quantitative method for determination of histidine and 16 other amino acids in a nail hydrolysate. This is based on the formation of trifluoroacetyl amino acid methyl esters and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis with use of two columns of mixed stationary phases. Histidine is determined as a triple derivative Nalpha-trifluroacetyl-Nim-carbethoxy methyl histidinate. The specificity and reproducibility of the method are illustrated. As little as 1 mg of amino acid per gram of nail can be determined, and 15 hydrolysates can be completely analyzed in 10 working days. Data obtained from multiple analyses of 10 nail hydrolysates by the method described closely parallel those obtained in another laboratory, in which an amino acid analyzer was used.

Nutritive Value of Central American Beans. IV. The Essential Amino Acid Content of Samples of Black Beans, Red Beans, Rice Beans, and Cowpeas of Guatemalaa

SUMMARYThe rice bean (Phaseolus calcaratus), cowpea (Vigna sinensis), red bean, and three black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) samples grown in Guatemala, were found to be fairly similar in chemical composition. Average percentage values were: moisture 14.5, protein 22.3, ether extract 1.3, ash 3.5, crude fiber 6.0, and carbohydrate 52.4. The range in amino acid content, expressed as mg of amino acid per gram of nitrogen, was: arginine 356‐528, histidine 159‐232, isoleucine 143‐339, leucine 189‐260, lysine 322‐544, total sulfur‐containing amino acids 80‐94, phenylalanine plus tyrosine 362‐471, tryptophan 52‐73, threonine 215‐348, and valine 191‐383. The cowpea sample was higher in lysine; the rice bean and red bean samples were higher in tryptophan. The isoleucine and valine contents were lower, and the leucine higher, in the red beans than in the other samples. When compared with the amino acid pattern of the FAO Reference Protein, methionine plus cystine was the most‐limiting amino acid, and leucine and tryptophan respectively the second‐ and third‐most limiting. All the samples contained high amounts of lysine, making beans a good source of this amino acid.

A study of the chromatographic determination of amino acids in the presence of large amounts of carbohydrate

Synthetic mixtures of 15 of the 18 most common amino acids (cystine, methionine and tryptophan excepted) were boiled with 6N HCl in the presence and absence of carbohydrate. The decomposition products from starch and glucose do not interfere with the chromatographic determination of the amino acids on ion exchange columns. In no instance was the observed recovery of an amino acid lowered by as much as 3 per cent by the addition of carbohydrate (2 g) to 25–50 mg of amino acids per 200 ml 6 N HCl. The dilute conditions of hydrolysis correspond to those adopted for the determination of the amino acid composition of foods of high carbohydrate content.