Mg Kg-1 In Group Research Articles

A randomised controlled trial to study Bispectral guided induction of general anaesthesia using propofol and etomidate infusion.

Background and Aims:The present prospective, randomised study was done to evaluate induction characteristics with bispectral (BIS) index guided infusion of propofol and etomidate.Materials and Methods:After institutional ethical committee approval, 70 patients, aged 18–60 years, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) I and II scheduled for elective surgery were included. Patients were randomly allocated into one of the two groups. In Group E, patients received etomidate infusion at a rate of 0.07 mg kg-1 min-1 and in Group P, received propofol infusion of 0.7 mg kg-1 min-1. Time from start of infusion to loss of palpebral reflex (TP), loss of verbal command (TV), BIS to reach 50 (TBIS50), mean induction dose and incremental dose of each drug required to keep BIS50., haemodynamic parameters and adverse effects like pain, myoclonus, apnoea and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were also noted.Results:TP,TV, and TBIS 50 was faster in E as compared to P group and was statistically significant for all parameters. Mean induction dose of drug required till BIS 50 was 2.68 ± 0.56 mg kg-1 and 0.242 ± 0.11 mg kg-1 in group P and E, respectively. There was a significant difference between the groups with group E requiring incremental dose in a significant proportion of patients (P = 0.004). There was a significant decrease in MAP in P group as compared to E. In group P, more number of patients experienced pain and had apnoea episode as compared to group E. (P < 0.001). Myoclonus was observed in group E only (P = 0.016).Conclusion:BIS-guided titration of propofol and etomidate infusion for induction did not result in reduction of the dose, haemodynamic variations and other effects.

A comparative study of hemodynamic changes and serum cortisol levels of induction agents: Thiopentone, propofol, etomidate

Objective: Haemodynamic changes are inevitable while induction of general anesthesia with anaesthetic drugs. This present study records the haemo­dynamic changes that is caused by three different drugs (thiopental, propofol, and etomidate) used for induction of general anaesthesia. Methods: A Randomized and double-blinded study, 90 patients were assigned to one of the three groups (n=30 each). Propofol- 2 mg kg-1 in Group, Thiopentone- 5 mg kg-1 in Group 2 or Etomidate - 0.3 mg kg-1 in Group 3. Heart rate (HR) Noninvasive measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), was performed on admittance, after giving fentanyl, immediately before the induction of anaesthesia,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10 mins thereafter intubation. Serum cortisol levels were measured at baseline, after intubation, 30 minutes after induction. Results: Following the administration of propofol (Group 1), a greater decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed when compared with that of etomidate (Group 3) or thiopentone (Group 2).Conclusion: In this study, It can be concluded that etomidate is safer than propofol and thiopental groups in terms of haemodynamic stability.

Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic and Anti-lipidemic Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Millettia aboensis and Its Effect on Pancreatic Histology of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Plants provide a potential source of anti-diabetic drugs and are widely used in several traditional systems of medicine to prevent diabetes. This study evaluated the anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities of oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of Milletia aboensis in, and its effect on pancreatic histology of, alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Eighty rats were grouped into eight based on average body weights. Diabetes similar to that of type 1 in human was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate a -diabetogenic agent (160 mg kg-1). After 120 hours of alloxan injection, the rats from Groups 2 – 8 were confirmed diabetic having baseline fasting blood sugar levels >8.5mmol/L. Group 1 served as normal control. The extract was administered twice daily for 21 days at doses of 500 mg kg-1 – 2500 mg kg-1 in Groups 4 – 8. Group 2 was treated with a standard diabetic drug, ‘Metformin’, while Group 3 (untreated and negative control) was diabetic with increased Total cholesterol (CHOL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), triacylglycerol (TAG) levels and reduced high density lipoproteins (HDL) level throughout the experiment. Glucose was assayed for on the 7th, 14th and 21st day while CHOL, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride were assayed on the 21st day. A significant reduction (p<0.05) in the fasting blood glucose levels of rats in Groups 4-8 was observed when compared to the normal control. Similarly, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in TAG and LDL and a significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL levels in groups treated with the extract when compared to Group 1 (normal control). A photomicrograph of the pancreatic cells was taken before and after treatment with aqueous leaf extract. The photomicrograph before treatment showed atrophic pancreatic islet with vacuolations which indicates significant damaged Islets of langerhans in the beta cells. After treatment the photomicrograph indicates significant cell regeneration and repair. The present investigation suggests that leaf extract of M. aboensis exhibits anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities and positively affected pancreatic functions in alloxan-induced diabetes rats.

Biological Significance of the Overexpression of HSP70 and Alpha B-Crystallin in Rat Substantia Nigra Exposed to Different Doses of Permethrin

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of the Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) and Alpha B-crystallin (αBC) in the substantia nigra of rats exposed to permethrin at different doses on the apoptotic cell status. The orogastric gavage method was used to administer the different doses of permethrin (75 mg kg-1 in Group I, 150 mg kg-1 in group II, 300 mg kg-1 in group III) to the rats. Using the Western blot test, all the permethrin-treated groups showed a dose-dependent increase in the expression of HSP70 and αBC when compared to the control group. TUNEL positive apoptotic cells were not detected in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra after treatment with permethrin; however, upon immunofluorescent staining, intense positive reactions for HSP70 and αBC were observed in all of the treated groups. No immunopositive cells were detected in the tissue sections of the control group. These results suggest that the different administered doses of permethrin did not cause apoptotic cell death in the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons; however, they did induce an increase in HSP70 and αBC expression. Thus, it appears that HSP70 and αBC could play a neuroprotective role in permethrin-induced neurotoxicity.

Study of Sedation, Pre-Anesthetic and Anti-Anxiety Effects of Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Extract Compared with Diazepam in Rats

Humulus lupulus (hops) is a climbing perennial vine that vigorously grows 20-35 feet each year. Humulus lupulus is a member of the hemp family which has grown wild since ancient times in Europe, Asia and North America. The female flowers mature in late Summer and are used to add bitterness, flavor and aroma to beer. In ancient times the young shoots were eaten as a vegetable and the dried flowers were used for their slight narcotic effect and sedative action in the treatment of mania, toothache, earache and neuralgia. One modern herbal medicine practitioners continue to use hops as a sedative and mild hypnotic as well as for its endocrine, free radical scavenging and antitumor properties. The aim of this study was to investigation of the sedation, pre-anesthetic and anti-anxiety effects of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) extract compared with diazepam in rats. In the present study 30 wistar male rats weighting 300±10 g and about 3 months old were used for laboratory experiments. In order to evaluate the sedation and pre-anesthetic effects of hop extract compared with diazepam, 50 mg kg-1 of extract in 1st group, 100 mg kg-1 in 2nd group, 1.2 mg kg-1 in 3rd group, 2 mg kg-1 in Group 4th, 2 mg kg-1 amount of dimethyl sulfoxide was injected intra peritoneal in 5th group and 6th group did not receive any drug. Data showed that hop extract has better sedation, pre-anesthetic and anti-anxiety effects than diazepam. Researchers suggest that still need more studies on this plant component in order to understand the more sedative and anxiolytic effects of this plant.

He Physiological Effects on Hormones levels and Kidneys Functions Induced by The Anabolic Androgenic Drug (Sustanon) in Male Guinea Pigs

Problem statement: In recent years, the intentional abuse of anabolic androgenic drugs by athletes has increased rapidly in many countries to become a serious negative phenomenon. Athletes, specially in power sports, abuse these drugs such as Sustanon in high doses to obtain a rapid and huge increasing in the muscles mass and to improve their performance during the sport competitions. This abuse causes severe adverse effects among the abusers. Approach: The present physiological study was performed to answer the following question: could Sustanon abuse induce marked abnormal alterations in some hormones levels and in the kidneys functions?. The current study was needed due to the lack of sufficient information about the hormonal and nephritic adverse effects caused by Sustanon abuse in particular. This study on male Guinea pigs aimed to investigate the potential abnormal alterations in the levels of some hormones and in the kidney functions induced by repeated administration of two Sustanon doses. The treated animals were injected intramuscularly (i.m.) once a week with Sustanon doses as follow (15 mg Kg-1 in group G II and 30 mg Kg-1 in group G III) for a continuous treatment period of 6 weeks. Results: The results of the blood biochemical measurements showed statistical significant decreases in means of the serum levels of: Triiodothyronine (TT3), Thyroxine (TT4) and Insulin specially in the treated group (G III) (0.42±0.38 ng mL-1, 3.79±0.15
g dL-1, 0.62±0.43
I.U mL-1, respectively) compared to the control group according to (t-test). This was accompanied by significant increase in mean of cortisol serum levels in the treated group (G III) (63.44±4.90
g L-1). At the same time, marked significant increases were recorded in the means of the serum levels of the blood compounds related to the kidney functions (Blood urea, Uric acid, Creatinine, Albumin and Na+ and K+) in the treated group (G III) (53.9±2.70, 4.76±0.62, 1.63±0.24
g dL-1, 3.38±0.14 gm dL-1, 10.73±1.65 and 143.8±9.55
mol L-1, respectively) compared to control group according to (t-test). The results have been described and discussed in full details within the text. Conclusion/Recommendations: The current hormonal results proved the occurrence of severe abnormal alterations in the serum levels of the thyroid gland hormones, Cortisol and Insulin under the influence of Sustanon treatment. This indicated that abusing Sustanon for long periods by athletes can cause serious pathological hormonal disorders in the abusers. In addition, the present nephritic results can be considered as strong proof that abusing Sustanon for long periods by athletes can induce severe defects and disorders in the kidney functions. This may lead to cause serious pathological damages in the kidneys structure in the late stages. Due to these serious adverse effects, it is recommended that much more official and medical restrictions should be applied to prevent abusers from obtaining these drugs in order to decrease the continuation of this negative health problem. In addition, the study recommends also that athletes and youths should be provided with much more medical information and enlightenment about the health risks and the complications of abusing these drugs through media.

Effect of pre-treatment with intravenous atropine or glycopyrrolate on cardiac arrhythmias during halothane anaesthesia for adenoidectomy in children

We studied the effect of anticholinergics on the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias during paediatric anaesthesia. ASA I-II children (n = 77) undergoing adenoidectomy were randomly allocated to three groups. Intravenous atropine 0.02 mg kg-1 was given in group A (n = 25), glycopyrrolate 0.004 mg kg-1 in group G (n = 27) and physiological saline in group P (n = 25) 3 min before the induction of anaesthesia. The children breathed spontaneously under halothane anaesthesia with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen after induction with thiopentone and succinylcholine. Perioperative monitoring of the ECG (Holter recordings) and oxygen saturation was carried out. Ventricular tachycardia occurred in 16.0%, 18.5% and 12.0% of the children in groups A, G and P respectively (ns). The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular bigeminy, ventricular premature beats > 10) was 20.0% in group A, 44.4% in group G and 36.0% in group P (ns). Bradycardia (< 70 beats min-1) was observed in 0.0%, 14.8% and 24.0% of patients in groups A, G and P respectively (A vs P, P < 0.05). The use of anticholinergics did not influence the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during halothane anaesthesia in children. Bradycardia was more common in the placebo group than in the atropine group.

THE USE OF FAZADINIUM IN CHILDREN: An Electromyographic Study

To evaluate the use fazadinium in children and to compare it with pancuronium, 64 children aged 6 months to 12 yr received fazadinium 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 mg kg-1 and pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 in groups of 16. Neuromuscular transmission was evaluated electromyographically using train-of-four stimuli. The times to first effect, maximum effect, first sign of recovery, reversal and full recovery after reversal were recorded and neuromuscular transmission was monitored continuously until complete recovery was obtained. Duration of satisfactory clinical relaxation and neuromuscular transmission when relaxation became inadequate were recorded. The speed, duration and depth of effect, and the duration and degree of neuromuscular blockade increased significantly depending on dose. Fazadinium was found to be a potent drug providing satisfactory relaxation in a dose of 1.0-1.25 mg kg-1 for operations of medium to long duration in children under light halothane anaesthesia. When relaxation became inadequate neuromuscular transmission still showed marked depression. Duration and degree of blockade of fazadinium and pancuronium were not age-dependent. In all groups the neuromuscular blockade was reversed easily. Apart from the speed of onset of action, pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 corresponded to a dose of fazadinium between 1.0 and 1.25 mg kg-1. Train-of-four ratio was found to be more sensitive than single twitch as an index of the recovery of transmission during recovery and in the period after operation.