Mexico City Research Articles

Flowers vs. Devils: plants used against witchcraft in the urbanized Sonora Market, Mexico City

Flowers vs. Devils: plants used against witchcraft in the urbanized Sonora Market, Mexico City

Pre-Gestational Obesity and Gestational Weight Gain as Predictors of Childhood Obesity: PROGRESS Cohort from Mexico City

To evaluate the associations of pre-gestational body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with the risks of overweight, obesity, and adiposity in the first seven years of life in the offspring of a cohort of pregnant women. Analysis of 751 mothers and their children participating in the PROGRESS cohort. These women were recruited in Mexico City between 2007 and 2010. Pre-gestational BMI was classified as normal, overweight, and obesity according to the WHO. GWG was calculated as the difference between the last reported pre-pregnancy weight and the pre-gestational weight and categorized as inadequate, adequate, or excessive, according to US IOM recommendations. Children's anthropometry was evaluated at 4-5 and 6-7 years of age. Adiposity was classified into three groups: normal (BMI z-score and waist circumference), overweight (BMI z-score>1), and overweight plus abdominal obesity (OW+AO). A generalized structural equation model (GSEM) was constructed to account for the temporal relationship between variables and to assess direct and indirect effects. A total of 49.3% of the women had excessive (13.8 ± 4.2 kg) and 19.8% inadequate (3.15 ± 3.4 kg) GWG. Women with pre-gestational overweight or obesity were more likely to have excessive GWG (OR 1.9 [95% CI: 1.32, 2.74] and 3.50 [95% CI: 1.83, 6.69], respectively). In the GSEM, excessive GWG was directly associated with OW+AO at 4-5 years. At 6-7 years, pre-gestational obesity was associated with OW+AO. Pre-gestational obesity and excessive GWG were independent predictors of childhood obesity.

Was postdevelopment too much? Autonomous struggle, academic coloniality & the radical roots of the pluriverse

ABSTRACT Where did postdevelopment thought go? Was its anti-development message too much for academia? While acknowledging some overlap between postdevelopment and mainstream academic decolonial thought, we argue that postdevelopment, and its conceptualization of the pluriverse directly challenges extractivism, statism, and capitalism or, in a word, development. After discussing aspects of mainstream decolonial thought, seven main points of postdevelopment criticism are reviewed and debunked. We demonstrate that resistance and ‘attack’ are enduring feature of postdevelopment praxis from the Zapatistas to the countless other (socio)ecological struggles across the world. Responding to critique, this article presents three postdevelopment practices: the Organización Popular Francisco Villa de Izquierda Independiente (OPFVII) in the Acapatzingo community, Mexico City; the Zone-to-Defend (Zone à Défendre, ZAD) concept formalized in France; and the Global Tapestry of Alternatives (GTA) initiative. The conclusion stresses the importance of postdevelopment and a pluriverse working towards anti-capitalism/statism/extractivism/patriarchal world to avoid (neo)colonial recuperations of anti-colonial/statist struggle.

Foliar mycobiome remains unaltered under urban air-pollution but differentially express stress-related genes

Air pollution caused by tropospheric ozone contributes to the decline of forest ecosystems; for instance, sacred fir, Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham. forests in the peri-urban region of Mexico City. Individual trees within these forests exhibit variation in their response to ozone exposure, including the severity of visible symptoms in needles. Using RNA-Seq metatranscriptomic data and ITS2 metabarcoding, we investigated whether symptom variation correlates with the taxonomic and functional composition of fungal mycobiomes from needles collected in this highly polluted area in the surroundings of Mexico City. Our findings indicate that ozone-related symptoms do not significantly correlate with changes in the taxonomic composition of fungal mycobiomes. However, genes coding for 30 putative proteins were differentially expressed in the mycobiome of asymptomatic needles, including eight genes previously associated with resistance to oxidative stress. These results suggest that fungal communities likely play a role in mitigating the oxidative burst caused by tropospheric ozone in sacred fir. Our study illustrates the feasibility of using RNA-Seq data, accessible from global sequence repositories, for the characterization of fungal communities associated with plant tissues, including their gene expression.

Cardiovascular manifestations in pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 in a tertiary care pediatric center in Mexico City

The objective is to expose the cardiovascular alterations in patients diagnosed with pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) associated with COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, in order to understand the disease, its evolution, and optimal management upon diagnosis. Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional analytical study of patients diagnosed with PIMS according to the criteria of the World Health Organization at the National Institute of Pediatrics, from March 2020 to December 2021. During the study period, 77 patients with PIMS were diagnosed. The results showed correlation between the shock state and alteration of laboratory markers (platelets 144217.29 ± 139321.6 μL [p < 0.001], procalcitonin 27.37 ± 38.37 ng/ml [p = 0.05] and ferritin 1937.87 ± 2562.63 [p < 0.001]). The ventricular function in patients with shock was significantly lower compared to those without shock (49.6 ± 9.1% vs. 58.1 ± 8.4 %; t-Student p < 0.001), as well as injury to the left coronary artery (p = 0.02). There is a correlation between NT-proBNP and ventricular dysfunction (Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.007). Statistical significance was found in the association between death, elevation of inflammatory markers and ventricular dysfunction (p < 0.001). The cardiovascular alterations observed, in order of frequency, were pericardial effusion (25.7%), myocarditis (15%), mild ventricular dysfunction (13.5%) and small coronary aneurysm with predominance of the left coronary artery and the anterior descending one.

Mediation effect of body mass index on the association between serum magnesium level and insulin resistance in children from Mexico City.

Reduced serum magnesium (Mg) levels have been associated with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in adults. However, in the children population, the evidence is still limited. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to analyze the association of serum Mg levels with the frequency of overweight and obesity and cardiometabolic traits in 189 schoolchildren (91 girls and 98 boys) between 6 and 12 years old from Mexico City. Anthropometrical data were collected and biochemical parameters were measured by enzymatic colorimetric assay. Serum Mg level was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index was used as a surrogate marker to evaluate IR. Serum Mg level was negatively associated with overweight (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.377, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.231-0.614, p < 0.001) and obesity (OR = 0.345, 95% CI 0.202-0.589, p < 0.001). Serum Mg level resulted negatively associated with body mass index (BMI, β = -1.16 ± 0.26, p < 0.001), BMI z-score (β = -0.48 ± 0.10, p < 0.001) and TyG index (β = -0.04 ± 0.04, p = 0.041). Through a mediation analysis was estimated that BMI z-score accounts for 60.5% of the negative association of serum Mg level with IR (Sobel test: z = 2.761; p = 0.005). Our results evidence that BMI z-score mediate part of the negative association of serum Mg level and IR in Mexican schoolchildren.

Omission errors in medical prescriptions dispensed in a Public Health Center of Iztapalapa in Mexico City in 2021

Omission errors in medical prescriptions dispensed in a Public Health Center of Iztapalapa in Mexico City in 2021

A surge in food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in a cohort in Mexico City.

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused tremendous loss of life and health but has also greatly disrupted the world economy. The impact of this disruption has been especially harsh in urban settings of developing countries. We estimated the impact of the pandemic on the occurrence of food insecurity in a cohort of women living in Mexico City, and the socioeconomic characteristics associated with food insecurity severity. We analyzed data longitudinally from 685 women in the Mexico City-based ELEMENT cohort. Food insecurity at the household level was gathered using the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale and measured in-person during 2015 to 2019 before the pandemic and by telephone during 2020-2021, in the midst of the pandemic. Fluctuations in the average of food insecurity as a function of calendar time were modeled using kernel-weighted local polynomial regression. Fixed and random-effects ordinal logistic regression models of food insecurity were fitted, with timing of data collection (pre-pandemic vs. during pandemic) as the main predictor. Food insecurity (at any level) increased from 41.6% during the pre-pandemic period to 53.8% in the pandemic stage. This increase was higher in the combined severe-moderate food insecurity levels: from 1.6% pre-pandemic to 16.8% during the pandemic. The odds of severe food insecurity were 3.4 times higher during the pandemic relative to pre-pandemic levels (p<0.01). Socioeconomic status quintile (Q) was significantly related to food insecurity (Q2 OR = 0.35 p<0.1, Q3 OR = 0.48 p = 0.014, Q4 OR = 0.24 p<0.01, and Q5 OR = 0.17 p<0.01), as well as lack of access to social security (OR = 1.69, p = 0.01), and schooling (OR = 0.37, p<0.01). Food insecurity increased in Mexico City households in the ELEMENT cohort as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. These results contribute to the body of evidence suggesting that governments should implement well-designed, focalized programs in the context of economic crisis such as the one caused by COVID-19 to prevent families from the expected adverse health and well-being consequences associated to food insecurity, especially for the most vulnerable.

Advancing urban water autonomy: A Social Life Cycle Assessment of rainwater harvesting systems in Mexico City

This study conducts a Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) of Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHS) in Mexico City to evaluate their social performance. Given the city's pressing water scarcity, RWHS have become critical for promoting water autonomy and sustainable urban development. The research integrates quantitative data from surveys and interviews with RWHS users and organizational employees, along with qualitative analysis using the Product Social Impact Assessment (PSIA) approach. This methodology allows for a thorough examination of socio-environmental dynamics influenced by RWHS adoption. Our findings show high acceptance of RWHS among users and highlight progressive labor practices, underscoring RWHS's potential to transform urban water management. This study, the first to evaluate this ecotechnology through an S-LCA, identifies the need for a multidimensional approach to understand socio-economic and environmental intersections with water systems. It also underscores NGOs' role in facilitating technology transfer and adoption in urban communities. Recommendations include extending the S-LCA methodology to cover the entire RWHS lifecycle and incorporating broader social science theories to deepen understanding of water sustainability interventions. The results offer new insights into RWHS assessment, emphasizing the complexities of deploying decentralized water technologies in a mega-city and laying groundwork for policy recommendations that support sustainable, equitable water access.

Acute mitral regurgitation complicating STEMI

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements None. Introduction Acute ischemic mitral regurgitation (aiMR) occurs in 17-40% of patients suffering an acute coronary syndrome. Although severe forms constitute less than 1% of the cases, this complication significantly increases mortality risk. While surgery has been traditionally considered the treatment of choice, heterogeneity in underlying mechanisms and lack of updated evidence questions optimal treatment. Purpose The aim of the present study was to describe baseline clinical characteristics, management and outcomes of a contemporary cohort of patients with aiMR. Methods A retrospective cohort including patients diagnosed with moderate to severe aiMR presenting from 2006 to 2019 at the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chavez" in Mexico City. Results A total of 10,434 patients presented to the study center with an ACS from 2006 to 2019, out of which 6,448 (61.8%) were diagnosed with STEMI and 3,986 (38.2%) with NSTEMI. Mechanical post-infarction complications occurred in 203 (1.9%). Among these, aiMR was observed in 132 patients (1.3%), categorized as moderate in 49 patients (37.2%) and severe in 83 patients (62.8%). 6 patients were excluded due to incomplete information. Acute ischemic mitral regurgitation was more frequent in patients with STEMI (79.4%) compared with NSTEMI (20.6%) and 88.9% were non-reperfused infarctions. 65.9% of patients were male and 57.1% had hypertension. In-hospital mortality was present in 40 patients (31.7%). Ischemia of the papillary muscle was the most commonly reported mechanism (38.1%), followed by alterations in the left ventricle's geometry (33.3%), mitral annular dilation (14.3%), papillary muscle rupture (7.1%) and chordae tendineae rupture (5.6%). The least frequently reported mechanism was pre existing non-ischemic mitral regurgitation (1.6%). There was no significant difference in mortality based on the mechanism responsible for aiMR. Patients with aiMR managed solely with medical therapy had a higher mortality rate (41.3%) compared to those undergoing mitral valve replacement (37%) (Figure 1). Timely reperfusion (thrombolysis/primary PCI) significantly reduced in-hospital mortality (85% survival) in contrast to those with a non-reperfused MI (66% survival). Conclusions Acute ischemic mitral regurgitation remains an entity with a high mortality rate. Early identification of underlying etiology, prompt reperfusion treatment and tailored surgery, if needed, are key to improve outcomes.

Unveiling nature’s beat: analyzing the acoustics of an aquatic bug in relation to urban sounds

AbstractAnthropophony is a prominent component of soundscapes worldwide and is known to impact biota. While responses to anthropophony in terrestrial and marine animals have been relatively well-studied, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding freshwater animals. In fact, freshwater taxa are among the possibly most threatened groups, and unveiling the reasons for their threat is crucial. We investigated the effect of low-frequency sounds -usually associated with anthropophony- on the stridulation of Krizousacorixa femorata, a common water bug in Mexico City. Using aerial recordings, we estimated the Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI), which is the most commonly used index to measure anthropophony, to characterize soundscapes in six city sites throughout the year. Additionally, from underwater recordings in the same sites, we obtained the peak frequency (Pf) of the stridulations, as it is the frequency with the highest energy and, therefore, the one that can travel the farthest and can be identified even in the presence of overlapping sounds. Finally, we evaluated the relationships between soundscapes and Pf through a mixed linear model. There was a negative correlation between NDSI and Pf, indicating higher-pitched stridulations at sites with dominant anthropophony. While we cannot rule out other factors contributing to stridulation variation, we remain uncertain about how low-frequency sounds impact freshwater ecosystems and the intricate relationship between soundscapes and aquatic life in urban settings.

How healthy are horticultural plants cultivated in urban gardens in polluted cities? The case of Mexico City

Soil-to-plant metal(loid) accumulation has been highly evaluated recently due to its significant impact on human health. This study reports the concentrations of 15 metal(oid)s in four vegetables (tomato, onion, chili, and lettuce) cultivated in a greenhouse and three shade houses (two roofs of buildings and one in the UNAM Botanical Garden) in four locations in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. In this experiment, the contribution of metals and metalloids due to atmospheric deposition and irrigation may be negligible. Hence, the concentration of metals depends only on transfer from the soil. Soil analysis indicates that only vanadium in one location (a rooftop garden in the municipality of Venustiano Carranza) exceeds the permissible limits according to Mexican regulations. Lettuce shows the highest concentrations and transfer factors for most metals compared to the other vegetables studied. Transfer factors were exceptionally high for Cd (lettuce) and Hg (tomato), presenting values above 1. Concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were compared with limit values recommended by different international agencies for vegetables. It was observed that, except for As, these values are exceeded in various vegetables harvested in this study. This information must be corroborated with more detailed studies evaluating the chemical species in which those metal(oid)s are present and identify the physical and chemical parameters of the soil that may have interfered with the soil-plant transfer factor.

Access to early diagnosis for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Mexico City at specialized mental health services

BackgroundIn Mexico, this pioneering research was undertaken to assess the accessibility of timely diagnosis of Dyads [Children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and their primary caregivers] at specialized mental health services. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved designing an “Access Pathway” aimed to identify barriers and facilitators for ADHD diagnosis; several barriers, with only the teacher being identified as a facilitator. In the second phase, the study aimed to determine the time taken for dyads, to obtain a timely diagnosis at each stage of the Access Pathway. As well as identify any disparities based on gender and socioeconomic factors that might affect the age at which children can access a timely diagnosis.MethodIn a retrospective cohort study, 177 dyads participated. To collect data, the Acceda Survey was used, based on the robust Conceptual Model Levesque, 2013. The survey consisted of 48 questions that were both dichotomous and polytomous allowing the creation of an Access Pathway that included five stages: the age of perception, the age of search, the age of first contact with a mental health professional, the age of arrival at the host hospital, and the age of diagnosis. The data was meticulously analyzed using a comprehensive descriptive approach and a nonparametric multivariate approach by sex, followed by post-hoc Mann-Whitney’s U tests. Demographic factors were evaluated using univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses.Results71% of dyads experienced a late, significantly late, or highly late diagnosis of ADHD. Girls were detected one year later than boys. Both boys and girls took a year to seek specialized mental health care and an additional year to receive a formal specialized diagnosis. Children with more siblings had longer delays in diagnosis, while caregivers with formal employment were found to help obtain timely diagnoses.ConclusionsOur findings suggest starting the Access Pathway where signs and symptoms of ADHD are detected, particularly at school, to prevent children from suffering consequences. Mental health school-based service models have been successfully tested in other latitudes, making them a viable option to shorten the time to obtain a timely diagnosis.

Building pose detection for the characterization of reinforced concrete buildings

SummaryThe automated identification of building characteristics for seismic vulnerability remains a challenge for governments due to the high number of buildings in cities. The diverse architectural styles of these buildings complicate the automated identification of building information (e.g., number of stories, structural system, and material type). Deep learning techniques lose accuracy as they generalize information, while the visual contents of a building exhibit a considerable range and diversity. This study leverages the pose detection technique to tackle such issues by focusing on a common construction style: reinforced concrete buildings representing columns, beams, or floors on the façade. With an aim to enable the assessment of seismic vulnerability, the technique developed herein is conceived for buildings with up to six stories that are more likely to be moment‐frame buildings. The AI‐enabled proposed framework starts with collecting building images and categorizing those containing this specific building type. A bounding box detector is then used to isolate building facades, for the subsequent identification of the structural frame with the High‐Resolution Network (HR‐Net). For demonstration, we illustrate this technique by identifying the structural frame on concrete buildings with a sample dataset developed based on buildings found in Mexico City in a pre‐earthquake event state.

Urban XCO2 Gradients From a Dense Network of Solar Absorption Spectrometers and OCO‐3 Over Mexico City

AbstractSatellite measurements of urban CO2 plumes offer a global approach to track CO2 emissions for large cities. To examine and to quantify the feasibility of space‐based monitoring, an intensive measurement campaign (MERCI‐CO2) using seven solar‐tracking Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers has been conducted over the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) to monitor urban emissions and to evaluate Snapshot Area Map (SAM) observations from the NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐3 (OCO‐3) mission. Once adjusted for their respective averaging kernels, we diagnosed a positive difference between OCO‐3 and FTIR column measurements (1.06 ppm). Thanks to this unprecedented amount of column observations over a large city, we demonstrate that XCO2 gradients within OCO‐3 SAMs align with the inter‐calibrated FTIR measurements (mean bias of 0.3 ppm), confirming the potential to track CO2 emissions from space over large metropolitan areas. XCO2 urban‐rural differences across the FTIR network, show a strong correlation with observed gradients, with Pearson's correlation coefficients (R) around 0.92. The correlation is significantly lower when considering intra‐urban gradients, where R drop to around 0.24. Simulated XCO2 enhancements (ΔXCO2) based on X‐STILT for both FTIR and OCO‐3 show relatively high correlations (R is around 0.6) using high‐resolution footprints and two gridded inventories. Spatial correlations with OCO‐3 improve when aggregating satellite retrievals at coarser resolutions (10 km). Our study demonstrates the capabilities of detecting urban gradients by FTIR network and OCO‐3 SAM observations over MCMA, a promising result to evaluate the evolution of MCMA's emissions over the coming decade.

Species richness and ecological connectivity of the mammal communities in urban and peri-urban areas at Mexico City

AbstractUrban expansion has emerged as a pervasive driver of biodiversity loss in Mexican cities due to shifts in landscape composition and configuration. Hence, the preservation of forest cover, green spaces and isolated trees assume a critical role in conserving the biodiversity within urban areas. We compared mammal assemblages across 520 sites in Mexico City examining the impact of local vegetation and site characteristics (e.g., patch size, isolation distance) on diversity patterns. Then, we used a generalized linear model to evaluate the relationship between mammal assemblages (including both alpha and beta diversities) and the level of structural and functional connectivity across the landscape. We collected 5,063 records of 38 species from the sampled sites. Mammalian richness ranged from 1 to 9 spp./site, and the mean of taxonomic and functional (Functional Distance [MFD]) alpha diversities were 1.9 ± 1.3 spp./site and 0.41 ± 0.60 MFD/site, respectively. The average size of habitat fragments was 0.41 hectares, and the percent forest cover per site ranged from 0.5 to 100%. Both species and functional alpha diversities were different among the land-use and vegetation types (including protected vs. non-protected areas). There was a clear distinction (β value &gt; 0.40) in species composition across the landscape, which was positively related to geographical distance and negatively related to connectivity between sites. We identified four main patches especially important to connectivity across the city and argue that conserving them is critical for restoring key components of biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban and peri-urban areas of Mexico City.

What’s at Stake for Women in Mexico after the 2024 Presidential Elections?

The next president of Mexico will almost certainly be a woman since both major coalitions have nom- inated women for the 2024 presidential election. Which candidate is likely to more effectively ad- dress the crisis of gender violence? This paper com- pares the record of female and male governors in reducing female homicide rates and also examines the records of Morena and PAN governors in reduc- ing violence against women. The statistical results show that the sex of governors had very little im- pact on female homicide rates. States governed by the PAN had slightly lower rates of female homicide than others. In general, states with Morena governors did not have lower female homicide rates, but the female homicide rate did decline in Mexico City under Claudia Sheinbaum’s leadership.

Medical Support Vehicle Location and Deployment at Mass Casualty Incidents

Anticipating and planning for the urgent response to large-scale disasters is critical to increase the probability of survival at these events. These incidents present various challenges that complicate the response, such as unfavorable weather conditions, difficulties in accessing affected areas, and the geographical spread of the victims. Furthermore, local socioeconomic factors, such as inadequate prevention education, limited disaster resources, and insufficient coordination between public and private emergency services, can complicate these situations. In large-scale emergencies, multiple demand points (DPs) are generally observed, which requires efforts to coordinate the strategic allocation of human and material resources in different geographical areas. Therefore, the precise management of these resources based on the specific needs of each area becomes fundamental. To address these complexities, this paper proposes a methodology that models these scenarios as a multi-objective optimization problem, focusing on the location-allocation problem of resources in Mass Casualty Incidents (MCIs). The proposed case study is Mexico City in a earthquake post-disaster scenario, using voluntary geographic information, open government data, and historical data from the 19 September 2017 earthquake. It is assumed that the resources that require optimal location and allocation are ambulances, which focus on medical issues that affect the survival of victims. The designed solution involves the use of a metaheuristic optimization technique, along with a parameter tuning technique, to find configurations that perform at different instances of the problem, i.e., different hypothetical scenarios that can be used as a reference for future possible situations. Finally, the objective is to present the different solutions graphically, accompanied by relevant information to facilitate the decision-making process of the authorities responsible for the practical implementation of these solutions.

Morphometric analysis of the foramen ovale in the Mexican population using computed tomography scan.

The assessment of cranial foramina is an important part of the objective diagnostic and therapeutic study relevant to pathologies involving structures of the skull base. The study of the foramen ovale not only holds significance for anatomical development but also bears profound surgical importance, such as in trigeminal neuralgia, and diagnostic importance in tumors and various types of epilepsy. It becomes relevant in fine-needle aspiration techniques in perineural tumor procedures, for electroencephalographic analysis in seizures, and therapeutic procedures such as percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia. A cross-sectional study at the Department of Neurosurgery, Specialties Hospital, La Raza National Medical Center, Mexico City, involved 70 patients aged >18 years who underwent a single skull computed tomography scan between July 2023 and March 2024. Patients with sufficient scan quality and optimal visualization of skull base foramina were included in the study. Measurements of tomographic images were taken using Inobitec's DICOM file viewer. Data analysis in Microsoft Excel yielded mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence interval (CI) for morphometric parameters of the foramen ovale. Analysis of tomographies from 70 patients revealed a total of 140 foramen ovale, evenly split between 25 males (35.7%) and 45 females (64.3%). The measurements for the maximum anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, and surface area of all foramina were as follows: 6.61 ± 0.25 mm (95% CI), 3.97 ± 0.21 mm (95% CI), and 20.84 ± 1.58 mm2 (95% CI), respectively. Specific measurements for the right and left sides were obtained: for the right side, 6.59 ± 0.26 mm (95% CI) and 3.89 ± 0.21 mm (95% CI) for the maximum anteroposterior and transverse diameters, respectively, and 20.38 ± 1.62 mm2 (95% CI) for the surface area. For the left side, the measurements were 6.63 ± 0.24 mm (95% CI), 4.05 ± 0.21 mm (95% CI), and 21.31 ± 1.55 mm2 (95% CI) for the maximum anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, and surface area, respectively. The maximum and minimum dimensions for anteroposterior and transverse diameters were 10.67 mm, 4.41 mm, 7.09 mm and 2.36 mm, respectively, with a corresponding range for the surface area of 10.16 mm2-44.13 mm2. The average minimum distance between the foramen ovale and the foramen spinosum was 2.32 ± 0.24 mm (95% CI). In males, the average size of the foramen ovale was 23.66 ± 1.61, which was 22% larger than the average size in females (19.28 ± 1.45) (P = 0.0001). The foramen ovale is one of the main anatomical structures of the skull base, and besides that, it is complex and not directly accessible for clinical evaluation, useful information can be obtained through morphometric analysis. The present study provides specific anatomical data with morphological patterns to increase the understanding of the characteristics of the foramen ovale in the Mexican population. These are intended to be helpful in the pursuit of acknowledging the morphometrics and thus being able to plan neurosurgical procedures in the middle cranial fossa.

Abstract PO4-16-11: De-escalation of anthracyclines during adjuvant therapy based on Oncotype RS: A single institution experience in Mexico City

Abstract Introduction: In Mexico, hormone positive HER2 negative breast cancer is the most frequent subtype, accounting for 76.6% of cases. For patients undergoing local control management through surgery; adjuvant chemotherapy is usually followed depending on different risk factors. In order to avoid overtreatment, different genomic firms have been approved aiding in a more objective decision. One of these genomic firms is the Oncotype Recurrence score. The TAILORx and RxPONDER trials have provided guidance in determining which patients are candidates for chemotherapy depending on their menopausal status. However, it has not yet been determined whether patients requiring chemotherapy can receive an anthracycline-free regimen. In the Plan B clinical trial, a non-inferiority analysis was conducted on early-stage breast cancer patients who received anthracycline-based or non-anthracycline-based chemotherapy, with the non-anthracycline regimen being non-inferior, including patients with a RS &amp;gt; 25. We intend to reevaluate these findings in our Mexican population. Methods: We evaluated 217 patients with early stage hormone sensitive HER2 negative breast cancer who had an Oncotype Recurrence score (RS) result. This retrospective cohort study took place by analyzing electronic records from January 2011 to December 2017 with patients treated at the National Cancer Institute in Mexico City. We included patients 18 years of age or older, any sex with an Oncotype RS ≥ 16 in premenopausal patients or ≥ 26 in postmenopausal patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy with or without anthracyclines. Our primary endpoint was iDFS comparing TC vs AC-T. Overall survival was set as a secondary endpoint. Results: Of the 217 patients with an Oncotype recurrence score, only 46 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy of which 71.7% were premenopausal with a median age of 45 years. Stage II was the most common stage with 91.3% of the population, as well as ductal carcinoma with 82.6%. All patients had positive lymph nodes, 54.3% at least 1 lymph node. Most patients received AC-T adjuvant chemotherapy (60.9%), and only 39.1% received TC. Of the 46 patients analyzed, only 19.6% (9) had a recurrence upon follow-up (Table 1). Median time of follow up was 87.5 months. Difference in Disease free survival could not be established between patients receiving AC-T with 105 months (CI 95% 94.36-117.43 months) vs TC with 94.09 months (CI 95% 83.85-104.34 months, &amp;lt; p.918) (Figure 1). Overall survival did not have a statistical difference between both chemotherapy regimens, p&amp;lt; 0.649 (Figure 2A), when comparing Oncotype RS, overall survival was better in those with Oncotype OS &amp;lt; 26, p&amp;lt; 0.023 (Figure 2B). Discusion As described previously in the Plan B trial, TC was non inferior to the conventional adjuvant regimen of AC-T in Hormone positive HER2 negative early-stage breast cancer. Our results tend to show similar results when compared to the Plan B. An important aspect to our study was that 71.7% of our patients were premenopausal, where in the Plan B trial only 35% were premenopausal, considered a higher risk group of patients. Although a statical difference couldn´t be established due to our small sample size, in DFS or OS when comparing the chemotherapy regimen. Premenopausal patients with an Oncotype RS &amp;lt; 26 could receive an anthracycline free regimen, without impact in their overall survival. Larger prospective studies are necessary to assure this conclusion. Figure 1 DFS (TC vs AC-T) Figure 2 A and B Overall Survival Table 1 (Baseline characteristics) Citation Format: Carlos Arturo González Núñez, Paula Cabrera-Galeana, Juan Enrique Bargalló Rocha, Rafael Vazquez-Romo, Sergio Aguilar-Villanueva, Alexandra Garcilazo, Areli Velazquez-Martinez, Andrea Maliachi, Ruben Rodriguez, Esmeralda Romero-Bañuelos. De-escalation of anthracyclines during adjuvant therapy based on Oncotype RS: A single institution experience in Mexico City [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-16-11.