Mexican Descent Research Articles

Generational Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Completion for Americans of Mexican Decent Living along the United States-Mexico Border Region.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake variation remains a significant barrier to overcoming the spread of COVID-19. Individual beliefs/attitudes about the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine vary significantly across generations due to personal experiences, access to accurate information, education levels, political beliefs, and trust in healthcare systems. Methods: This analysis used data from the baseline visit of Project 2VIDA!, a cohort of Americans of Mexican descent (AoDM) and African American individuals (n = 1052) in San Diego, CA, along the U.S.-Mexico border region. The survey assessed sociodemographics, healthcare access, socioeconomic factors, and trust in public health information/SARS-CoV-2 prevention. We conducted a logistic regression involving AoDM individuals to identify generational factors associated with completing the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine series. Results: The results of the logistic regression analysis revealed that Generation X (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.33-0.82), Millennials (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.14-0.41), and Generation Z (OR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.05-0.22) were less likely to complete the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine series when compared to Baby Boomers and the Silent Generation. Conclusions: Participants with a history of SARS-CoV-2 testing and trust in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were significantly more likely to complete the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine series. Efforts to address vaccine series completion should be tailored to the specific concerns and motivations of different age groups.

Longitudinal Analysis of Hispanic Literacy Development in the Southwestern US: Addressing the Fourth-Grade Slump and Corresponding Matthew Effect

Hispanic literacy development in the Southwestern US is examined through standardized assessment data derived from recent National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and Texas Academic Performance Reports (TAPR). This longitudinal study focuses on significant variables across a spectrum of grade levels for Hispanics of Mexican descent. Results confirm a steady decline in reading performance after 4th grade. At the secondary level, a corresponding Matthew effect is also detected—whereby students whose reading development begins to decline in 4th grade continues to decline in secondary grades. Socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and bilingual language development are correlated as mitigating factors for reading performance. Hispanic students who attended a slightly more affluent and racially diverse high school showed moderately better reading scores. Hispanic males with low SES should be seen as most at-risk for reading failure in this region. Recommendations for alleviating these developmental literacy challenges include a more systematic implementation of Science of Teaching Reading (STR) at the earlier grade levels and raising awareness about gender differences in reading instruction. Parents, educators, and administrators interested in Hispanic reading development should find this study informative.

Abstract C156: Examining the role of T cell responses in colorectal cancer sex disparities

Abstract Purpose: Persistent sex disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality exist and vary by race and ethnicity. The overarching goal of this proposal is to quantify differences in the CRC tumor immune microenvironment by sex in the Latino Colorectal Cancer Consortium (LC3). Methods: The LC3 is a consortium of pooled individual-level data from Latino participants diagnosed with CRC from California, Florida, and Puerto Rico. Biospecimens, epidemiologic data, and clinical outcomes were collected from each contributing study. DNA was extracted from tumor tissue and paired germline or normal tissue samples. Whole exome sequencing was performed using established protocols. Global genetic ancestry was estimated from whole exome sequence data. High-throughput T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing was used to estimate features of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire (e.g. abundance, clonality), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) counts were obtained through pathology review. We evaluated differences in TCR abundance and TILs by sex using linear models for continuous measurements and generalized linear models for binary or count measurements. Primary analyses were unadjusted, and secondary analyses adjusted for age at diagnosis, stage at diagnosis, tumor location (right colon vs. left colorectum), and microsatellite instability (MSI) status. To examine how genetic ancestry modified the relationship between sex and T cell responses, we fit separate models with an interaction term between each genetic ancestry proportion variable (i.e. African, European, Native American) and sex, and assessed effect modification using a likelihood ratio test. Results: To date, 240 participants had TCR repertoire profiling and whole exome sequencing data generated. 52% were male, with a mean age of 58. 17% of participants had rectal tumors. With respect to Hispanic ethnic heritage or country of origin, 49% of participants were of Mexican descent, followed by 13% of Central or South American descent, and 10% were of Puerto Rican descent. Mean T cell abundance was 0.18 (standard deviation (SD): 0.16) and mean clonality was 0.05 (SD: 0.05). Further analysis is underway. Conclusions: This project leverages within-Latino genetic diversity to disentangle the contributions of sex and genetic ancestry to variability in immune function and to understand how this may further sex disparities in CRC. We anticipate that results from this analysis will provide insight on the relationship between the tumor immune microenvironment and sex disparities in CRC. Citation Format: Nicole C. Loroña, Ya-Yu Tsai, Daniel Sobieski, Eric Cockman, Stephanie L. Schmit, Jane C. Figueiredo. Examining the role of T cell responses in colorectal cancer sex disparities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C156.

A National Profile of Latino Serial Entrepreneurs in the United States of America

This study examines the scope and determinants of serial entrepreneurship among employer firms of Latino-owned businesses (LOBs) in the USA. The primary data are derived from the 2023 Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative nationally representative survey of 5102 LOBs and Latino entrepreneurs. The scope of Latino serial entrepreneurship—entrepreneurs who have started more than one business—reveals approximately 30% of Latino entrepreneurs have started two or more enterprises. The determinants of serial entrepreneurship are derived from entrepreneur demographics, utilizing binomial logistic regression to predict the odds of Latino serial entrepreneurship. Findings suggest Latino serial entrepreneurs are more likely to be male, native US-born, identify less as Latino, reside in the Midwest and South, possess high levels of education, and are of Mexican descent.

Disability and Identity in English- and Spanish-Speaking Individuals of Mexican Descent

The purpose of this study was to assess disability identity among Spanish- and English-speaking individuals of Mexican descent. This was an online, cross-sectional study with self-report measures. One-hundred thirty-six persons of Mexican descent (i.e., first, second, and third generation) addressed three research questions: (a) What is the relationship between disability identity and specific types of disability factors? (b) Do differences in disability identities exist across gender? (c) Do differences in disability identities exist across household language use? Participants with chronic conditions, assistive devices, and mental health conditions answered no to the disability identity question. More women with chronic conditions, who used assistive devices, or with mental health conditions denied a disability identity compared with men. Individuals from Spanish-speaking households were more likely to report a mental health diagnosis and deny disability identity compared with those from English-speaking households. English-only surveys that use a single disability identity question will undercount Mexican Americans who are more comfortable with or are predominantly speaking Spanish. There are subtle changes in meaning and emphasis from English to Spanish. This may represent the need to increase cultural competence for health professionals, including the level and preference of linguistically appropriate services, and identify the need for translating materials and intervention protocols. Policies related to mental health and disability should be available in Spanish to increase information related to mental illnesses that potentially qualify as a disability.

Solutions From Mexican-Descent Perinatal Women To Pandemic-Related Food, Mental Health, And Health And Safety Stressors.

Latina women in the US were disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic because of structural racism, including discrimination, reduced care access, and elevated risk for illness and death. Although several US policies were implemented to offset the economic toll of the pandemic, few addressed complex stressors, particularly those among Mexican-descent mothers. This qualitative study with thirty-eight perinatal women and mothers of young children who were of Mexican descent sought to identify pandemic-related stressors and solicit recommendations for addressing them during future large-scale crises. Identified stressors included food access issues, mental health needs, and health and safety concerns. The women's recommendations revealed feasible and actionable strategies, including increased access to behavioral and health care services and accessible information about food-related resources. The findings highlight the critical need for responsive policies and programs to ensure the well-being of Mexican-descent perinatal women and mothers of young children during large-scale crises.

Childhood Racism and Cardiometabolic Risk in Latina Mothers Across the First Postpartum Year.

Immigrant Latinas, particularly of Mexican descent, initially achieve healthy perinatal outcomes. Although this advantage wears off across generations in the United States (US), the early life psychosocial mechanisms that may initiate a cascade of biological vulnerabilities remain elusive. The current investigation aimed to understand the extent to which childhood experiences of racism may contribute to elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an early indicator of cardiometabolic risk, during the first postpartum year. Latinas from the Community and Child Health Network ( N = 457) retrospectively reported experiences of childhood racism and childhood country of residence via structured questionnaires. Interviewers collected CRP bloodspots and height and weight measurements for body mass index at 6 months and 1 year postpartum. Latinas who grew up in the US experienced a steeper increase of CRP levels across the first postpartum year ( β = 0.131, p = .009) and had higher CRP levels 1 year postpartum than Latinas who grew up in Latin America. Based on Bayesian path analyses, Latinas who grew up in the US reported higher levels of childhood racism than Latinas who immigrated after childhood ( β = 0.27; 95% credible interval = 0.16-0.37). In turn, childhood racism mediated the relationship between country of childhood residence and elevated CRP at 6 months and 1 year postpartum, even after adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioral covariates. After adjusting for body mass index, mediational relationships became nonsignificant. This study is an important first step toward understanding how childhood racism may contribute to postmigratory health patterns among Latinas, particularly cardiometabolic risk 1 year after childbirth.

Examining the relationship between suicide ideation frequency and intergenerational acculturative conflict between Mexican descent college students and their caregivers using the interpersonal theory of suicide.

Suicide is the third leading cause of death among US young adults, with significant racial/ethnic disparities related to the risk for suicide among Latine young adults. Despite the elevated risk for suicide, culturally relevant risk factors are not well-known. Intergenerational acculturative conflict (IAC) among Latine youth is a sociocultural factor associated with suicide ideation. Although widely cited, the interpersonal theory of suicide (IPTS) lacks consistent support among Latine groups. The following cross-sectional study examined relationships between IAC categories (cultural preference, autonomy, and dating/staying out late), IPTS risk factors (i.e., thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness), and suicide ideation frequency among 376 Mexican descent college students sampled using participant pools and snowball sampling (73.7% female: Mage = 19.88). Mediation analyses supported the hypotheses that IPTS risk factors partially explained the links between IAC categories and suicide ideation frequency. These findings advance our understanding of how sociocultural constructs, such as IAC, influence the IPTS and future advancements in culturally responsive treatments for suicide.

Experiences of using the MINDSET Self-Management mobile health app among Hispanic Patients:Results of a qualitative study

BackgroundInterventions focusing on epilepsy self-management (ESM) are vital for promoting the health of people living with epilepsy. E-technology and mobile health (mHealth) tools are becoming increasingly integrated into practice to promote self-management strategies for chronic diseases, enhance care delivery, and reduce health disparities. Management Information and Decision Support Epilepsy Tool (MINDSET), a bilingual decision support tool (available in English and Spanish), was found to be both feasible and effective in facilitating goal-based ESM in the clinic. PurposeTo assess the experience of using MINDSET as an ESM intervention among Hispanic patients with epilepsy to inform future interventional studies. MethodsThis study used a Qualitative Descriptive (QD) framework to provide a rich and straightforward description of patients’ subjective experiences using MINDSET. Participants were enrolled in the intervention group of a larger parent study (RCT) to assess the efficacy of MINDSET among Hispanic People with Epilepsy (PWE). The purposive, convenient, criterion-based sample for this qualitative analysis comprised of 42 patients who agreed to participate in a semi-structured interview at the end of the larger RCT. This RCT was conducted between August 2017 and January 2019. Spanish and English-speaking Hispanic adult patients (n = 94) with epilepsy in Arizona (n = 53) and Texas (n = 41) were randomly assigned within 6 neurology clinics to treatment (MINDSET plus Usual Care, hereafter referred to as MINDSET; n = 46) and comparison (Usual Care Only; n = 48) conditions. ResultsPatient demographics, epilepsy conditions, and ESM behavioral characteristics were representative of the intervention group. Study participants were Hispanic, mainly of Mexican descent (94 %), with a mean age of 39 years, mostly female (53 %), and most of the participants reported having had one or more seizures per month (54 %). The MINDSET intervention revealed five ESM themes: (1) Awareness and Realization of Epilepsy Self-Management, (2) Communication and Partnership with Health Care Providers HCP, (3) Epilepsy Self-Management and Quality of Life, (4) Seizure Control, and (5) Optimism and Agency. ConclusionThe participants who used MINDSET as a self-management intervention reported an overall positive experience. Qualitative data in this study show that MINDSET is a valuable ESM tool for Hispanic patients with epilepsy. Findings from this qualitative study were consistent with results from a larger parent study that recognized MINDSET as an effective platform for improving epilepsy self-management adherence.

Mi mamá es una mujer poderosa y inspiradora: Latina mother’s influence on Latina undergraduates’ academic persistence

We used the psychosociocultural framework to conceptualize, analyze, and narrate the perceptions of 10 Latina women about their mothers’ influence and role on their educational persistence in higher education. The Latina undergraduates were upper-division students who were of Mexican descent and sought educational success. To make meaning of the Latina women’s narratives, we implemented a multi-step content analysis of the qualitative data yielding five meta-themes: (1) Home Assumptions, (2) Para Honrar los Sacrificios de Ella, (3) Mujer Poderosa, (4) Tener Exito, and (5) New Story of What it Means to be Latina Women in Higher Education. The findings emphasized Latina mothers’ powerful role and salient influence on their daughter’s notion of themselves as Latina women in education. The Latina women shared how their mothers held expectations, provided support, made sacrifices for the family, desired excellence, and engaged at all costs with their daughters’ success in mind.

Differences in metabolic biomarkers in people with schizophrenia who are of Mexican descent compared to non-Hispanic whites

Metabolic dysfunction is highly prevalent and contributes to premature mortality among people with schizophrenia (PwS), especially in Hispanic/Latino/a/x/e PwS, compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) PwS. This study evaluated the relative contributions of Mexican descent and schizophrenia diagnosis to metabolic biomarker levels. This cross-sectional study included 115 PwS and 102 non-psychiatric comparison (NC) participants – English-speakers aged 26–66 years, 27% Mexican descent, and 52% women across both groups. Assessments included evaluations of BMI, psychopathology, and fasting metabolic biomarkers. We used ANOVA analyses to compare metabolic outcomes between diagnostic and ethnic subgroups, linear regression models to examine associations between Mexican descent and metabolic outcomes, and Spearman's correlations to examine relationships between metabolic outcomes and illness-related variables in PwS. Mexican PwS had higher hemoglobin A1c levels, insulin resistance, and body mass index than NHW PwS. Mexican descent was associated with higher hemoglobin A1c levels, insulin resistance, body mass index, and leptin levels, controlling for age, sex, depression, education, and smoking. Among Mexican PwS, worse negative symptoms were associated with greater insulin resistance. These findings support the possibility of ethnicity-based differences in metabolic dysregulation, though further investigation is warranted to create targeted health interventions for Hispanic PwS.

Traditional Mexican dietary pattern and cancer risk among women of Mexican descent

PurposeTo examine the association of a traditional Mexican diet score with risk of total, breast, and colorectal cancer among women of Mexican ethnic descent in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI).MethodsParticipants were WHI enrollees who self-identified as being of Mexican descent. Data from food frequency questionnaires self-administered at study baseline were used to calculate the MexD score, with higher scores indicating greater adherence to an a priori-defined traditional Mexican diet (high in dietary fiber, vegetables, and legumes). Incident cancers were self-reported by participants from 1993 to 2020 and adjudicated by trained physicians. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsAmong 2,343 Mexican descent women (median baseline age: 59 years), a total of 270 cancers (88 breast, 37 colorectal) occurred during a mean follow-up of 14.4 years. The highest tertile of MexD score was associated with a lower risk of all-cancer incidence (HR: 0.67; 95% CI 0.49–0.91; p-trend: 0.01) and colorectal cancer (HR: 0.38; 95% CI 0.14–0.998; p-trend < 0.05), with each unit increase in the MexD score associated with a 6% lower risk of all-cancer incidence (HR: 0.94; 95% CI 0.88–0.99). There was no statistically significant association with risk of breast cancer.ConclusionConsumption of a traditional Mexican diet was associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cancer incidence and colorectal cancer. Confirmation of these findings in future studies is important, given the prevalence of colorectal cancer and a growing U.S. population of women of Mexican descent.

Reciprocal associations of perceived discrimination, internalizing symptoms, and academic achievement in Latino students across the college transition.

Despite growing evidence that perceived discrimination negatively impacts underrepresented ethnic-racial college students, there is a lack of longitudinal studies with multiple sources of discrimination as Latinos transition from high school (HS) to college. This study examined changes in peer, adult, and everyday discrimination across the college transition and tested concurrent, prospective, and reciprocal associations between these sources of discrimination, internalizing symptoms, and grade point average (GPA). Latino adolescents (N = 209; Mage at Time 1 = 18.10; 64.4% female; 85.1% Mexican descent) reported on discrimination experiences and internalizing symptoms during their final year of high school and first college semester. Participants' GPA was obtained from institutional records. Longitudinal data were analyzed using cross-lagged panel models. Adult discrimination remained stable while peer and everyday discrimination decreased from high school to college. All sources of discrimination were concurrently associated with internalizing symptoms, but not GPA, in high school and college. There were positive bidirectional associations between everyday discrimination and internalizing symptoms across the college transition. Adult discrimination during high school predicted increased discrimination from adults and peers in college. First-generation college students reported higher everyday and peer discrimination in college. Latino students' experiences of everyday and ethnic-racial discrimination in school may be more closely tied to psychological rather than academic adjustment in the first semester of college. First-generation college students and those who experienced higher adult discrimination or internalizing symptoms in high school appear to be more susceptible to increased perceptions of discrimination during the college transition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Música del Mariachi: Conservator of Mexican Culture and Heritage

Mariachi music, its profound texts, rhythms, and mestizaje (racial mixture) preserve Mexican culture and heritage. Mariachi music is synonymous with Mexico. Both birthed through a violent beginning of forced assimilation and mestizaje, mariachi is one of the foremost symbols of Mexican national pride. Mariachi’s lyrics and distinctive rhythms, share and preserve a story of survival, cradle ancestral epistemologies, all that is Mexico, its Indigenous, Spanish, and African roots and history pre and post 1821. And just as in the study of any other music, language, or culture, it is consequential that precise, literal, translations (scores) of mariachi music, research, and other scholarly, cultivated resources are accessible to all Mexican descent people, especially Chicana/x/o students and those who teach them. Culturally relevant curriculum fosters identity and inclusivity and promotes academic success. However, as it pertains to music education, western European music history, theory, notation, and praxes dominate. With over 62 million Hispanics living in the United States, 62% of Mexican descent, it is dire to create decolonized music spaces that offer more than a single narrative. And within these spaces, it is crucial that quality resources are provided equitably. Because of its popularity and adoption as core curriculum in schools around the United States, amassing quality mariachi educational resources, musical scores and transcriptions, and other curricular materials is central to Mexican descent student success. In this article, I describe common mariachi song forms, their region of origin, meter, text structure and offer rhythmic analyses and examples for notating them.

Tau pathology is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in a cohort of individuals of predominantly Mexican descent at risk for autosomal‐dominant Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundNeuropsychiatric symptoms are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), causing significant suffering and diminished quality of life for both individuals and caregivers. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between tau pathology in vivo and neuropsychiatric symptoms within a cohort of individuals of predominantly Mexican ancestry at risk for fully penetrant autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) caused by mutations in PSEN1 and APP genes (Figure 1).MethodParticipants from the Estudio de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer en Jalisciences (EEAJ) cohort were selected based on availability of demographic variables, mutation carrier status, tau PET scans (flortaucipir), and completion of the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI). Linear regression models were used to investigate whether regional tau PET standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) predicted total score on the NPI. Models were adjusted for age, sex, and mutation carrier status. Participants were characterized as carriers if they possessed one of the following ADAD mutations: PSEN1 A431E, PSEN1 I180F, or APP V717I. Analyses were done with and without outliers. The 12‐item total NPI score was used for all analyses. The primary brain regions of interest (i.e., medial orbitofrontal, caudal anterior cingulate, rostral anterior cingulate, parahippocampal, precuneus, and lateral occipital) were selected based on previous findings. Additional analyses were conducted only on individuals who were carriers of 1 of the ADAD mutations.ResultThe sample consisted of 31 participants (45% women, mean age±SD = 37.1±11.7 years, 71% ADAD mutation carriers [81% PSEN1 A431E, 16% PSEN1 I180F, and 3% APP V717I carriers]). A significant relationship was found between regional tau pathology and neuropsychiatric symptoms for all six brain regions (Table 1), all p’s &lt; 0.01. Within all regression models, regional tau pathology explained between 24% to 49% of the variance in neuropsychiatric symptoms. Sub‐set analyses completed on the ADAD mutation carriers sample exhibited similar results (Table 2). No significant results were found for non‐carriers.ConclusionRegional tau pathology within six distinct brain regions is strongly associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in a cohort of individuals of predominantly Mexican ancestry at risk for fully penetrant ADAD caused by mutations in PSEN1 and APP genes.

Tau pathology is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in a cohort of individuals of predominantly Mexican descent at risk for autosomal‐dominant Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundNeuropsychiatric symptoms are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), causing significant suffering and diminished quality of life for both individuals and caregivers. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between tau pathology in vivo and neuropsychiatric symptoms within a cohort of individuals of predominantly Mexican ancestry at risk for fully penetrant autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) caused by mutations in PSEN1 and APP genes (Figure 1).MethodParticipants from the Estudio de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer en Jalisciences (EEAJ) cohort were selected based on availability of demographic variables, mutation carrier status, tau PET scans (flortaucipir), and completion of the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI). Linear regression models were used to investigate whether regional tau PET standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) predicted total score on the NPI. Models were adjusted for age, sex, and mutation carrier status. Participants were characterized as carriers if they possessed one of the following ADAD mutations: PSEN1 A431E, PSEN1 I180F, or APP V717I. Analyses were done with and without outliers. The 12‐item total NPI score was used for all analyses. The primary brain regions of interest (i.e., medial orbitofrontal, caudal anterior cingulate, rostral anterior cingulate, parahippocampal, precuneus, and lateral occipital) were selected based on previous findings. Additional analyses were conducted only on individuals who were carriers of 1 of the ADAD mutations.ResultThe sample consisted of 31 participants (45% women, mean age±SD = 37.1±11.7 years, 71% ADAD mutation carriers [81% PSEN1 A431E, 16% PSEN1 I180F, and 3% APP V717I carriers]). A significant relationship was found between regional tau pathology and neuropsychiatric symptoms for all six brain regions (Table 1), all p’s &lt; 0.01. Within all regression models, regional tau pathology explained between 24% to 49% of the variance in neuropsychiatric symptoms. Sub‐set analyses completed on the ADAD mutation carriers sample exhibited similar results (Table 2). No significant results were found for non‐carriers.ConclusionRegional tau pathology within six distinct brain regions is strongly associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in a cohort of individuals of predominantly Mexican ancestry at risk for fully penetrant ADAD caused by mutations in PSEN1 and APP genes.

Association of Birthplace for Sleep Duration, Sleep Quality, and Sleep Disorder Symptoms, at the US–Mexico Border

ABSTRACT Objectives The present study investigated the roles birthplace and acculturation play in sleep estimates among Hispanic/Latino population at the US–Mexico border. Measures Data were collected in 2016, from N = 100 adults of Mexican descent from the city of Nogales, AZ, at the US–Mexico border. Sleep was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index categorized as none, mild, moderate, and severe, and Multivariable Apnea Prediction Index (MAP) categorized as never, infrequently, and frequently. Acculturation was measured with the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans II (ARSMA-II). Results The sample consisted of majority Mexican-born (66%, vs. born in the USA 38.2%). Being born in the USA was associated with 55 fewer minutes of nighttime sleep (p = .011), and 1.65 greater PSQI score (p = .031). Compared to no symptoms, being born in the USA was associated with greater likelihood of severe difficulty falling asleep (OR = 8.3, p = .030) and severe difficulty staying asleep (OR = 11.2, p = .050), as well as decreased likelihood of breathing pauses during sleep (OR = 0.18, P = .020). These relationships remained significant after Mexican acculturation was entered in these models. However, greater Anglo acculturation appears to mediate one fewer hour of sleep per night, poorer sleep quality, and reporting of severe difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. Conclusions Among individuals of Mexican descent, being born in the USA (vs Mexico) is associated with about 1 hour less sleep per night, worse sleep quality, more insomnia symptoms, and less mild sleep apnea symptoms. These relationships are influenced by acculturation, primarily the degree of Anglo rather than the degree of Mexican acculturation.

COVID-19-Related Risk, Resilience, and Mental Health Among Mexican American Mothers Across the First Year of the Pandemic.

Latina mothers have been especially affected by the pandemic and historically exhibit high rates of depression and anxiety. However, few longitudinal studies have assessed the effect of the pandemic on this vulnerable population. We hypothesized that COVID-19-related stressors would associate with psychological distress among Latina mothers across the first year of the pandemic. We investigated COVID-19-related impact, stigma, and fears across two critical time points and changes in these measures in relation to changes in maternal anxiety and depression among mothers of Mexican descent living in Southern California (n=152). Surveys were administered within 5-16 weeks of the March 19, 2020 stay-at-home COVID-19 order in California and again between June to December 2021. High proportions of women reported moderate to severe impacts of COVID-19 early in the pandemic, which reduced modestly a year later, e.g., reduced family incomes (55.9% 2020 Lockdown vs 32.7% 1-year follow-up). Anticipatory stigma was high across the first year, e.g., worrying at least some of the time that a family member will be deported (33.1% 2020 Lockdown vs. 14.1% 1-year follow-up), or they would not be able to care for their children (88.5% 2020 lockdown vs 82.2% 1-year follow-up). COVID-19 stigma, impact, and fears were significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms at both time points (p<0.003), and changes in COVID-19 impact were associated with changes in depression (p=0.0004). Findings emphasize the adverse socioeconomic and psychological effects of the pandemic for Latina mothers.

Genotyping, sequencing and analysis of 140,000 adults from Mexico City

The Mexico City Prospective Study is a prospective cohort of more than 150,000 adults recruited two decades ago from the urban districts of Coyoacán and Iztapalapa in Mexico City1. Here we generated genotype and exome-sequencing data for all individuals and whole-genome sequencing data for 9,950 selected individuals. We describe high levels of relatedness and substantial heterogeneity in ancestry composition across individuals. Most sequenced individuals had admixed Indigenous American, European and African ancestry, with extensive admixture from Indigenous populations in central, southern and southeastern Mexico. Indigenous Mexican segments of the genome had lower levels of coding variation but an excess of homozygous loss-of-function variants compared with segments of African and European origin. We estimated ancestry-specific allele frequencies at 142 million genomic variants, with an effective sample size of 91,856 for Indigenous Mexican ancestry at exome variants, all available through a public browser. Using whole-genome sequencing, we developed an imputation reference panel that outperforms existing panels at common variants in individuals with high proportions of central, southern and southeastern Indigenous Mexican ancestry. Our work illustrates the value of genetic studies in diverse populations and provides foundational imputation and allele frequency resources for future genetic studies in Mexico and in the United States, where the Hispanic/Latino population is predominantly of Mexican descent.

H - 64 When the Miranda Warning cannot be Understood: Implications of Utilizing an Unqualified Interpreter.

Crenshaw (1989) identifies intersectionality as the interface between a person's identities in relation to inequalities in social systems. She explicates how individuals receive distinct encounters with privilege and discrimination from society, depending on their unique amalgamation of personal, social, and political identities. An example of this is seen in a monolingual Spanish speaker of Mexican descent who underwent an independent neuropsychological evaluation to determine any cognitive impairment related to his legal charges. The defendant is a 39-year-old male with lifelong cognitive difficulties and one year of formal schooling. At the time of the arrest, he was interrogated with the assistance of an inexperienced, uncertified interpreter. Sight translation of the Miranda warning included 8 made-up words and multiple verb-tense errors, resulting in 15% + of the warning being nonsensical. The interview transcript indicated the defendant experienced frequent comprehension difficulties. The defendant is of extremely low intellectual abilities (FSIQ = 67, 1%ile). Cognitive deficits were observed across various domains including academic skills (reading, writing, math) and verbal comprehension. He is able to manage basic activities of daily living but needs assistance with more complex tasks (e.g., use of debit card, paying bills). The evaluation suggests the defendant likely did not understand the Miranda warning and was swayed to confess during the interrogation. To combat institutional bias, law enforcement should be educated on individuals with lower cognitive capacities and the importance of accurate Spanish translation. Ignoring intersectionality and institutional bias perpetuates inequities in culturally appropriate care but can also contribute to wrongful convictions.