Metropolitan Management Research Articles

Assessment of metropolitan livability variations using objective-subjective approach

A case of the rapid propensity of urbanization leading to skewed dynamics of metropolitan urban agglomeration (MUA) and its extent of complementarities with the socio-economic and socio-cultural well-being of the communities. Analyses of the dynamics and complementarities offer researchers a range of innovative opportunities to explore metropolitan livability variations. Presently, policymakers are more concerned about earmarking and augmenting livability as a basic yardstick for metropolitan management and decision-making. This yardstick shapes the settings of MUA loosely or compactly, forming a metropolis. The paper explores the dimensions of livability variations within a MUA based on an objective-subjective approach. The initial part of the paper explores the livability variations within an MUA based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Later, it validates the existing rural-urban dichotomy based on subjective attainments. The amalgamation of the objective-subjective approach will encourage future researchers to explore the livability variations and their potential within any MUAs globally.

Risk management, environmental vulnerability, and the climate issue in metropolitan management

Resumo A situação de vulnerabilidade ambiental de algumas populações urbanas tende a ser associada a uma espécie de ignorância ou indiferença dessas populações sobre o risco geológico dos seus territórios. Isso, contudo, ignora que a ocupação do solo urbano não é simples fruto de decisões individuais, mas, sim, da dinâmica complexa entre renda, classe social, racialidade, movimentos sociais e arranjos político-institucionais. A partir dessa compreensão, apresenta-se uma reflexão acerca da distribuição espacial do risco e das vulnerabilidades ambiental e social na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). A análise baseia-se no cruzamento de mapas de riscos ambientais e de zoneamento dos três municípios componentes da área de contribuição da bacia hidrográfica do Arrudas, unidade de análise selecionada dentro da RMBH.

Od metropolii podzielonej do metropolii zjednoczonej – kształtowanie się tożsamości instytucji metropolitalnego zarządzania w kontekście relacji miast górnośląskiego obszaru metropolitalnego

The Upper Silesian conurbation is a unique area in Poland due to its polycentric nature, expressed in the interaction of a group of cities. The paper describes the transformation of the image of the “metropolis” in the Silesian Voivodeship, addressing the issues of complex relations between the cities of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Area. The results of the qualitative content analysis of strategic programs of the municipalities participating in the metropolitan union since 2017 highlighted two main categories of the concept of “metropolis” – a chance and a threat. Then, the selected aspects shaping the identity of the institution of metropolitan management were demonstrated based on the regional press discourse analysis. Thus, this paper explores a path of metropolitan integration of the municipalities in the face of the emergence of a new metropolitan institution – from rivalry tendencies based on the historical and cultural divisions of the region and the revival of local identities to conciliatory attitudes.

Planejamento e Governança para Metrópoles Resilientes no Brasil e na Alemanha - Arranjos para Ação Coletiva Institucional

Abstract Metropolises are a fundamental characteristic of the 21st century due to the unprecedented urbanization that has seen cities transcend their traditional boundaries. At the heart of the metropolitan question, there is the need for collective decisions and coordinated joint action in a territory characterized by the existence of multiple governments and social actors with different interests, preferences, and resources. Consequently, new institutional arrangements for metropolitan management have continued to evolve aiming to overcome the dilemma of collective action. In this article, we present some principal findings of a study that examines the institutional arrangements of metropolitan governance in the metropolises of Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte (Brazil), as well as Stuttgart and Hannover (Germany), based on the institutional collective action framework. The research is based on the analysis of the relevant literature, reports, secondary studies, and the conduction of a semi-structured panel interview researchers, revealing varied vertical and horizontal cooperation arrangements, the strengths and weaknesses of their institutional design, and contextual factors that have shaped the governance and planning structures and the possibilities of resilient metropolitan development. The article concludes with some recommendations for the implementation of institutional arrangements at the metropolitan scale for emerging metropolises, particularly in the Global South.

A Novel K-Means Clustering Method for Locating Urban Hotspots Based on Hybrid Heuristic Initialization

With rapid economic and demographic growth, traffic conditions in medium and large cities are becoming extremely congested. Numerous metropolitan management organizations hope to promote the coordination of traffic and urban development by formulating and improving traffic development strategies. The effectiveness of these solutions depends largely on an accurate assessment of the distribution of urban hotspots (centers of traffic activity). In recent years, many scholars have employed the K-Means clustering technique to identify urban hotspots, believing it to be efficient. K-means clustering is a sort of iterative clustering analysis. When the data dimensionality is large and the sample size is enormous, the K-Means clustering algorithm is sensitive to the initial clustering centers. To mitigate the problem, a hybrid heuristic “fuzzy system-particle swarm-genetic” algorithm, named FPSO-GAK, is employed to obtain better initial clustering centers for the K-Means clustering algorithm. The clustering results are evaluated and analyzed using three-cluster evaluation indexes (SC, SP and SSE) and two-cluster similarity indexes (CI and CSI). A taxi GPS dataset and a multi-source dataset were employed to test and validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in comparison to the Random Swap clustering algorithm (RS), Genetic K-means algorithm (GAK), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based K-Means, PSO based constraint K-Means, PSO based Weighted K-Means, PSO-GA based K-Means and K-Means++ algorithms. The comparison findings demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve better clustering results, as well as successfully acquire urban hotspots.

Risk characterisation and methods of improving practice for municipal waste management in disaster situations: A case study in Qom Province, Iran.

Developing strategies to control environmental challenges and various aspects of health consequences of waste management is one of the major programs in metropolitan management. The main purpose of this study is to examine the level of preparedness, having a contingency plan and the emergency response ability to waste management in disaster situations. A descriptive study was designed in two phases: in the first phase of the study, composition, quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste in the disaster were estimated, and by using DotMapper software, temporary waste sites for disaster situations (map waste) were determined. In the second phase of the study, the preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) to identify the initial events and risk analysis in the municipal waste management system was considered. Results show that more than 50% of the generated waste in the disaster is allocated to construction waste resulting from the destruction and more than 30% to recyclable items (metals, glass, plastic), and a very small part of about 1% of biodegradable waste was determined. Twenty points were designated as temporary sites for municipal waste in a disaster situation. Results of risk analysis in the disaster were described that for three events containing lack of temporary waste storage sites, lack of identification and determination of hazardous waste production centres and lack of waste management training programme in emergency situations were in the red range. Developing the necessary strategies to control environmental challenges and various aspects of health outcomes in waste management is one of the basic programmes in metropolitan management.

Challenges in the management of urban natural protected area systems and the conservation of ecosystem services in Guadalajara and Monterrey, Mexico

The manuscript analyses the importance of the integrated management of urban and ecological systems to achieve sustainable development from the perspective of various social actors linked to natural protected areas (NPAs) located in urban contexts. The literature has mainly taken an urban planning perspective; however, fewer studies have been conducted on the environmental governance processes and collective actions carried out by governmental and non-governmental actors to achieve management integrated at the territorial and institutional levels. The objective of the manuscript is to study the collective actions and proposals carried out by strategic social actors linked to the management of urban NPA systems in Guadalajara and Monterrey, Mexico, to solve the many problems they are facing. An exploratory mixed-methods study was conducted to analyse the perceptions of 64 governmental and non-governmental actors concerning the challenges they face in the conservation of urban NPA systems and ecosystem services that they provide. The initiatives of strategic actors regarding the metropolitan management of NPA systems were analysed and combined with proposed hypothetical green belts that integrate urban NPA systems. A multitemporal analysis of land use and vegetation changes was carried out in combination with a study of the political-administrative structure of metropolitan areas with regard to the interconnection among NPAs. The results indicate that strategic actors perceive the following: (1) metropolitan management is necessary to achieve the comprehensive management of territory and NPA conservation; (2) to do so requires cross-cutting or intersectoral policies from a metropolitan perspective; and (3) the participation of non-governmental actors is indispensable in generating information and innovative ideas to establish decision-making processes and democratic and participatory urban planning institutions. This research seeks to provide useful findings for decision makers and those in charge of public policy in the implementation of sustainable urban and metropolitan policies.

Possibilities and challenges for the shared management of solid waste in the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RN) considering Federal Law nº 12.305/2010

The National Solid Waste Policy emerged as a guideline for an environmental problem that was observed in Brazilian municipalities: the generation of solid waste combined with a prevalence of landfills. These problems largely became evident in metropolitan regions, which were characterized, among other aspects, by population concentration. Federal Law No. 12,305/2010 explicitly highlighted the issue of metropolitan management. The proposed study aimed to investigate the challenges for achieving the shared management of solid waste in the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RMN). To this end, documentary research and the systematization of secondary databases were undertaken, which enabled diagnostic research into the management of solid waste in the fifteen municipalities that make up the RMN. The study has revealed the difficulties in forming agreements between the municipal entities in the studied spatial profile, thereby influencing the outreach of an integrated management program in the RMN.

THE TENDENCY TOWARDS CENTRALIZATION EXPERIENCED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITIES IN TURKEY

Compared to the past, the subsidiarity principle has become more apparent with the implementation of the Metropolitan Municipality Law No. 5216 in 2004 and the Municipality Law No. 5393 in 2005. While the metropolitan municipalities were empowered with the development called the reform of local governments, the duties and authorities of the district municipalities in metropolitan cities were reduced. Due to the administrative power of the district municipalities, metropolitan municipalities almost became “new centers” at the local level. In case, the discourse of localization actually caused a new centralization movement in the local administration system of Turkey. Moreover, with the abolition of special provincial administrations, the duties and authorities of metropolitan municipalities expanded to rural areas. Therefore, the centralization process in local governments contained all of the city boundaries. In this article, the centralization tendency in the case of metropolitan municipalities that makes them “leaders of local governments” in metropolitan cities where a two-level metropolitan management system is applied will be examined.

Core-city climate leadership in metropolitan contractual management agreements

ABSTRACT Metropolitan governance and planning increasingly are understood as essential in managing urban growth and fostering a sustainable and climate-friendly metropolitan development. Lately, a contractual turn can be observed in metropolitan governance, in which traditional coordination tools are supplemented by contractual management tools between governmental layers and sectors. This article analyses two cases of metropolitan contractual management agreements, one in the Oslo region and one in the Gothenburg region. The article finds that both agreements build on regional strategies and plans to commit national authorities to invest in infrastructure in these metropolitan areas. The Oslo agreement has more layers than the Gothenburg case, in trying to align national, regional and local authorities’ efforts in both land use and mobility politics. The agreements require advanced leadership competence from the core-city, curbing centre-periphery tensions in metropolitan areas and building local alliances to pressure national authorities in agreement negotiations. We argue that this requires a co-creational leadership role, which, in a multilevel governance setting, must be extended to include dimensions such as distributional balance sensitivity, delineation sensitivity and upward pressure.

De la ciudad a la metrópoli: un enfoque desde México sobre un pasado global

Una metrópolis inicia como una ciudad en la que su territorio e instituciones convergen, pero una vez que se extiende más allá de sus límites jurisdiccionales, es cuando los mecanismos históricos que le daban sentido son rebasados. El objetivo del artículo es demostrar que en la formación de las metrópolis existe un fenómeno común a nivel global caracterizado por una regulación y condicionamiento de las relaciones intergubernamentales que tratan de adaptarse al vertiginoso crecimiento urbano. Un elemento clave es la forma de cooperar entre diversos gobiernos. Para lograr el objetivo el texto sedivide en dos partes. Primero, se analiza la evolución de la urbanización a nivel global, para demostrar cómo a partir de 1950 el mundo deviene mayoritariamente urbano. Luego, se exponen estrategias de gestión metropolitana utilizadas en Europa, África, Asía y las Américas, con énfasis en México. El texto termina con algunas consideraciones sobre los retos globales de las metrópolis.

Introducing Transversal Connectivity Index (TCI) as a method to evaluate the effectiveness of the blue-green infrastructure at metropolitan scale

This study introduces the Transversal Connectivity Index (TCI) as an ecological indicator for classifying the natural landscape patches by their effective transversal connectivity to the water surfaces. The method applies specifically to urban areas at which the quality of blue-green infrastructure (BGI) is of fundamental importance in reducing the climate change consequences. Effective transversal connectivity among the BGI at the metropolitan scale supplies various ecosystem services in support of nature-based solutions for emerging urban challenges. The TCI value is computed (determined) by integrating a variety of existing and novel landscape indicators into an equation. The connectivity indicators belong to two categories: the intra-patch consists of the isoperimetric quotient, and patch ecological indicator, and the inter-patch ones listed as the band level, the shared border ratio, and the transport fragmentation buffer. The method is tested on the metropolitan zone of Berlin, and the results reveal unconventional findings of the effectiveness of BGI in urbanized landscapes. Despite the abundant green surfaces present in Berlin, only 50% of them have direct access to freshwater surfaces, based on Urban Atlas land use land cover data. The proposed indexing method is reproducible for other metropolitan areas, leading to comparative evaluation of effective BGI, having direct implications with emerging agendas of metropolitan management and policy making like the City Biodiversity Index, the concept of Sponge City, and Sustainable Development Goals.

Detecting anomalous road traffic conditions using VGG19 CNN Model

Detection on the real time road traffic has tremendous application possibilities in metropolitan road safety and traffic management. Due to the effect of numerous factors, for example: climate, viewpoints and road conditions in real-time traffic scene, Anomaly detection actually faces many difficulties. There are many reasons for vehicle accidents, for example: crashes, vehicle on flames and vehicle breakdowns, which exhibits distinctive and obscure behaviours. In this paper, we approached with a model to identify oddity in street traffic by monitoring the vehicle movement designs in two unmistakable yet associated modes which is 1. The vehicle’s dynamic mode and 2. The vehicle’s Static mode. The vehicle’s static mode investigation is gained using the background modelling after the detection of a vehicle, this strategy is useful to locate the unusual vehicle movement which keep still out and about. The dynamic mode vehicle examination is gained from identified and followed vehicle directions to locate the strange direction which is distorted from the predominant movement designs. The outcomes from the double mode investigations are at long last fused together by driven a distinguishing proof model to get the last peculiarity. For this research we are using traffic-net Dataset, VGG19 CNN model along with ImageNet weights and OpenCV.

Funções Públicas de Interesse Comum e Governança na Região Metropolitana do Cariri

Este artigo aborda o processo de institucionalização da governança metropolitana face às transformações decorrentes do Estatuto da Metrópole (Lei n. 13.089/2015) e seus reflexos nas dinâmicas de desenvolvimento regional. O objetivo é analisar o percurso de construção dos arranjos institucionais de governança interfederativa e os mecanismos de definição e execução das funções públicas de interesse comum na Região Metropolitana do Cariri (RM Cariri). Trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo, de caráter qualitativo. O referencial teórico se ancora no debate sobre metropolização, governança e funções públicas de interesse comum. O trabalho de campo inclui a caracterização dos problemas comuns da RM Cariri, a observação sistemática da estruturação das instâncias de governança e do Plano de Desenvolvimento Urbano Integrado (PDUI), bem como a análise de leis e documentos produzidos pelo Governo do Ceará. Os resultados evidenciam um processo de institucionalização recente, assinalado por avanços normativos e por fragilidades relacionadas a aspectos políticos e de gestão. O fato de ser recém-criada facilita a adequação da RM Cariri às diretrizes do Estatuto da Metrópole e abre caminhos para a estruturação de arranjos inovadores de gestão e governança metropolitana. Por outro lado, as alterações regulatórias no âmbito federal, somadas à mudança de orientação de políticas públicas na esfera estadual e ao baixo nível de engajamento dos entes municipais provocaram um arrefecimento do debate metropolitano ao longo dos últimos dois anos, ampliando as dificuldades à consolidação da RM Cariri como efetivo instrumento de desenvolvimento territorial.

Change and Transformation of the Metropolitan Municipality in Turkey

Yerel hizmetlerin etkin ve verimli bir şekilde yerine getirilebilmesi aslında hizmetleri sunan birimlerin ve kurumların varlık nedenidir. Bunların başında, dünyadaki değişim ve dönüşüme paralel olarak büyüyen şehirler ve onların yönetimleri gelmektedir. Bu nedenle Türkiye’deki belediye yönetimlerine ilişkin gelişme, özellikle büyükşehir yönetimleri açısından her zaman gündemde olmuştur. Bunun temel sebebi, kentlere olan nüfus hareketliliği ve büyük şehirlerin hemen her alanda artan sorunlarıdır. Çalışmanın konusu; Türkiye’de bir alan yönetimi görünümüne sahip olan büyükşehir belediyelerinin değişim ve dönüşümünün incelenmesidir. Çalışmanın amacı büyük nüfuslu kentsel alan yönetimleri için geliştiren özel yönetim şeklinin (büyükşehir belediye modeli) etkinlik ve verimliliğinin değerlendirilmesi ve gelecek modeller için önerilerde bulunmaktır. Makalede, yürürlükteki hukuk normlarının tarihsel bir süreç içerisinde analizi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca bu dönemde kanunlaşan düzenlemeler ile birlikte kabul edilen büyükşehir yönetim modelleri değerlendirilmiştir.

The Significance of Hospitality in the Modern Metropolis Management

Relevance. Today, under the influence of urbanization processes, the importance and role of metropolitan cities, urban agglomerations has been increasing in the resettlement of mankind, in the economic, cultural, social and other spheres. Effective management of the modern metropolis, which is a metropolis in relation to the adjacent territories, should be aimed at providing residents and visitors of the city with comfortable conditions for living, work, culture and sports, rest and recreation. Hospitality, including the hotel-restaurant and tourism businesses is an important and necessary element in the functioning of the metropolis.The subject of the research is the management of metropolises, the development of the hospitality industry in large cities.The purpose of the study is to identify areas for improving metropolitan management and the role of the hospitality industry in the development of modern large cities.Research methods. The study has been carried out by studying European Commission acts, scientific publications on urbanization, management of metropolises, hospitality development in big cities, statistics, expert assessments.Results. The main theoretical and practical results that determine the novelty and practical significance of the study consist in defining the hospitality sector as one of the key elements in the effective management of metropolises, as well as features of the development of the hotel-restaurant and tourism business in large cities.Conclusions and discussions. It has been established that the activity of hospitality enterprises contributes to the socio-economic metropolis development. In turn, the concentration of demand for hotel, restaurant and tourist services in big cities contributes to the success of hospitality enterprises.

The development of institutional capacities in the face of metropolitan coordination challenges in Mexico: the case of Toluca

At present, the government has raised diverse strategies to realize coordination processes in the metropolis; principally, there is observed the reinforcement of the juridical frame, directed to facilitate the intergovernmental association; the incorporation of organisms who promote actions of intermunicipality; and the design of instruments that complement the financing and planeation of projects to the interior of these spaces. Still with these attributes, one distinguishes that the metropolitan areas face the crisis state, especially, because in them there are perceived high levels of segregation, lack of sustainability, risks of low productivity and the increase of problematic urban. If one tries to reach high places standards of well-being, they must go, and even reorient, the implemented coordination strategies, which will be able to improve the quality of life of the population. In the configuration of integral processes of coordination and with major effectiveness grade in the metropolis, one admits that it is necessary to look that there exists certain grade of complementarity and harmony between the aspects that regulate and delimit the behaviors of the processes of coordination, the agents who are in charge of executing projects and promoting relations stable and structured between the actors involved in the intergovernmental relations, and in the guidelines and resources raised to realize interventions for these spaces. The present work takes as a target to analyze the components of metropolitan management that exist in Mexico, emphasizing its main characteristics, structures and the form in operate, it with the intention of identifying its scopes and limitations, which will be able to contribute attributes for the development of proposals that promote better governmental practices with the existing structure. The analysis modality is the Metropolitan area of Toluca, considered to be one of the metropolis more representative of the country in the incorporation of strategies of metropolitan coordination. Between the aspects emphasized and that are a part of the analysis they are: the incorporation of specific organisms for process promotion of coordination; the configuration of a system of planning for the metropolis; the recognition of the possibility of realizing actions of intermunicipality in the juridical frame; and the participation of the metropolis in the project development with resources of the Metropolitan Fund. The perspective that appears in the analysis, sets off of recognizing like the evolution and the status of the metropolitan phenomenon, serves for address the strategies of management and the possibilities of developing actions of public interest for these environments. The finds show that a dismantling exists between the analyzed components of metropolitan management; from the juridical thing there is not made clear the threshold of performance of the management, which is clear in the nonexistent declaration of faculties and attributions to carry out the metropolitan coordination; on the other hand, a frame institutional weak, that denotes few interference in the decision making of metropolitan; while in the financing instruments and planning there is perceived an insufficient joint of strategies directed to solve the central problems of the metropolis.

Follow-Up Outcomes of Pre-Hospital Thrombolysis and Primary PCI in Outer Metropolitan Management of STEMI

Background: Primary PCI (pPCI) is preferred management with improved outcomes in STEMI [[1]Keeley E.C. et al.Comparison of primary and facilitated percutaneous coronary interventions for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: quantitative review of randomised trials.The Lancet. 2006; 367 (doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68148-8): 579-588Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (458) Google Scholar], however previous reviews demonstrate comparable, in-hospital results for early, pre-hospital thrombolysis in regional centres with large catchment zones [[2]May, A. et al. (2016). Review of In-Hospital Outcomes of Thrombolysis and Primary PCI in Outer Metropolitan Management of STEMI. Heart, Lung and Circulation, Volume 25, S63.Google Scholar]. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients presenting with STEMI at two outer metropolitan centres over a 5-year period (2014–2019), where PCI was available during working hours, with a strategy of pre-hospital thrombolysis otherwise. Patients were excluded if incomplete data precluded follow-up. The primary outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including myocardial infarction (MI), unplanned revascularisation, readmission for heart failure and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included severe bleeding, TIMI-III flow rates and death from any cause. Follow up was conducted to 1-year from the index event. Results: 450 consecutive patients presented with STEMI, with 425 analysed after exclusions. 117 (27.5%) underwent pPCI while 308 (72.5%) had initial thrombolysis. Average age was 63.9 years and 76.9% were male. Of the thrombolysis group, 56.5% successfully re-perfused while 43.5% required rescue PCI (rPCI) and 296 (96%) underwent coronary angiography. Rates of TIMI-III flow post angiogram were higher in the thrombolysis group 96.0% vs 85.9% (p = 0.0147). There were no significant differences in MACE at 1-month or 1-year or all-cause mortality. Major bleeding was higher at 1-month after thrombolysis 4.5% vs 2.6% (p = 0.36) but did not reach significance, likely due to inadequate power. Conclusion: Our experience shows pre-hospital thrombolysis remains a safe alternative to pPCI, especially in regional centres, with no clinically significant differences in 1- and 12-month outcomes.

Gobernabilidad en las zonas metropolitanas mexicanas. El caso de Puerto Vallarta

This article analyzes if governability exists in the metropolitan area of Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. For that, we analyze the scope of the coordination contract agreed eight years ago by the three government orders. The pertinence of this work is that it contributes to the studies of the metropolitan governability in the country, starting from a case study which is characterized by an economic, demographic and urban dynamism. The results of this exploratory research are that the obstacles to effective metropolitan management have been stronger, despite the participation of several important actors. Thus, it is predicted that the demands of citizens for a higher quality of life will continue.

A expansão da macrometrópole e a criação de novas RMs: um novo rumo para a metropolização institucional no estado de São Paulo?

Resumo O artigo propõe fazer uma avaliação da gestão metropolitana paulista a partir da década de 2010, quando se verifica, por um lado, a regulamentação e a normatização, pelo governo estadual, de novas regiões metropolitanas e, por outro, a consolidação da macrometrópole paulista como escala regional de planejamento. As assimetrias do federalismo brasileiro, no tocante às relações intergovernamentais de caráter conflituoso e competitivo, têm sido um dos principais entraves para a consolidação da gestão metropolitana. Com a entrada em vigor, em 2015, do Estatuto da Metrópole, a nova legislação federal reforça a necessária reflexão sobre os rumos da metropolização institucional, que, no caso paulista, ainda não logrou promover a superação das persistentes desigualdades socioespaciais expressas no tecido urbano-metropolitano.