Metropolitan Local Government Research Articles

The timing of local SARS-Cov-2 outbreaks and vaccination coverage during the Delta wave in Melbourne

ObjectiveThis article presents a longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 infection and vaccination coverage in Melbourne metropolitan local government areas (LGAs) during the 2021 Delta wave. MethodsCOVID-19 vaccination and infection data from 12 July to 27 November 2021 were sourced from government websites. Summary statistics and associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were compared by LGA ranked according to socioeconomic status: total “burden” (total infections per thousand), “peak” (highest weekly infection rate), “lag” (interval between peak and 70% double vaccination). ResultsLGAs in the bottom five deciles for social advantage experienced higher infection rates (39.0 per thousand [95% CI: 38.5, 39.5] vs. 14.8 [14.7, 14.9]), and had lower two-dose vaccination coverage (23.8% [23.6, 23.9] vs. 32.7% [32.6, 32.7]) compared with LGAs in the top five deciles. LGAs that achieved 70% coverage two weeks or more after the infection peak experienced nearly twice the total infection burden (27.7 per 1000 [27.3, 28.0] compared with 14.9 [14.7, 15.0]) than LGAs with a shorter lag. ConclusionsExposure and transmission risk factors cluster within disadvantaged LGAs. The potential for large local outbreaks is heightened if vaccination uptake trails in these communities. Implications for Public HealthIn a pandemic, decision-makers must prioritise disease control and harm reduction interventions for at-risk LGAs.

행정구역 획정원리로서의 공유수면 매립지 경계획정 원리에 관한 일고찰

Interest in the reorganization of administrative districts is increasing due to the plan to promote the incorporation of Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do into Seoul Special City, triggered by the leader of the ruling party at the time in October 2023. Changes in the metropolitan local governments to which a basic local government belongs may lead to conflicts of interest between metropolitan local governments so it is highly likely that this situation will not be easily resolved depending on the political situation and will ultimately depend on judicial judgment. Under these circumstances, the confirmation of the constitutional discipline related to the delimitation of administrative districts is worth sufficient consideration from a practical aspect beyond simple theoretical interest.
 As part of the basic process for this work, it is meaningful to examine the position of the Constitutional Court on the demarcation of administrative districts for newly reclaimed lands, where multiple decisions were made in the form of competence dispute adjudication, along with the review on the legal system related to administrative district demarcation. In particular, this study reviews the Constitutional Court’s decision[Constitutional Court 2019.4.11. 2015 Heonra 2] which changed the precedent of considering the maritime boundary of public waters as the boundary of the newly reclaimed lands and demands comprehensive consideration of all circumstances based on the principle of equity. Through this study the legitimacy of the Constitutional Court's position of actively considering the purpose of reclamation and the status of the reclamation entity was confirmed, and the issue of jurisdiction over public waters remaining after reclamation and whether acquisition of prescription for the reclaimed land was also reviewed.
 In conclusion, this study can fully accept the Constitutional Court's position of pursuing equity by reviewing all circumstances related to the demarcation of administrative districts for newly reclaimed lands, but it raises some questions about conceptualizing this as a “principle of equity” and confirms that further discussion is necessary.

지방정부의 재난안전 역량 강화

This paper aims to propose strategies to enhance the disaster management capabilities of local governments. It is necessary for local government leaders to increase their interest in disaster safety, boost the self-efficacy of officials, and find ways to enhance their pride. It is vital to establish collaborative governance that mobilizes the disaster safety capacities within the region. Reflecting on the work experience of the disaster safety department when appointing senior officials and expanding recruitment is essential steps. Additionally, promoting the stable and efficient operations of disaster safety organizations can be achieved by conducting regular personnel appointments every January. Furthermore, it is necessary to establish disaster safety specialized institutions in the form of foundation corporations in 17 metropolitan local governments and set up crisisonomy graduate school to nurture specialized professionals. Practical on-site manuals and conducting on-site training are also essential. Lastly, managing the early stages of disaster occurrences and operating a disaster situation room equipped with on-site response capabilities are crucial.

Symptoms of depression among outpatients with suspected COVID-19 in metropolitan Local Government Areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria.

The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has redefined global health and response to Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). The outbreak of a cluster of influenza-like illnesses in Wuhan, China, has morphed into a pandemic in the last quarter of 2019, stretching from South East Asia to Europe, The Americas, Africa, and the Australian subcontinent. We evaluated the prevalence of depression among outpatients diagnosed with ARI. We utilized a cross-sectional, observational design and investigated the prevalence of symptoms of depression among outpatients with ARI and described the characteristics of outpatients with ARI in Kaduna State. The prevalence of symptoms of depression was 19.6% for respondents with symptoms of ARI and 14.4% for those without symptoms of ARI. On no risk of depression, we had a higher proportion of the respondents without symptoms of ARI (86%) than those with symptoms of depression (80%) (M = 318.4, SD = 29.62 case, and M = 344.0, SD = 14.2 control, r = 0.88, CI = 13.5 to 6.5, P = 0.000952). Likewise, in the category with mild risk of depression, respondents without symptoms of ARI were fewer (10%) than those with symptoms of depression (15%) (M = 58.4, SD = 26.0 case, and M = 42.1, SD = 12.7 control, r = 0.86, CI = 11.8 to 5.8, P = 0.0136. There was no significant difference between respondents with symptoms of ARI and without symptoms of ARI in the categories of moderate (M = 13.6, SD = 5.1 case, and M = 11.6, SD = 4.6 control, r = 0.87, CI = 2.3 to 2.1, P = 0.178) and high (M = 5.6, SD = 2.5 case, and M = 4.4, SD = 3.2 control, r = 0.61, CI = 1.2 to 1.5, P = 0.174) risk of depression. Symptoms of depression were commoner among respondents who presented with symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) at the Outpatient Department (OPD). However, further explanatory research is needed to establish causality.

일본에서 사회보장의 아동복지에 관한 연구

The Child Welfare Act aims to ensure the welfare of children so that they can be born healthy and grow up happily and safely. Japan's right to social security has been developed through the reorganization of various social security law-related systems, and the Child Welfare Act has also been institutionalized through various efforts to actively respond to society's demand for child welfare. Therefore, in this study, we would like to examine the Child Welfare Act among Japan's social security rights and find its implications for Korea.
 In accordance with the Child Welfare Act, Japan operates premature birth facilities, nursing care children's facilities, disabled child detention facilities, and maternal and child support facilities for pregnant women, and also introduces a foster parent system. Public involvement in the operation of facilities is high, and the role and responsibility of the state, metropolitan local governments, and basic local governments are clarified for the installation or operation of facilities and the implementation of child protection policies. In addition, in order to efficiently and integrally promote child welfare-related policies, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare established the Child and Family Office in April 2023 for child abuse and transferred it to the direct agency of the Prime Minister.
 Child welfare in Korea is similar to Japan, but there is no dedicated department that acts as a control tower to oversee child welfare because ministries are separated from child welfare targets such as the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, and the Ministry of Education. Children's guardians should raise children healthy and safe at home according to the developmental stage, and the state and local governments should take necessary measures to prevent children from being discriminated against, such as religion, property, or disability of their parents. In order to realize such child welfare, it is urgent to establish an integrated dedicated department, expand child protection facilities, and overhaul a careful and balanced system to implement effective policies suitable for changes in social structure. In this respect, the establishment of the Child and Family Agency in Japan has great implications for Korea.

재건축 안전진단 제도 개선 방안 연구

Reconstruction contributes to improving the quality of life of residents by creating an aging, unstable and poor residential environment into a safe and pleasant residential environment, and is also an important means of realizing basic constitutional rights such as people's right to pursue happiness, property rights, and housing freedom. However, the reconstruction project is causing a lot of confusion to the housing market and the people as related laws and systems repeatedly regulate and ease due to the ups and downs of the housing market and regime change.
 Accordingly, this study attempted to investigate and analyze legislative system improvement efforts raised by the National Assembly on the “Safety Diagnosis Standards for Housing Reconstruction” announced by the government and derive reasonable system improvement measures through Delphi, experts related to safety diagnosis. Based on this process, I would like to propose a plan to improve the current housing reconstruction safety diagnosis system.
 First, the authority to determine safety diagnosis, including the composition and ratio of each item of the safety diagnosis evaluation criteria, should be delegated to the head of the metropolitan government. Critics say that the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport does not reflect the characteristics of the region and hinders the smooth promotion of reconstruction projects by setting safety diagnosis standards uniformly and uniformly in different situations. Therefore, it is necessary to delegate the authority to decide on safety diagnosis standards to the heads of metropolitan local governments.
 Second, Article 2, Subparagraph 3 (b) of the current Urban Improvement Act defines “significant functional defects among buildings that have not secured seismic performance” as old-age defective buildings. However, whether or not seismic design is reflected in the structural safety evaluation item is omitted. Structural safety assessment items should include whether seismic design is reflected.
 Third, although geological conditions and ground conditions have a very significant impact on the structural safety of buildings, geological conditions and ground conditions are omitted from the structural stability evaluation items. The omission of these important evaluation factors is a factor that degrades the validity and reliability of the safety diagnosis evaluation results.
 Fourth, the use of asbestos building materials should be reflected in the safety diagnosis evaluation items. When inhaled into the human body, asbestos, a first-class carcinogen designated by the World Health Organization, causes fatal diseases such as asbestos lung disease, lung cancer, and malignant mesothelioma. Therefore, in Korea, the Asbestos Safety Management Act has been enacted to thoroughly manage asbestos exposure contained in buildings so that it does not damage public health.
 Fifth, it is necessary for local governments to support certain costs incurred by conducting safety diagnosis for housing reconstruction. However, some say that local governments should not invest in projects to rebuild private property, but the reconstruction project improves the residential environment of owners, such as local land, while creating public benefits such as roads, parks, community facilities, and public rental housing. It is currently supported by some local governments.

Forging a Local Social Economy: On the Institutional Work of Local Governments in South Korea

This study investigates the strategies local governments can employ to stimulate the growth of the local social economy sector—a sector associated with improving residents’ subjective well-being. Acknowledging the under-explored but potentially pivotal role of local government as a catalyst, our research uses an institutionalist lens—focusing on institutional work, support, and public-sector entrepreneurship—to examine how local governments can encourage the establishment of social economy organizations. We adopt a Partial Least Squares Model-Structural Equation Modeling approach to analyze data from 69 South Korean urban metropolitan local governments between 2018 and 2020. Our findings reveal a significant positive relationship between the regulatory, administrative, and intermediary support mechanisms implemented by local governments and the scale of the local social economy. By integrating public-sector entrepreneurship with institutional perspectives, our findings enrich existing literature and provide insight into the strategic initiatives local governments can adopt to foster social entrepreneurship.

지방출자출연기관의 기관장 성과평가제도 분석

About 300 institutions were expanded after the local public corporation law was divided into local investment-funded institutions, and major institutions were subject to restructuring starting in 2022 when the 8th public election began. However, metropolitan local governments had an agency ceo performance evaluation system, and local governments evaluated the performance of agency ceos every year to secure the responsibility of agencies and agency CEO and maintain a system for performance management. In this regard, this study analyzed the performance evaluation system of the ceos of local investment institutions, focusing on the case of metropolitan local governments, and looked at the level of institutional management of accountability and performance management by local investment institutions. As for the analysis target, the ‘Evaluation Manual of Local Invested Institutions’ and ‘Performance Evaluation by ceos of Local Invested Institutions’ of each of the three local governments of metropolitan cities and provinces were compared and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was found that over 70% of the agency evaluation was reflected in the agency ceo's evaluation, indicating that the agency ceo and agency's responsibility were linked. case was excluded. Through this, it was found that the contribution of local governments, the characteristics of projects, and the characteristics of institutional governance in the future financial structure of local investment institutions acted as the range of performance evaluation for institution ceos in a complex way. In terms of performance management, except for local governments that are 100% linked to institutional evaluations, autonomous goals (project goals) were set to evaluate projects for their own tasks. The evaluation results were based on performance pay, personnel measures, institutional business reorganization, and contribution adjustment criteria, and a strong feedback mechanism was established to link with responsibility. Legally, there is a means of management diagnosis, but in the case of local investment institutions, management diagnosis is not used enough, so it is analyzed that they are taking feedback measures to link institutional responsibility and performance management.

광역자치단체 간의 행정통합과 재정변화 대구광역시를 중심으로

Based on the logic of Oates and Tiebout, the theory of public choice has long supported the competition among the local governments. However, the consolidation of metropolitan local governments has arisen as the possible solution to resolve various problems that are faced by local governments although it may lead to a lesser competition among local government. This article analyzes the expected financial outcome of the consolidation between Daegu metropolitan city and Kyungbook province. After such a consolidation, total revenue of local taxes is expected to remain constant, while the internal structure of tax and the political status of local government will change. Some areas that are now in Kyungbuk’s autonomous district but would belong to Daegu after consolidation are sure to suffer decrease in local grant revenues. Therefore, some special measures are necessary to supplement this financial loss. Special treatments will be required in general adjusted grants, local tax items, immunity from disadvantages imposition rule, and flexible operation of stipulated local grants rate.

A Typology for Urban Landscape Progression: Toward a Sustainable Planning Mechanism in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria

The significance of urban landscapes in the current era of concern for a sustainable built environment can never be overemphasized. The study explores the landscape features and typologies of some urban environments within Kano to understand the management effectiveness of urban landscapes in the Kano metropolitan area. At least two wards were purposively selected each from the eight metropolitan local government areas due to their urban landscape and land use. Focus group discussion (FGD) sessions were carried out through with prominent elders and “Masu Unguwanni” (village/ward heads) of each of the sampled wards as well as direct assessments of their physical characteristics to justify the general landscape progression in support of documentation for the present and future generation. The study unveils the layout typology, the scenic points and the ecological and cultural landscapes in the sampled districts. It further reveals that the historic urban forms in Kano are degrading with time, or rather not following the course of sustainability, as the physical surroundings satisfy the immediate needs of the communities. However, the study suggests increasing the awareness of Kano’s urban landscape preservation and the 2011 UNESCO proposal implementation on Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL). Then, the study discourages unhealthy developments within Kano Metropolis and the entire state. It also recommends landscape architects be part and parcel of planning schemes for controlling and regulating urban development via the formal practice of land allocation, land acquisition, building codes, design, planning and construction.

Regionalised greenhouse gas emissions from food production in South-Eastern Australia

Agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHG). Agriculture GHG emissions are often quantified at national or state level, with local-scale emissions not available to inform the state's regional policies and local government and community action to mitigate climate change. We present spatial inventories of GHG from food production for the state of New South Wales in Australia for methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and the sum of the two GHG in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 -e). We used a top-down approach to disaggregate emissions from state level reported in the State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories to emissions at local government area level using publicly available agricultural census data. Our estimates showed that regional local government areas accounted for 18,522,010 t of CO 2− e, 572,707 t of CH 4 and 10,785 t of N 2 O emissions for food production, while metropolitan local government areas (Greater Sydney) accounted for 104,057 t of CO 2− e, 2313 t of CH 4 and 151 t of N 2 O emissions for food production. Livestock emissions dominated most regional local government areas, contributing on average (median) 14 times more emission than cropping emissions. Our study applies an approach for a transparent estimate of local-scale emissions consistent with the Australian national inventory. To supplement the food production emissions inventory, a spatial food consumption-based inventory using emission factors derived by Hendrie et al. (2016) is presented to illustrate the importance of engaging cities when addressing GHG emissions from food systems. Sources and spatial trends in food production-based and consumption-based emissions in New South Wales are addressed to guide policymakers and communities on opportunities to mitigate associated emissions to address climate goals.

중앙부처와 지방자치단체간 정책확산에 관한 연구

In this study, practical cases of the operation of the evaluation system of local governments in which the central and local governments are mutually involved were examined through the spread of the manual “local government investment-funding institution evaluation proposal model”. Through this, we tried to examine the role distribution through mutual cooperation between local governments and central government departments.
 As a result of the analysis, it was found that local governments are provided with the proposed model for the purpose of providing information, and the use of this model is different between metropolitan areas and basic local governments. While overall utilization was high in both metropolitan areas and basic local governments, metropolitan local governments showed high utilization of the proposed model's annual corona extra point index and social value index, while the basic local government showed higher overall utilization. This is because regional governments operate a relatively stable evaluation system due to the allocation of personnel in charge, and focus on improvement items every year. It was found that they were actively accepting it.
 The proposed model that can show the realistic and complementary relationship between the central government and local governments based on the experience and assets of about 30 years since the election of the head of the popular election was carried out in earnest can be said to be a representative example of the relationship between governments. This was possible because local governments made an active request to the central government, and since the start of the proposed model is a bottom-up method, it can be said that it can provide implications for establishing the relationship between local governments and the central government in the future.

기초지방자치단체가 광역지방자치단체의 위법한 처분의 취소를 구하는 권한쟁의심판청구의 적법성

A request for adjudication on competence dispute, in which a local government disputes the illegality of the sovereign disposition of a metropolitan local government and seeks its cancellation, should be dismissed as unlawful since it cannot be regarded as a dispute over the ‘existence or scope of authority’ that can be the subject of a competence dispute adjudication and the respondent's disposition has no possibility of violating the constitutional or statutory authority of the complainant. In the interpretation of the current Constitution and laws, the competence dispute adjudication and the appeal suit may be placed in a situation of jurisdictional competition. Considering that disputes over the ‘existence’ or ‘scope’ of authority are subject to dispute adjudication, when the state or a local government exercises authority that contradicts the authority of another local government, authority dispute trial should be conducted. On the other hand, in cases where it is clear that whether the exercise of the sovereign authority of the state or a certain local government violates legal requirements is the only issue, it is necessary to see that only appeal proceedings are permitted.

Author Correction: Inter-Jurisdictional Comparison of Public Asset Utilization in Tokyo Metropolitan Local Governments

Author Correction: Inter-Jurisdictional Comparison of Public Asset Utilization in Tokyo Metropolitan Local Governments

Counter-urbanisation in pre-pandemic times: disentangling the influences of amenity and disamenity

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has stimulated a resurgence in counter-urbanisation in Australia with ex-urban populations leaving behind the perceived disamenity of city life for simpler, cheaper and lockdown-free lives. This article investigates the drivers of in-migration and net migration into non-metropolitan New South Wales from the metropolitan zone between 2011 and 2016, focusing on the potential draw of rural amenity, together with the potential ‘push’ factors of urban disamenity. The results show that non-metropolitan NSW is becoming less dependent on counter-urbanisation flows from Sydney, while simultaneously seeing stronger net migration gains from interchanges with the broad metropolitan zone. Hypothesis testing upheld the contention that rural amenity accounted for a statistically significant share of the variance in in-migration - and net migration - from Sydney. However, the hypothesis that Sydney’s perceived disamenity is leading to out-migration flows and net migration losses was not well supported, confounded by mis-specification issues. High population densities are associated with out-migration from the Sydney region to all categories of settlement within the remainder of NSW and Australia. However, changes in density are only a strong and reliable influence on net migration within the broad Sydney metropolitan area but the direction of that influence is positive rather than negative. The article reveals that the proportion of immigrants within a metropolitan local government area population is negatively associated with out-migration.

Analysis of Implementation Process of Home Modification for the Elderly by Project Entity

This study aims to analyze process on each of home modification projects including the elderly persons who are 65 years and older to identify the project characteristics in terms of the procedures, stakeholders, and roles of home modification process in response to aging, and to find ways to implement more advanced home modification for the elderly in the future. This study analyzed the implementation process of home modification by a total of four project entities, including metropolitan local government, basic local government, special purpose project of specific institution, and private sector. An in-depth interview survey was conducted on stakeholders for each project. The conclusions of this study are as follows. In the implementation process of home modification, it is necessary to provide information and consult for the elderly. Before construction, it is necessary to explain the final plan to the elderly. To this end, Coordinator must play the role of general manager in all of these processes and require knowledge of construction sites. The results of this study were data analyzing the current status of home modification implementation processes by various project, and can be used as basic data for effective linkage throughout the future process on home modification for the elderly.

Inter-Jurisdictional Comparison of Public Asset Utilization in Tokyo Metropolitan Local Governments

Inter-Jurisdictional Comparison of Public Asset Utilization in Tokyo Metropolitan Local Governments

POS-166 RARE EPIDEMIC OF HEMOSIDERIN TUBULOPATHY INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; FROM ADULTERATED 'DAN-TSAMI' (HYDROXYLLAMINE SULPHATE) FLAVORED DRINK TOXICITY IN KANO NIGERIA

In March 2021, a large number of patients mainly from the six (6) metropolitan Local Government Areas (LGA) of Kano state, Nigeria presented with a triad of vomiting, hematuria and jaundice following ingestion of locally made drinks flavoured with adulterated ‘Dan-tsami’ (containing Hydroxyllamine Sulphate instead of Citrate Acid Monohydrate). Dan-tsami is used to impart a sour taste to local drinks.

Disease prevention: childcare practices of caregivers in day-cares/pre-schools in Ibadan, Nigeria

Background: Childhood Disease prevention practices (DPP) by day-care/preschools caregivers are essential to the wellbeing of enrolled children. We assessed DPP such as hand hygiene, feeding, nutrition, handling sick children and pre-employment medical screening in day-cares /pre-schools and the factors associated with DPP.Methods: The cross-sectional study involved 799 pre-school caregivers (teachers and minders/nannies). Ten settlements were selected from five randomly selected metropolitan Local Government Areas in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected on DPP was mainly graduated on 3-point Likert like scale: ‘always responses’- allotted 2 points; ‘sometimes’- 1 point; and ‘never’- zero. Using a significance level (p value) set at 5% and higher R-squared values, associations between DPPs and explanatory variables were tested).Results: Mean age of respondents was 33.7±9.5 years. Majority, 594 (74.3%) did not have pre-employment childcare training. Self-reported hand hygiene was highest for stool moments. Most 456 (56.3%) reported formula feeds for 1-6 months and mainly staples for older children. Aggregated DPP score (80) was dichotomized using mean childcare DPP score of 24±4.5. Slightly more than half of the respondents, 453 (56.7%) had inadequate DPP. Formal childcare training p<0.001, current job specification p=0.02 and knowledge of VPD p=0.004 were associated with DPP index. Some predictors of adequate childcare DPP include facility registration status (OR=2.19, 95%CI=1.05-4.56); respondents who had childcare training (OR=1.52, 95%CI=1.083-2.144); affiliation with health (OR=2.0, 95%CI=1.227-3.262).Conclusions: This study highlights childcare DPP within the day-cares/pre-schools and provides evidence for tailored training interventions and monitoring of the facilities.

우리나라 지방자치제도의 정착을 위한 예산 독립의 필요성 : 건설분야를 중심으로

Purpose: For true local autonomy, it will be said that the right to self-governance would be established only when the personnel and budget rights, such as tax revenue, of local autonomy are granted. Since the local autonomy system, at the time of the 30th anniversary of the introduction, in 1991, This study examines the legal basis and the local finance that guarantees practical power of the local autonomy system. Method: Administrative units within the scope of the study are limited to metropolitan local governments at the metropolitan city and provincial level. The term