Metrological System Research Articles

METROLOGICAL CONTROL OF SENSORS FOR MONITORING WORKING CONDITIONS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Metrological control plays a vital role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the data collected as part of the working conditions monitoring. It helps to prevent potential errors and guarantee the quality of the results, which is critical for the efficient assessment and management of occupational health and safety. The article aims to investigate and analyse the role and importance of metrological control of sensors in the system for monitoring working conditions at production facilities using artificial intelligence. The article examines the possibilities of using artificial intelligence (AI) to optimise metrological control and analysis of sensor data. The authors provide specific applications of AI to improve the metrological control of sensors and identify the advantages and challenges of introducing AI into the metrological control system at production facilities. These tasks will help to reveal the essence and potential of using AI in the metrological control of sensors for monitoring working conditions and emphasise its significance in improving the safety of workers. Using artificial intelligence to improve the accuracy of sensor measurements in monitoring working conditions helps to increase the efficiency and safety of production processes and reduce health risks for employees. The metrological control methodology is essential for ensuring the reliability of sensor and measuring device measurements. Applying machine learning algorithms to develop sensor calibration models can automate and optimise the processes of measuring working conditions, improving the accuracy and reliability of data. The proposed flowchart demonstrates an innovative approach to calibrating a sound level meter using artificial intelligence (AI). The results show that integrating AI into the occupational health and safety management system contributes to monitoring process automation, predicting risks and hazards to employee health, and optimising safety processes. These approaches can enhance the production processes’ efficiency, safety, and productivity. Keywords: measuring instruments, production environment, hazards, inspection, calibration.

The Influence of the Setup on the Result of Measuring the Roundness of an Anuloid Surface

In engineering practice, anuloid surfaces are produced that are subject to strict requirements in terms of accuracy (e.g., in the bearing industry). Roundness is also often measured. The accuracy of the roundness measurement does not only depend on the accuracy of a particular metrological system. The setting of the component on the measuring device can also have a significant influence on the accuracy of the measurement. The axis of the measured surface must be perpendicular to the section in which the roundness is measured. Tilting the measured surface causes a systematic measurement error, which depends on the size of the tilt angle and the parameters of the measured surface. This study presents mathematical relations for the calculation of this error when measuring roundness on an anuloid surface. Mathematical relations for the internal and external surfaces formed by the inner and outer parts of the anuloid are derived herein. There is also a theoretical analysis of the influence of inclination and the parameters of the measured surface on the size of this error. Theoretically calculated values were compared with practically measured values of roundness. The error had a negative effect on the accuracy of the roundness measurement. It affected the roundness value, the second harmonic component, and also the roundness profile itself.

Metrological ensures for high-power laser radiation

The paper presents the state of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of energy parameters of high-power laser radiation. The research was carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Optical and Physical Measurements. The formation of a metrological support system for measuring the energy parameters of high-power continuous laser radiation required the creation of three standards, including one State primary standard of average laser power, and a line of four basic measuring instruments in the spectral range 1.07–10.6 μm and power range 1–500 kW. For the first time, a dynamic method for measuring high levels of laser power was developed and used. This ensured the certification of measuring instruments using reference radiation with a power of less than 100 kW. This has led to a significant increase in the level of metrological support for technological and special high-power laser equipment.

Practical considerations on redesigning internal quality control process to verify the traceability of clinical results for decision-making.

Traceability is an important tool in the harmonization and standardization of reporting laboratory results, making them comparable across measurement systems. Driven by International Standardization Organization (ISO) 15189 accreditation requirements, medical laboratories have entered the era of metrological traceability. Although calibrators are a key component in the entire metrological traceability system, there is controversy over internal quality control (IQC) materials. It has been proposed that trueness materials supplied by the system's manufacturer with metrological traceability can be used to confirm that the performance of the measuring system is properly unbiased. This article focuses on the implementation challenges and operational hurdles of applying traceability concepts to IQC materials for trueness verification in medical laboratories regarding the most recent 2022 edition of ISO 15189 standard requirements for IQC and metrological traceability. There are practical considerations concerning the acquiring of IQC materials. We must acknowledge the limitations and restrictions that manufacturers and laboratories face before the recommendations can be applied in routine practices.

State Primary Standard for the Pressure Unit in the Field of Absolute Pressure in the Range 1 · 10–1 – 7 · 105 Pa GET 101–2011: Analysis of the State and Development Trends

Issues related to the developmet and improvement of the metrological support system of the Russian Federation in the field of absolute pressure are considered; the main stages and results of theoretical and practical research work in the field of absolute pressure measurements carried out at the D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology are outlined. Historical information on the creation of primary standards and verification schedules in the field of pressure measurement is presented. A brief analysis of the state and development trends of world metrology in the field of absolute pressure measurement is carried out based on literature data and the results of key comparisons. The reasons for improving the State Primary Standard of the pressure unit in the field of absolute pressure are outlined, and ways to modernize the standard are proposed.The operating principles and design features of reference complexes from the State Primary Standard for the pressure unit in the field of absolute pressure GET 101–2011 are described. The main metrological characteristics of the standard are listed; the results of key comparisons, benchmark studies and international cooperation are published. The existing problems of the reference base of the Russian Federation in the field of absolute pressure and ways to improve the primary standard are outlined and analyzed. The metrological characteristics of the State Primary Standard for the pressure unit in the field of absolute pressure after completion of the modernization are assessed.

Assessments on Chronology, Metrology, and Function of Mastoid-Shaped Weights

In this article, we will examine mastoid-shaped weights, a somewhat underrepresented topic in the study of historical metrology. Initially, we will review the research that has been ongoing since the nineteenth century, assessing its contributions to the field. Following this, we will address three central debates encountered in this research area, revolving around the chronology of mastoid-shaped weights, their metrological system, and their function, offering insights through examples that have been previously published. Then, we will investigate two previously unpublished mastoid-shaped weights found in the Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation Pera Museum Anatolian Weights and Measures Collection, looking at them through the lenses of both chronology and metrology. Through this work, we hope to facilitate a deeper understanding of mastoid-shaped weights, supporting future identifications in Turkish museums and archaeological excavations and shedding light on their place in the historical metrology of the Eastern Mediterranean.

Algorithms for Optimizing Energy Consumption for Fermentation Processes in Biogas Production

Problems related to reducing energy consumption constitute an important basis for scientific research worldwide. A proposal to use various renewable energy sources, including creating a biogas plant, is emphasized in the introduction of this article. However, the indicated solutions require continuous monitoring and control to maximise the installations’ effectiveness. The authors took up the challenge of developing a computer solution to reduce the costs of maintaining technological process monitoring systems. Concept diagrams of a metrological system using multi-sensor techniques containing humidity, temperature and pressure sensors coupled with Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) sensors were presented. This approach allows for effective monitoring of the anaerobic fermentation process. The possibility of reducing the energy consumed during installation operation was proposed, which resulted in the development of algorithms for determining alarm states, which are the basis for controlling the frequency of technological process measurements. Implementing the idea required the preparation of measurement infrastructure and an analytical engine based on AI techniques, including an expert system and developed algorithms. Numerous time-consuming studies and experiments have confirmed reduced energy consumption, which can be successfully used in biogas production.

Digital instrument construction – “new” metrology

As of today, Ukraine maintains a number of primary radio measurement standards established at the end of the last century. However, there is an abundance of high-tech multi-functional measuring equipment being widely spread for the purpose of metrological support (verification, repair, calibration). This circumstance requires the adaptation of the domestic infrastructure of metrological support and revision of the principles and approaches to the metrological support system itself. The essence of the new approach lies in the maximum use of both our methodological experience in metrology and technological solutions of modern instrumentation. When establishing a new primary measurement standard for frequency deviation, these new principles are implemented. The paper shows that the main tendencies in the instrumentation in the field of electro-radio measurements are not only aimed at the improvement of metrological characteristics, but also at the wide use of digital and software solutions, which requires new approaches to metrological support. The experience of developing the primary measurement standard for frequency deviation of frequency-modulated (FM) oscillations, as well as the study of the measurement standard for amplitude-modulated (AM) oscillations, shows the effectiveness of using digital methods for the generation of precise complex broadband signals, and software methods for the implementation of complex measurement algorithms. Thanks to the programming, such methods as “zeros of the Bessel function” and “combination frequencies” have been implemented, which in the analogue version are very cumbersome and difficult to apply in practice. The experimental estimation of metrological characteristics of the most important equipment devices (generators and demodulators) during their operation by analogue and digital methods is described, and the results of comparative measurements are given. It is shown that, in addition to the increasing number of metrological capabilities, digital and software approaches allow creating flexible multifunctional calibration complexes in the field of radio measurements.

Ensuring the Quality of Control of the Crankshaft of the ZMZ Engine at Repair Enterprises

An assessment of the quality of control of the parameters of the crankshaft of the ZMZ engine at the repair company was carried out. The metrological support system of the enterprise must guarantee the accuracy and quality of the repair of the crankshaft of the ZMZ engine, excluding the possibility of marriage during subsequent assembly. When the engines are repaired, the crankshafts are defective, after which they are replaced with new ones or processed for repair size. After processing the crankshaft for the repair size, it is necessary to carry out control according to six parameters. It was revealed that in order to measure the diameters of the main and connecting rod necks of the crankshaft, as well as their ovality, it is necessary to replace the micrometer 75-0.01 used at the enterprise, the maximum measurement error of which is twice as large as the permissible one, with a lever bracket 75- 0.002, in order to reduce the measurement error and improve the quality of control. To control the greatest beating of the second, third and fourth root necks relative to the first and fifth root necks, the hour-type indicator used at enterprises fully satisfies the specified conditions, the maximum error does not exceed the permissible one. To control the axial clearance of the already assembled crankshaft along the thrust bearing, 10-0.01 is also used, which provides the specified measurement accuracy with a three-fold margin. When measuring the length of the third root neck, the use of a caliper 125-0.05 leads to an excess of the permissible measurement error by 3 times, but there are no other more accurate universal measuring instruments for monitoring this parameter, because control is carried out by special sponges for measuring holes that are available only for calipers. It is recommended to design a gauge for the purpose of measuring the length of the third root neck.

Fundamentals of Measurement: Measurement: The Spread of Social Knowledge

This paper is devoted to introducing measurement as a process aimed at producing knowledge that is socially shareable. Some subjects of the paper are the metrological system, metrological traceability, and calibration as tools to guarantee the intersubjectivity of measurement information.

A Measurement System with High Precision and Large Range for Structured Surface Metrology Based on Atomic Force Microscope

With the rapid and continuous development of nanomanufacturing technology, the demands for both large range and high precision metrology of structured surfaces are becoming increasingly urgent. This paper proposes a metrological measurement system based on a commercial atomic force microscope. By using the nano-positioning platform from SIOS, the measurement range of the system expands from 110 μm × 110 μm × 20 μm to 25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm. A signal amplifier with low noise and a high common mode rejection ratio that decreases the noise level of the measurement system to 2 nm is designed. Integration of the metrological system, signal processing, and calibration of the whole system is introduced. Three experimental studies are carried out on an ultrahigh step, an atomic deposition grating, and a cutting tool. The experimental results demonstrate high measurement repeatability and reproducibility in both vertical and lateral directions. By repeating 10 times of measurement, the expended uncertainties of the step and the grating measurement are 36.24 nm and 0.60 nm, respectively. Additionally, measurement of a cutting tool tip is conducted to illustrate the performance of the system. The Ra and Rz values of the tool tip arc ripple are 29.8 nm and 189 nm, respectively.

Ідентифікація ризиків процесів системи управління якістю калібрувальної лабораторії

The article is devoted to research on the introduction of a risk-oriented approach in the processes of the management system and the activities of calibration laboratories. The issues of definition, identification and processing of risks (opportunities) arising in the process of ensuring the functioning of calibration laboratories management system are considered. The article substantiates approaches to the identification of innovative risks of calibration laboratories in accordance with the requirements of international standards that regulate the requirements for the activity of testing and calibration laboratories. Risk management activities cover various aspects of working with risks, from the identification and analysis of risks and opportunities to their acceptability assessment, determination of potential opportunities for risk reduction through the selection, implementation and control of appropriate management actions. The issue of identifying metrological risks is particularly relevant, as the main risks that determine the degree of controllability of calibration processes, the level of control of the accuracy of the results of these processes, and, therefore, the costs of their provision. The main goal of identifying metrological risks is to systematize possible inconsistencies that may arise during measurements and create conditions for ranking the processes of metrological activity of testing and calibration laboratories according to the level of loss of service quality due to the uncertainty of measurements. The implementation of modern metrological risk management systems will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of measurement systems and reducing costs while ensuring the quality of metrological services. For the effective application of the metrological risk management system, it is necessary to create a list of indicators of metrological risks, as well as the appropriate regulatory support for their justified application in quality management systems. Actual problems in the metrological sphere of the enterprise operation are identification, analysis and reduction of risks for the processes of the quality management system in the calibration laboratory.

Justification of the choice of means of controlling the parameters of the crankshaft after processing for the repair size

An assessment of the quality of the control of the parameters of the crankshaft after processing for the repair size was carried out. The company's metrological support system must guarantee the accuracy and quality of the crankshaft repair, eliminating the possibility of defects during subsequent assembly. When repairing engines, defects in the crankshafts are detected, after which they are replaced with new ones or processed according to the repair size. After processing the crankshaft for the repair size, it is necessary to carry out control according to six parameters. It was revealed that to measure the diameters of the main and connecting rod necks of the crankshaft of the Zavolzhsky Engine Plant, as well as their ovality, it is necessary to replace the micrometer 50-75 (0.01) used at the enterprise, the maximum measurement error of which is twice as large as permissible, with a lever bracket 50-75 (0.002) to reduce the measurement error and improve the quality of control. To control the greatest beating of the second, third and fourth root necks relative to the first and fifth root necks, the hour-type indicator used at enterprises fully satisfies the specified conditions, the maximum error does not exceed the permissible one. To control the axial clearance of the already assembled crankshaft along the thrust bearing, dial indicator 0-10 (0.01) is also used, which provides the specified measurement accuracy with a three-fold margin. When measuring the length of the third root neck, the use of a caliper calipers 0-125 (0.05) leads to an excess of the permissible measurement error by 3 times, but there are no other more accurate universal measuring instruments to control this parameter, since the control is carried out by special sponges for measuring holes, which are available only for calipers. It is recommended to design a gauge to measure the length of the third root neck.

Development of the Metrological Support System in the Field of Vacuum Measurements in the Works of D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology

The article deals with issues related to the improvement of the metrological support system in the field of vacuum measurements in the works of D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM). The relevance of vacuum technology and vacuum measurements for the industry of the Russian Federation is substantiated. The author shows the trends and strategies that dominate in this area in a historical retrospective. The main stages and results of theoretical and practical research work in the field of vacuum measurements carried out at the D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM) in recent years are described. It is emphasized that in the scientific community of the Russian Federation and D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM) there is a huge heuristic potential and a solid material base that allow us to expect the latest progressive approaches and solutions in the field of metrological support of vacuum measurements

Design of Testing Device and Precision Assessment for Temperature Control Blanket in Medical Use

The temperature control blanket in medical use is a device that can help regulate the temperature of the human body by controlling the temperature of the circulating liquid in the blanket and physically warming or cooling the human body. This article presents a novel design of precision assessment method of temperature control blanket by studying the essential metrological parameters of the device and designing a testing device for load simulation. The experimental results show that the measurement method and the design of the simulated load presented in this article can establish the metrological traceability system of temperature control blanket in medical use in China in order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the device, which is of great importance for the quality control of the device.

New OIML D1 implementation into Ukrainian metrology system — current stay and new challenges

Ukrainian Parliament had adopted the Law on joining the Convention establishing International Organization of Legal Metrology on the 5-th of November 2020, 998-IX [1]. The Convention came into force in Ukraine on April the 3-rd 2021 and for Ukraine it means the transition from Corresponding State status to joining OIML as the Member State.
 The adoption of the new edition of the OIML D1 National metrology systems — Developing the institutional and legislative framework [2] became the important event of international level. It may be considered as the result of this new document that the Ukrainian Metrological system complies the modern requirements but it is necessary to estimate how reasonable would be some changes to corresponding legislation.

The nuclear safety monitoring system for fuel-containing materials located in destroyed unit No. 4 of the Chornobyl NPP and proposals for its modernization

The paper presents a brief description of the Nuclear Safety Monitoring System (NSMS), which is a part of the Integrated Automated Monitoring System of the "Shelter" object (a facility that covers the destroyed Unit No. 4 of the Chornobyl NPP). Further development of the NSMS is proposed by introducing algorithms for automatic identification of neutron anomalies with a help of fuzzy logic and statistical methods; digital filtering of specific irregular impulse interferences leading to metrological system failures; algorithms for predicting changes in neutron flux density and assessing changes in the nuclear hazard of fuel containing materials accumulations.

РАЗРАБОТКА СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ МЕТРОЛОГИЧЕСКИМ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕМ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

The main processes related to metrological control in production are listed, the components and functionality of the metrological software management system at the enterprise are described, the system interface and database schema are presented, the problem of logical inference of predicate calculus is formulated and an example of the work of the Prologue program and the result of a query to the knowledge base are given, the purpose of further research is formulated

Light-initiated chemiluminescent assay of 17β-estradiol metrological traceability system established by manufacturer according to ISO17511:2020 and basic performance evaluation performed by clinical end-users.

BackgroundIn order to ensure the accuracy of the product, we established 1st model of metrological traceability hierarchy for light‐initiated chemiluminescent assay (LICA) of 17β‐estradiol (E2) at the manufacturer, based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 17511:2020. Moreover, we verified/validated the basic performance (such as matrix effect and long‐term stability of end‐user IVD MD calibrator, precision, linearity interval, accuracy/ trueness, and detection capability) at the clinical end‐user.MethodsHuman serum samples were used in this study. E2 was detected by mass spectrometry (MS) and LICA. The metrological traceability of LICA for E2 was established according to ISO 17511: 2020 standards, and pools of human samples were used as the m.3. secondary calibrator. Precision was validated according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP05‐A3. The linear interval was verified according to CLSI EP06‐ED2. Comparison of accuracy and trueness of E2 with MS and Roche according to CLSI EP09‐A3. The detection capability was validated according to EP17‐A2. Matrix effect and long‐term stability evaluation of end‐user IVD MD calibrator were carried out according to CLSI EP14‐A2, EP25‐A. Statistical software was used for data analyses.ResultsThe use of pools of human samples and fine adjusting calibrators ensured the accuracy of end‐user test results. The metrological traceability of LICA for E2 was established. It showed excellent precision, meeting the requirements of allowable imprecision (7.5%). The allowable deviation from linearity (ADL) of 5% was allowed to show a good linear interval (12.52–4167.25 pg/ml). The accuracy/ trueness was verified, and relative deviation in the medical decision level met the performance specification of 10.03% compared with MS or Roche. The validated limit of blank, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation of E2 were 4.95 pg/ml, 8.93 pg/ml, and 9.88 pg/ml, respectively (the allowed imprecision is 20.00%). The interference rate of E2 ranged from −5.5% to 6.6%.ConclusionLICA showed high sensitivity, high specificity, excellent precision, wide linearity interval, IVD MD calibrator has long‐term stability, and no matrix effect. The metrological traceability of E2 established by using pools of human samples as M.3. can deliver accuracy to the end‐user IVD MD and show good consistency with MS and Roche.

Agrarian measures in the kingdom of Granada before and after the Castilian conquest: the lands of the Alpujarra

AbstractThe aim of this article is to broaden our knowledge of the metrological system of the Morisco period in the kingdom of Granada and, more specifically, in the rural area of the Alpujarra. The sources used in the analysis are two inventories of ecclesiastical goods from Islamic origin, drawn up in 1527 and 1530, four decades after the culmination of the Christian conquest of al-Andalus. The article explores the agrarian units of measurement used by the Morisco community of the Alpujarra in their daily lives (measures of surface area and length, weight or mass, volume or capacity, and of water used for irrigation). As far as possible, equivalences are presented for the units discussed. Attempts are made to establish whether these measures were inherited from the Andalusi period or whether, on the contrary, they were the result of the implementation of Castilian legislation on the matter. The data gathered have revealed the existence of a hybrid measurement system, which shows that the ordinances to modify the system of weights and measures of the Muslims and to seek a correspondence with the Castilian system had little effect in the Alpujarra, where, in many cases, the Islamic system of measurement continued in use. This circumstance indicates that the changes and transformations in the daily life of this rural community after the Christian conquest were not as imminent as might have been expected.