Methylcellulose Solution Research Articles

Characteristics of Particle-Wet Wall Impact Damage: Effects of Liquid Film Parameters

Particle impact damage significantly affects the safe and stable operation of energy and chemical process equipment. During particle transportation, a liquid film may form on the wall, influencing the damage mechanism caused by particle effect. This study investigates the effects of liquid film parameters, specifically viscosity and thickness, on wall damage. Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) solution was applied as a liquid film, and the effect of the liquid film's viscosity and thickness was examined through impact damage experiments using a particle (45 steel) and a wall (1060 aluminum alloy) with the liquid film. Results indicate that the presence of a liquid film can inhibit wall damage. Increased liquid film viscosity and thickness reduce wall damage, but they affect the turning points of damage characteristic parameters differently concerning impact angle and velocity. Finally, the study establishes correlation between dry and wet impact by introducing the effect coefficient of liquid film. This reveals the alteration rules of the influence coefficient and proposes a wet impact damage model, providing a reference for the damage prediction in process equipment.

Novel lattice Boltzmann method for simulation of strongly shear thinning viscoelastic fluids

AbstractThe simulation of viscoelastic liquids using the Lattice–Boltzmann method (LBM) in full three dimensions remains a formidable numerical challenge. In particular the simulation of strongly shear‐thinning fluids, where the ratio between the high‐shear and low‐shear viscosities is large, is often prevented by stability problems. Here we present a novel approach to overcome this issue. The central idea is to artificially increase the solvent viscosity which allows the method to benefit from the very good stability properties of the LBM. To compensate for this additional viscous stress, the polymer stress is reduced by the same amount. We apply this novel method to simulate two realistic cell carrier fluids, methyl cellulose and alginate solutions, of which the latter exhibits a viscosity ratio exceeding 10,000.

Anti-aging effect of mustard and flax seed oils based nanoemulsion gel on aged rat skin through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity

Skin aging is a common issue that is linked to changes in skin physiology, hydration, and barrier function. Dietary fatty acids (FA), particularly poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), can influence skin characteristics. It is reported that a deficiency of fatty acids in the skin is associated with skin aging. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to evaluate the antiaging effect of flaxseed oil or mustard oil-based nanoemulsion gel rich in fatty acids such as omega 3 on D-galactose-induced skin aging. N-hexane was used to extract the oils of black mustard and flax seed from their seeds, and the oils' fatty acid composition was then determined. A full factorial design was created to assess the impact of three variables: oil type, oil concentration, and S:Cos ratio, on various responses: globule size, zeta potential, and emulsification time of the self-nanoemulsifying system. Additionally, the polydispersity index, transmittance percentage, refractive index, cloud point, and viscosity were also estimated. TEM of the optimized formulations revealed a spherical form of oil globules with nanosize. The values for the zeta potential ranged from -12 to -34.2 mV. The optimized formulations were incorporated into a hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose solution to form a nanoemulsion gel. Skin aging was induced using the D-galactose model, and the impact of topical skin application of the optimized formulation gels on different biomarkers such as amino acids, B5, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory mediators and histopathological examination was evaluated. The results showed a considerable improvement in the evaluated parameters of the treated groups when compared to the untreated D-galactose group. The findings suggest that the nanoemulsifying system utilizing high doses of fixed plant oils could serve as a promising vehicle for enhancing skin rejuvenation. Flaxseed oil formulation showed greater potential compared to mustard oil formulation as skin antiaging.

Scorpiones, Scolopendra and Gekko Inhibit Lung Cancer Growth and Metastasis by Ameliorating Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment via PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α Signaling Pathway.

To investigate whether Buthus martensii karsch (Scorpiones), Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch (Scolopendra) and Gekko gecko Linnaeus (Gekko) could ameliorate the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and inhibit lung cancer growth and metastasis by regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α) signaling pathway. Male C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with luciferase labeled LL/2-luc-M38 cell suspension to develop lung cancer models, with rapamycin and cyclophosphamide as positive controls. Carboxy methyl cellulose solutions of Scorpiones, Scolopendra and Gekko were administered intragastrically as 0.33, 0.33, and 0.83 g/kg, respectively once daily for 21 days. Fluorescent expression were detected every 7 days after inoculation, and tumor growth curves were plotted. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine CD31 and HIF-1α expressions in tumor tissue and microvessel density (MVD) was analyzed. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway-related proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect serum basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mice. Scorpiones, Scolopendra and Gekko prolonged the survival time and inhibited lung cancer metastasis and expression of HIF-1α (all P<0.01). Moreover, Scorpiones, Scolopendra and Gekko inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In addition, they also decreased the expression of CD31, MVD, bFGF, TGF-β1 and VEGF compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Scorpiones, Scolopendra and Gekko all showed beneficial effects on lung cancer by ameliorating the hypoxic tumor microenvironment via PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

Sol-Gel Transition of a Thermo-Responsive Polymer at the Closest Solid Interface.

Thermo-responsive polymers are applied as surface modifications for the temperature switching of hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties through adsorption and grafting on solid substrates. The current understanding of the influence of polymer chains bound to the solid surface on the transition behavior of thermo-responsive polymers is rather restricted. In this study, we aim to elucidate the effect of the bound polymer chains at the interface on the thermo-responsive sol-gel transition behavior of aqueous methylcellulose (MC) solutions by employing a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to evaluate the shear modulus near the solid interface. When the sample thickness was thinner on the order of the millimeter scale, the sol-gel transition temperature evaluated by the cloud point decreased because the condensation of MC near the solid interface promoted the sol-gel transition. On the other hand, focusing on the closest solid interface on the nanometer scale by QCM, the sol-gel transition temperature increased when approaching the solid interface. Adsorption and interfacial interactions reduced the chain mobility and restrained the sol-gel transition by preventing MC chain aggregation. We demonstrated the physical properties evaluation at the closest interface between the thermo-responsive polymer and solid substrate by combining a simple analytical model of QCM and controlling the analytical depth of the QCM sensors. In conclusion, the mobility change of the bound polymer chains at the solid interface caused by adsorption and interfacial interactions must be considered when a thermo-responsive polymer is applied as in adsorbed or thin films on solid substrates for the functionalization of biomaterials.

Rapeseed oleogels based on monoacylglycerols and methylcellulose hybrid oleogelators: Physicochemical and rheological properties

In this study, we investigated the combined impact of monoacylglycerol (MAGs) and methylcellulose (MC) on the production of hybrid oleogels. Since cellulose derivatives are inherently hydrophilic substances, they require dissolution in oil through an emulsion-coating method. Therefore, we developed a hybrid oleogel utilizing MAGs and MC. Initially, a hybrid oleogelator was created by blending an aqueous MC solution into fully melted MAGs to form MC in water-in-MAGs emulsions with varying MC/MAG ratios, followed by drying. Subsequently, the resulting oleogelator was mixed with rapeseed oil to produce oleogels, and their properties were compared with oleogels produced solely with MAG oleogelator. The findings indicated that the obtained oleogelator did not significantly impact the oxidation of the oleogels. Additionally, there was no notable difference observed in the induction period of crystallization and the crystallization rate of the oleogels. Microscopic images revealed that the hybrid oleogel structured with a 30:70 ratio of MAGs and MC contained the lowest liquid phase percentage. In terms of rheological assessment, the hybrid oleogels exhibited solid-like behavior, consistent with polarized light microscopy (PLM) images. Furthermore, based on the three-interval thixotropic test (3-ITT), the hybrid oleogels displayed higher recovery compared to the control sample.

Oropharyngeal swallowing hydrodynamics of thin and mildly thick liquids in an anatomically accurate throat-epiglottis model

Understanding the mechanisms underlying dysphagia is crucial in devising effective, etiology-centered interventions. However, current clinical assessment and treatment of dysphagia are still more symptom-focused due to our limited understanding of the sophisticated symptom-etiology associations causing swallowing disorders. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms giving rise to penetration flows into the laryngeal vestibule that results in aspirations with varying symptoms. Methods: Anatomically accurate, transparent throat models were prepared with a 45° down flapped epiglottis to simulate the instant of laryngeal closure during swallowing. Fluid bolus dynamics were visualized with fluorescent dye from lateral, rear, front, and endoscopic directions to capture key hydrodynamic features leading to aspiration. Three influencing factors, fluid consistency, liquid dispensing site, and dispensing speed, were systemically evaluated on their roles in liquid aspirations. Results: Three aspiration mechanisms were identified, with liquid bolus entering the airway through (a) the interarytenoid notch (notch overflow), (b) cuneiform tubercle recesses (recess overflow), and (c) off-edge flow underneath the epiglottis (off-edge capillary flow). Of the three factors considered, liquid viscosity has the most significant impact on aspiration rate, followed by the liquid dispensing site and the dispensing speed. Water had one order of magnitude higher aspiration risks than 1% w/v methyl cellulose solution, a mildly thick liquid. Anterior dispensing had higher chances for aspiration than posterior oropharyngeal dispensing for both liquids and dispensing speeds considered. The effects of dispending speed varied. A lower speed increased aspiration for anterior-dispensed liquids due to increased off-edge capillary flows, while it significantly reduced aspiration for posterior-dispensed liquids due to reduced notch overflows. Visualizing swallowing hydrodynamics from multiple orientations facilitates detailed site-specific inspections of aspiration mechanisms.

Liquid Dynamics in the Upper Respiratory–Digestive System with Contracting Pharynx Motions and Varying Epiglottis Angles

Swallowing disorders, or dysphagia, can lead to bolus aspiration in the airway, causing serious adverse health effects. Current clinical interventions for dysphagia are mainly empirical and often based on symptoms rather than etiology, of which a thorough understanding is still lacking. However, it is challenging to study the swallowing process that involves sequential structural motions and is inaccessible to standard visualization instruments. This study proposed an in vitro method to visualize swallowing hydrodynamics and identify the fundamental mechanisms underlying overflow aspirations. An anatomically accurate pharynx–epiglottis model was developed from patient-specific CT images of 623 µm isotropic resolution. A compliant half-pharynx cast was prepared to incorporate dynamic structures and visualize the flow dynamics in the mid-sagittal plane. Three locations of frequent overflow aspiration were identified: the epiglottis base, cuneiform tubular recesses, and the interarytenoid notch. Water had a consistently higher aspiration risk than a 1% w/v methylcellulose (MC) solution. The contracting–relaxing pharynx and flapping epiglottis spread the liquid film, causing a delayed esophageal entry and increased vallecular residual, which was more pronounced with the MC solution. Dispensing the liquid too slowly resulted in water aspiration, whereas this was not observed with the MC solution. An incomplete epiglottis inversion, such as horizontal or down-tilt 45°, aggravated the aspiration risks of water. This study suggests that it is practical to use anatomically accurate respiratory–digestive models to study the swallowing process by incorporating varying physiological details.

Quercetin decreases fructose drinking in model of fructose-induced insulin resistance. Unexpected uric acid and TBARS lowering effect of methyl cellulose vehicle and fructose combination.

The aim of this study was to improve insulin sensitivity in fructose-treated animals by ingestion of flavonoid quercetin. Several signs of insulin resistance have been developed in rats by drinking 10% fructose solution for 9 weeks. The effect of 6-week-gavage-administrated quercetin (20 mg/kg/day in 1% methyl cellulose solution) was monitored. Rats of the control groups received methyl cellulose vehicle as well. The most striking result of the quercetin treatment was the normalization of the fructose solution drinking to the level of drinking water intake. In addition, quercetin supplementation considerably decreased the plasma glucose and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index in rats consuming fructose. Surprisingly, fructose ingestion did not elevate plasma uric acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, nitrotyrosine, or advanced glycation end products fluorescence. Instead, a reduction of the above parameters was observed. In summary, these results indicate that quercetin supplementation reduces fructose drinking and decreases plasma glucose and the HOMA-IR index. Furthermore, methyl cellulose, in combination with fructose, causes uric acid - lowering, antioxidant and anti-glycation effects. Thus, methyl cellulose possibly shifts fructose metabolism in favor of the utilization of antioxidant features of fructose. Our results call for using methyl cellulose in sweetened beverages and other sweetened food.

Impact of Thermo-Responsive N-Acetylcysteine Hydrogel on Dermal Wound Healing and Oral Ulcer Regeneration.

This study investigates the efficacy of a thermo-responsive N-acetylcysteine (NAC) hydrogel on wound healing and oral ulcer recovery. Formulated by combining NAC with methylcellulose, the hydrogel's properties were assessed for temperature-induced gelation and cell viability using human fibroblast cells. In vivo experiments on Sprague Dawley rats compared the hydrogel's effects against saline, NAC solution, and a commercial NAC product. Results show that a 5% NAC and 1% methylcellulose solution exhibited optimal outcomes. While modest improvements in wound healing were observed, significant enhancements were noted in oral ulcer recovery, with histological analyses indicating fully regenerated mucosal tissue. The study concludes that modifying viscosity enhances NAC retention, facilitating tissue regeneration. These findings support previous research on the beneficial effects of antioxidant application on damaged tissues, suggesting the potential of NAC hydrogels in improving wound care and oral ulcer treatment.

Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Histology for the Analysis of Budding Intestinal Organoids.

Three-dimensional (3D) organoids have been at the forefront of regenerative medicine and cancer biology fields for the past decade. However, the fragile nature of organoids makes their spatial analysis challenging due to their budding structures and composition of single layer of cells. The standard sample preparation approaches can collapse the organoid morphology. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated several approaches to optimize a method compatible with both mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and immunohistological techniques. Murine intestinal organoids were used to evaluate embedding in gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-gelatin-CMC-sucrose, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions. Organoids were assessed with and without aldehyde fixation and analyzed for lipid distributions by MSI coupled with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunofluorescence (IF) in consecutive sections from the same sample. While chemical fixation preserves morphology for better histological outcomes, it can lead to suppression of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) lipid signal. By contrast, leaving organoid samples unfixed enhanced MALDI lipid signal. The method that performed best for both MALDI and histological analysis was embedding unfixed samples in HPMC and PVP. This approach allowed assessment of cell proliferation by Ki67 while also identifying putative phosphatidylethanolamine (PE(18:0/18:1)), which was confirmed further by tandem MS approaches. Overall, these protocols will be amenable to multiplexing imaging mass spectrometry analysis with several histological assessments and help advance our understanding of the biological processes that take place in district subsets of cells in budding organoid structures.

Effects of Dipentaerythritol and Cellulose as Additives on the Morphology of Pentaerythritol Crystals

The crystal habit of pentaerythritol (PE) crystals is usually rod-shaped, which may lead to low bulk density and bad flowability compared with low aspect ratio crystals. In this study, dipentaerythritol (DPE), methylcellulose (MC), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were selected as additives to modify the morphology of PE crystals. In the presence of DPE, the bulk density of PE crystals was improved, and the aspect ratio was decreased. The modified attachment energy (AE) model was conducted to analyze changes in PE crystal habits in the presence of DPE, which characterizes the intensity of the interaction between DPE molecules and PE crystal faces. Spherical pentaerythritol crystals can be successfully prepared by adding MC and HPMC solution, and the formation mechanism can be divided into five steps.

Ionic liquids based on carboxylate anions: Auto and hetero assembly with methylcellulose in diluted and semi-diluted regime

This study explores the impact of carboxylate ionic liquids (ILs) on the phase transition properties of methylcellulose (MC) in the diluted and semi-diluted regime. Conductivity measurements were used to examine the aggregation of ILs 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium butanoate ([C10MIM][BUT]), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium crotonate ([C10MIM][CRO]), and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium pentanoate ([C10MIM][PEN]) in the presence and absence of MC. The interaction between ILs and MC was confirmed using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The effect of ILs on the phase transition of MC was investigated through UV–vis spectroscopy and oscillatory rheometry. Results indicated that the carboxylate ILs studied tend to interact with MC, reducing polymer-polymer interactions and the apparent viscosity of MC solutions. Furthermore, carboxylate ILs were observed to modulate the sol-gel transition temperature of MC to higher temperatures, while weakening the resulting gel compared to pure MC gels.

Estimation of the performance of different pumps using non-Newtonian fluids in various operating conditions with artificial neural network

The performance of three centrifugal pumps designed to operate at a rotational speed of 151.84 rad/s and flow rates of 1, 25, and 45 kg/s is being investigated for both water and non-Newtonian fluids at various rotational speeds and flow rates. The analyses are being conducted experimentally and numerically within the flow rate range of 0.25–55 kg/s and rotational speed values between 52.36 and 151.84 rad/s. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANN) trained using experimental pump performance data are being tested with experimental and numerical values obtained at a new rotational speed of 130.9 rad/s. The non-Newtonian fluids being tested include CMC 0.2% and CMC 0.4%, comprising carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) solution and water. The results indicate that the pump's performance when handling non-Newtonian fluids is significantly influenced by the pump's geometry, rotational speed, and flow rate. In design parameters, the head obtained with 0.2% CMC for pump 1 is 3.3% greater than that in water. For pump 2, the highest head is in water according to design parameters. Pump 3 exhibits the highest head at a CMC of 0.4 in design parameters, and this value is 0.81% higher than the value with water. Experimental and numerical results demonstrate good agreement, especially in design parameters. The head obtained from numerical analyses with the RNG k–ε turbulence model for pumps 1, 2, and 3 at design parameters is 3, 10, and 9.83 m, respectively. The corresponding experimental heads are 3, 10, and 9.84 m, respectively. However, discrepancies between these results increase with higher flow rates and the use of non-Newtonian fluids. The compatibility of ANN results with experimental results is better than with numerical results, particularly at higher flow rates than the design condition. Pump performance values estimated by ANNs are 2% lower than the experimental results. This study provides comprehensive experimental data on the use of non-Newtonian fluids in different centrifugal pumps, and it also offers important guidance for future research by comparing ANN and computational fluid dynamics.

Development of an extemporaneous preparation formulation using a simple and non-solubilizing matrix for first in human clinical study

Extemporaneous preparation (EP) formulation is an attractive strategy to accelerate the formulation development of new chemical entities for first entry into human study. In this work, an EP suspension formulation for a development drug candidate GDC-6599 was successfully developed. The formulation spanned a wide concentration range from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/mL. A non-solubilizing vehicle, 0.6 % (w/v) methylcellulose solution was used to suspend GDC-6599. An aversive agent denatonium benzoate at an extremely low level (6 ppm) was applied as a taste masking agent. This enabled a simple matrix for the analysis of related substances from GDC-6599 during all stability studies. Microcrystalline cellulose at 10 mg/mL concentration was added to the EP formulation to generate a suspension appearance, leading to the success of using a single placebo for matching active formulation at all concentrations. The developed formulation demonstrated excellent homogeneity, sufficient stability and passed microbiological enumeration test. Rinsing performance test demonstrated that greater than 99.8 % amount of drug was successfully recovered by rinsing with water twice, providing guidance for clinical dosing. Biopharmaceutical assessment was conducted by both in silico simulation and in vitro tests. Greater than 90 % bioaccessibility of the EP suspension formulation was obtained via an in vitro system mimicking the human gastrointestinal absorption, consistent with the result from the in silico modeling. The developed EP formulation was successfully used to support the early single ascending dose (SAD) cohorts of GDC-6599 Phase I clinical study. The formulation matrix and assessment workflow developed in this work are generalizable as a platform for EP formulation development of new chemical entities for early phase clinical studies.

High-throughput viscoelastic characterization of cells in hyperbolic microchannels.

Extensive research has demonstrated the potential of cell viscoelastic properties as intrinsic indicators of cell state, functionality, and disease. For this, several microfluidic techniques have been developed to measure cell viscoelasticity with high-throughput. However, current microchannel designs introduce complex stress distributions on cells, leading to inaccuracies in determining the stress-strain relationship and, consequently, the viscoelastic properties. Here, we introduce a novel approach using hyperbolic microchannels that enable precise measurements under a constant extensional stress and offer a straightforward stress-strain relationship, while operating at a measurement rate of up to 100 cells per second. We quantified the stresses acting in the channels using mechanical calibration particles made from polyacrylamide (PAAm) and found that the measurement buffer, a solution of methyl cellulose and phosphate buffered saline, shows strain-thickening following a power law up to 200 s-1. By measuring oil droplets with varying viscosities, we successfully detected changes in the relaxation times of the droplets and our approach could be used to get the interfacial tension and viscosity of liquid-liquid droplet systems from the same measurement. We further applied this methodology to PAAm microgel beads, demonstrating the accurate recovery of Young's moduli and the near-ideal elastic behavior of the beads. To explore the influence of altered cell viscoelasticity, we treated HL60 human leukemia cells with latrunculin B and nocodazole, resulting in clear changes in cell stiffness while relaxation times were only minimally affected. In conclusion, our approach offers a streamlined and time-efficient solution for assessing the viscoelastic properties of large cell populations and other microscale soft particles.

Agaricus Subrufescens ameliorates ovarian dysfunction and regulates altered biochemical parameters in rats with Letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to investigate the effects of an ethanolic extract derived from Agaricus subrufescens on rat models exhibiting Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) induced by Letrozole.MethodsA total of thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups, each consisting of six rats. The negative control group was administered a volume of 1 mL of a 0.5% solution of carboxy methylcellulose (CMC). Letrozole (1 mg/kg) was administered to additional groups for a duration of 21 days in order to induce polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Animals designated as positive controls were euthanized on the 22nd day. Both the test group and the standard group were subjected to treatment from the 22nd day to the 36th day. The experimental group was administered ethanolic extract of Agaricus subrufescens at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg p.o, while the control group received clomiphene citrate at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The study observed various physiological markers in individuals with polycystic ovarian disease, including estimated blood glucose levels, total cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and hormonal fluctuations such as increased testosterone and estrogen levels, as well as decreased progesterone levels. The presence of menstrual irregularities was confirmed through the examination of vaginal smears and histopathological changes in the ovaries.ResultsThe consumption of Agaricus subrufescens was found to have a significant impact on various physiological parameters, including blood glucose levels, testosterone levels, anovulation, and menstrual irregularity. All therapeutic interventions significantly normalized the levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that were induced by Letrozole exhibited increased levels of urea and creatinine. The findings of this study indicate that the administration of Agaricus subrufescens therapy has a protective effect on renal function, as evidenced by a reduction in serum levels of urea and creatinine. In rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced by Letrozole, the inhibition of hepatic synthesis, promotion of ovarian follicle immaturity, and elevation of androgen secretions result in an increase in the weight of the liver and ovaries. The weight of endocrine organs exhibited a decrease across all treatment groups. The histopathological examination of PCOS specimens revealed an increased presence of cysts and theca lutein cells. The group of rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that did not receive treatment exhibited a higher number of cysts compared to the groups that received treatment.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the administration of Letrozole orally resulted in the development of polycystic ovarian disease. The results indicated heightened levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, as well as alterations in hormone levels such as increased testosterone and estrogen, and decreased progesterone. These hormonal changes were accompanied by menstrual irregularities, which were confirmed through the examination of vaginal smears and histopathological analysis of the ovaries in the control group with polycystic ovarian disease. The treatment groups that received Agaricus subrufescens exhibited a decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and testosterone levels.

Экспериментальное обоснование использования 1% раствора гидроксипропилметилцеллюлозы для защиты эндотелия заднего послойного трансплантата роговицы при его выкраивании низкоэнергетическим фемтосекундным лазером по инвертированной методике

Purpose. To evaluate experimentally endothelial cell loss of animal's cornea during inverted posterior lamellar corneal graft preparation technique by low-energy femtosecond laser with and without ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) – 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) solution application. Material and methods. Posterior lamellar corneal grafts were created using a femtosecond laser (FSL). In the control group (n=16), a few drops of corneal storage solution were applied to the endothelium just before applanation, in the experimental group (n=16) – 1% HPMС. The quality of the applanation were monitored using an integrated in laser OCT system. The endothelial viability was determined using live/dead cells assay and the grafts were examined on a confocal laser scanning microscope. The obtained images were analyzed to count live and dead endothelial cells (EC). To assess the state of collagen fibers of the stromal side of the graft, samples from the control and experimental groups were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results. According to the OCT, in all samples of both groups, a flat profile of the contact zone between the laser head and the endothelial monolayer was observed during applanation. The difference between the number of live and dead ECs was statistically significant between both groups. There were 2854 [2819; 2879] live cells/mm² in the control group, and 3477 [3426; 3719] live cells/mm² in the experimental group (p&lt;0.001). Thus, the number of dead ECs in the control group was 710 [649; 728] cells/mm² . The number of dead ECs in the experimental group was 402 [366; 427] cells/mm² (p&lt;0.001). When analyzing the images obtained on a SEM, the preservation of the architectonics of the graft collagen fibers with their single defibrations in both groups was observed. Conclusion. Application of 1% HPMC provides protection for endothelial cells from damage during posterior laser dissection using an FSL. In the study group, the number of endothelial cells was 9.92% higher than in the control group. The presence of the OVD layer in the interface between the head of the FSL and the EC did not affect the formation of an effective laser cut and did not reduce the quality of the stromal surface of the graft. The inverted technique FSL cut using a 1% solution of HPMC on the surface of the endothelium may be recommended for use in clinical practice. Key words: endothelium, keratocytes, corneal transplantation, keratoplasty, posterior lamellar keratoplasty, femtosecond laser, ophthalmic viscosurgical device, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy

Study on development and tissue permeation of different formulations of Fasudil.

The study is intended to formulate Fasudil loaded vesicular system for application in the management of angina. Fasudil was made into a complex with phospholipid, and other different formulations were made, including Fasudil solution, liposomal form, and Fasudil loaded into the gel. A drug characterization study was conducted and noted. Drug release was quantified and analyzed and, finally, inoculated in Sprague-Dawley rats. These rats underwent anginal induction, and each formulation's effect on angina was evaluated. Drug solution (F-Phos) and F-Phos-Lipo (liposomal dispersion form of the drug) have shown that more than half percent of them have been released within 1.5 hours, and the rapid release occurred from liposomal dispersion in the first hour. The study determined the viscosity of the different formulations, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the theoretical sum of the viscosity of each formulation. The study found that the F-Phos-Lipo+P-407HMS formulation is the most effective as its application has the minimum infarct area percentage compared to the other formulations and can also reduce creatine kinase levels significantly as compared to the different formulations (p<0.05). The study concluded that the typical gel formulation (liposomal Fasudil dispersed in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution, which is added to blank poloxamer 407) had been shown to have significantly anti-anginal properties, including easy administration, its application on the infarct area percentage and subsequently its pharmacological effect on the cardiac tissue.

HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES OF METHYLCELLULOSE: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES

"Stabilized silver nanoparticles were obtained in the presence of a reducing agent – NaBH4 and a stabilizer – methylcellulose, at 40 °C and pH = 5.35-11. The stabilizing role of the polymer is shown, as it prevents the oxidation and agglomeration of nanoparticles. It was found that the synthesis pH is an important factor in the formation of stable nanoparticles, which contributes to the regulation of their hydrodynamic radius. The results of UV spectroscopy established that the synthesized samples of silver nanoparticles achieve aggregative stability within 96 hours. Solutions and films of hybrid nanocomposites were comprehensively investigated by spectral, XRD and thermal studies. The diffractogram of silver NPs, corresponding to JCPDS No. 04-0783, was confirmed by the XRD method. In the studied pH range, the hydrodynamic radius and distribution of Ag NPs in methylcellulose solutions had a polymodal character, and an increase in pH to 9–11 led to an increase in particle aggregation. It was found that stabilized silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against microorganisms – Streptococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus mitis and Proteus vulgaris, with the formation of an inhibitory zone in the range of 15.0±0.2÷20.0±0.4 mm. The synthesized samples are of applied interest in the development of antibacterial drug systems."