Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium Assay Research Articles

Inhibition of EGFR attenuates EGF-induced activation of retinal pigment epithelium cell via EGFR/AKT signaling pathway

AIM: To explore the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition by erlotinib and EGFR siRNA on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced activation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. METHODS: Human RPE cell line (ARPE-19 cells) was activated by 100 ng/mL EGF. Erlotinib and EGFR siRNA were used to intervene EGF treatment. Cellular viability, proliferation, and migration were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) staining assay and wound healing assay, respectively. EGFR/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway proteins and N-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and vimentin were tested by Western blot assay. EGFR was also determined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: EGF treatment for 24h induced a significant increase of ARPE-19 cells’ viability, proliferation and migration, phosphorylation of EGFR/AKT proteins, and decreased total EGFR expression. Erlotinib suppressed ARPE-19 cells’ viability, proliferation and migration through down regulating total EGFR and AKT protein expressions. Erlotinib also inhibited EGF-induced an increase of proliferative and migrative ability in ARPE-19 cells and clearly suppressed EGF-induced EGFR/AKT proteins phosphorylation and decreased expression of N-cadherin, α-SMA, and vimentin proteins. Similarly, EGFR inhibition by EGFR siRNA significantly affected EGF-induced an increase of cell proliferation, viability, and migration, phosphorylation of EGFR/AKT proteins, and up-regulation of N-cadherin, α-SMA, and vimentin proteins. CONCLUSION: Erlotinib and EGFR-knockdown suppress EGF-induced cell viability, proliferation, and migration via EGFR/AKT pathway in RPE cells. EGFR inhibition may be a possible therapeutic approach for proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).

GC/MS-Based Metabolomic Analysis of A549 Cells Exposed to Emerging Organophosphate Flame Retardants

Emerging organophosphate flame retardants (eOPFRs) have attracted attention in recent times and are expected to gain extensive usage in the coming years. However, they may have adverse effects on organisms. Due to their novel nature, there are few relevant articles dealing with toxicological studies of the above eOPFRs, especially their information on the perturbation of cellular metabolism, which is, thus far, marginally understood. Our research initially assessed the cytotoxicity of eOPFRs, which include compounds like cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), triallyl phosphate (TAP), and pentaerythritol phosphate alcohol (PEPA). This evaluation was conducted using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Subsequently, we utilized a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based metabolomic approach to investigate the metabolic disruptions induced by these four eOPFRs in A549 cells. The MTT results showed that, at high concentrations of 1 mM, their cytotoxicity was ranked as CDP > TAP > RDP > PEPA. In addition, metabolic studies at low concentrations of 10 μM showed that the metabolic interference of CDP, TAP, and PEPA focuses on oxidative stress, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism, while RDP mainly affects energy metabolism—galactose metabolism and gluconeogenesis. Therefore, from the perspective of cytotoxicity and metabolic analysis, RDP may be a more promising alternative. Our experiments provide important insights into the possible metabolic effects of potential toxic substances and complement the evidence on the human health risks of eOPFRs.

AEBP1 upregulation contributes to cervical cancer progression by facilitating cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

Aberrant expression of adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 (AEBP1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of numerous cancers. This study was aimed to investigate the mechanism of AEBP1 in the development of cervical cancer. The expression of AEBP1 in cervical cancer was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The function of AEBP1 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, colony formation, and transwell assay. The activation of related signaling pathway was determined by western blot. The bioinformatics analysis was performed by Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Higher protein expression of AEBP1 was observed in patients with cervical cancer. Overexpressed AEBP1 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, the research manifested that AEBP1 activated the phosphorylation of STAT3. GO and KEGG analysis showed that genes positively related to AEBP1 were highly enriched in functions like epithelial cell proliferation, muscle cell migration, myoblast migration, smooth muscle tissue development, ECM-receptor interaction, transcriptional misregulation in cancer, and proteoglycans in cancer. While genes negatively related to AEBP1 were associated with immunity, including inflammatory response, external-stimulus response, neutrophil, granulocyte, and macrophage chemotaxis. This study suggested that AEBP1 acts as an oncogened and might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cervical cancer.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 promotes the biofunctions of perivascular preadipocytes mediated by Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway.

The influence of SGLT-1 on perivascular preadipocytes (PVPACs) and vascular remodeling is not well understood. This study aimed to elucidate the role and mechanism of SGLT-1-mediated PVPACs bioactivity. PVPACs were cultured in vitro and applied ex vivo to the carotid arteries of mice using a lentivirus-based thermosensitive in situ gel (TISG). The groups were treated with Lv-SGLT1 (lentiviral vector, overexpression), Lv-siSGLT1 (RNA interference, knockdown), or specific signaling pathway inhibitors. Assays were conducted to assess changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, glucose uptake, adipogenic differentiation, and vascular remodeling in the PVPACs. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and/or immunohistochemistry. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and Hoechst 33342 staining indicated that SGLT-1 overexpression significantly promoted PVPACs proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in vitro. Conversely, SGLT-1 knockdown exerted the opposite effect. Oil Red O staining revealed that SGLT-1 overexpression facilitated adipogenic differentiation, while its inhibition mitigated these effects. 3H-labeled glucose uptake experiments demonstrated that SGLT-1 overexpression enhanced glucose uptake by PVPACs, whereas RNA interference-mediated SGLT-1 inhibition had no significant effect on glucose uptake. Moreover, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that SGLT-1 overexpression upregulated FABP4 and VEGF-A levels and activated the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway, whereas SGLT-1 knockdown produced the opposite effects. In vivo studies corroborated these findings and indicated that SGLT-1 overexpression facilitated carotid artery remodeling. Our study demonstrates that SGLT-1 activation of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway promotes PVPACs proliferation, adipogenesis, glucose uptake, glucolipid metabolism, and vascular remodeling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY SGLT-1 is expressed in PVPACs and can affect preadipocyte glucolipid metabolism and vascular remodeling. SGLT-1 promotes the biofunctions of PVPACs mediated by Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. Compared with caudal vein or intraperitoneal injection, the external application of lentivirus-based thermal gel around the carotid artery is an innovative attempt at vascular remodeling model, it may effectively avoid the transfection of lentiviral vector into the whole body of mice and the adverse effect on experimental results.

SCUBE1 Promotes Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Bioinformatics and Experimental Investigation.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases in pregnant women, posing significant risks to the life and health of both mothers and fetuses. With improving living standards, the incidence of GDM is increasing rapidly. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanism of GDM is of paramount importance. We downloaded two datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, containing sequencing data specifically related to "gestational diabetes" and "placenta". By merging these two datasets, a mRNA expression dataset was obtained and subjected to bioinformatics analyses. To screen out corresponding genes, differential analysis and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were carried out. Lasso, support vector machine and random forest analyses were subsequently performed for identifying key genes from the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) jointly screened out through differential analysis and WGCNA. Afterwards, immunoinfiltration and correlation analysis were performed to screen immune cells that play a role in disease progression and explore the correlation between the screened key genes and immune cells, after which Western Blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Immunohistochemistry, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, flow cytometry, scratch and Transwell assays were, respectively, performed for verification. For further verification, we found that the expression levels of MAP6D1 and SCUBE1 in embryonic tissues of GDM patients was higher compared to those of healthy pregnant women, which was consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. Consequently, SCUBE1 was selected for follow-up experiment. In order to explore the role of SCUBE1 in the development of GDM, we treated the trophoblastic cells HTR-8/SVneo with high glucose, and on this basis downregulated the expression of SCUBE1. Through further analysis, we observed that SCUBE1 had a role in reducing cell activity, migration and invasion, and promoting cell apoptosis. In summary, SCUBE1 promotes the development of GDM by increasing cell apoptosis and reducing cell activity, migration, and invasion.

Effect of Low-Level Diode Laser and Red Light-Emitting Diode on Survival and Osteogenic/Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells.

Background: This investigation set out to compare the impacts of low-level diode laser (LLDL) and red light-emitting diode (LED) on the survival of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation. Methods and materials: In this ex vivo experimental study, the experimental groups underwent the irradiation of LLDL (4 J/cm2 energy density) and red LED in the osteogenic medium. Survival of hDPSCs was assessed after 24 and 48 h (n = 9) using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The assessment of osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation was conducted using alizarin red staining (ARS; three repetitions). The investigation of osteogenic and odontogenic gene expression was performed at two time points, specifically 24 and 48 h (n = 12). This analysis was performed utilizing real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The groups were compared at each time point using SPSS version 24. To analyze the data, the Mann-Whitney U test, analysis of variance, Tukey's test, and t-test were utilized. Results: The MTT assay showed that LLDL significantly decreased the survival of hDPSCs after 48 h, compared with other groups (p < 0.05). The qualitative results of ARS revealed that LLDL and red LED increased the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. LLDL and red LED both upregulated the expression of osteogenic/odontogenic genes, including bone sialoprotein (BSP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), in hDPSCs. The LLDL group exhibited a higher level of gene upregulation (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The cell survival of hDPSCs was reduced, despite an increase in osteogenic/odontogenic activity. Clinical relevance: Introduction of noninvasive methods in regenerative endodontic treatments.

Effect of simultaneous and sequential use of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 with FGF-2 on teno/ligamentogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells

ObjectiveThe periodontal ligament is a crucial part of the periodontium, and its regeneration is challenging. This study compares the effect of simultaneous and sequential use of FGF-2 and TGF-β1 with FGF-2 and TGF-β3 on the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) teno/ligamentogenic differentiation. DesignThis study comprises ten different groups. A control group with only PDLSCs; FGF-2 group containing PDLSCs with a medium culture supplemented with FGF-2 (50 ng/mL). In other experimental groups, different concentrations (5 ng/mL or 10 ng/mL) of TGF-β1&-β3 simultaneously or sequentially were combined with FGF-2 on the cultured PDLSCs. TGF-β was added to the medium after day 3 in the sequential groups. Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay on days 3, 5, and 7 and Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis after day 7 were conducted to investigate PLAP1, SCX, and COL3A1, RUNX2 genes. All experiments were conducted in a triplicate. The One-way and Two-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc were utilized to analyze the results of the MTT and RT-qPCR tests, respectively. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered significant. ResultsThe proliferation of cells on days 3, 5, and 7 was not significantly different among different experimental groups (P > 0.05). A higher expression of the PLAP1, SCX, and COL3A1 have been seen in groups with sequential use of growth factors; among these groups, the group using 5 ng/mL of TGF-β3 led other groups with the most amount of significant upregulation in PLAP1(17.69 ± 1.11 fold; P < 0.0001), SCX (5.71 ± 0.38 fold; P < 0.0001), and COL1A3 (6.35 ± 0.39 fold; P < 0.0001) expression, compared to the control group. The expression of the RUNX2 decreased in all groups compared to the control group; this reduction was more in groups with sequential use of growth factors. ConclusionThe sequential use of growth factors can be more effective than simultaneous use in teno/ligamentogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Moreover, treatment with 5 ng/mL TGF-β3 after FGF-2 was more effective than TGF-β1.

Protective effect of crocin on peroxidation-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells.

The antioxidant properties of crocin are attracting interest, yet the underlying mechanisms by which crocin mitigates oxidative stress-induced intestinal damage have not been determined. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of crocin on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and intestinal epithelial injury in intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Using an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model in IPEC-J2 cells, crocin was added to assess its effects. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assays and flow cytometry. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were quantified. We investigated, in which cell oxidation and apoptosis were measured at the gene and protein levels and employed transcriptome analysis to probe the mechanism of action and validate relevant pathways. The results showed that crocin ameliorates H2O2-induced oxidative stress by reducing ROS and MDA levels and by countering the reductions in CAT, total antioxidant capacity, and SOD. Crocin also attenuates the upregulation of key targets in the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, it effectively mitigated IPEC-J2 cell apoptosis caused by oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in cell cycle factor expression, apoptosis rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis pathway activity. In addition, crocin preserves the integrity of the intestinal barrier by protecting tight junction proteins against oxidative stress. Transcriptome sequencing analysis suggested that the mitochondrial pathway may be a crucial mechanism through which crocin exerts its protective effects. In summary, crocin decreases oxidative stress molecule formation, inhibits Nrf2 pathway activity, prevents apoptosis-induced damage, enhances oxidative stress resistance in IPEC-J2 cells, and maintains redox balance in the pig intestine.

Yunvjian decoction mitigates hyperglycemia in rats induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin via reducing oxidative stress in pancreatic beta cells

Ethnopharmacological relevanceYunvjian (YNJ), a traditional Chinese herbal formula first reported in Jing Yue Quan Shu, is commonly used in the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the mechanism by which YNJ affects T2DM remains unclear. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to assess the therapeutic effects of YNJ on T2DM and explore the potential mechanism involved. Materials and methodsHigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify the chemical compounds of YNJ. The anti-T2DM effects of YNJ were observed in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin induced rat model. The type 2 diabetic rats were prepared as follows: rats were fed a high-fat diet for four weeks and then intraperitoneally injected with a low dose (30 mg/kg) of streptozotocin. YNJ and the positive control metformin were used in these experiments. Biochemical assays were implemented to determine the fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, serum lipid levels, and oxidative stress index of the pancreas. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess histopathological alterations in the pancreas. The mechanism by which YNJ affects T2DM was evaluated in INS-1 cells treated with glucose and high sodium palmitate. YNJ-supplemented serum was used in these experiments. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Nile red staining, flow cytometric analysis, and Western blotting were used to assess apoptosis, insulin secretion, lipid accumulation, reactive oxygen species production, and protein levels. ResultsFive major compounds were identified in YNJ. In high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, YNJ-M notably decreased fasting blood glucose and lipid levels; ameliorated glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and islet morphology; reduced Malondialdehyde levels; and restored superoxide dismutase activity in the pancreatic islets. Furthermore, the effect of YNJ-M was significantly greater than that of YNJ-L, and YNJ-H had little effect on diabetic rats. In vitro experiments revealed that YNJ-supplemented serum (10%, 15%, and 20%) dramatically suppressed apoptosis, mitigated intracellular lipid accumulation and reduced intracellular oxidative stress levels in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, YNJ-supplemented serum increased the protein expression of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Heme oxygenase-1, and superoxide dismutase 1 and inhibited the protein expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1. ConclusionYNJ ameliorates high-fat diet/streptozotocin induced experimental T2DM. The underlying mechanism involves reducing oxidative stress in pancreatic beta cells. The findings of this study provide scientific justification for the application of the traditional medicine YNJ in treating T2DM.

Ecofriendly and scalable production of bioglass using an organic calcium source enhanced bioactivity for tissue repair

The eco-friendly and scalable production of bioglass remains a challenging but attractive strategy for advancing its widespread biomedical applications. Although the sol–gel method has been considered a valuable approach for bioglass production, the application of calcium nitrate as a calcium source markedly limits its industrialization owing to environmental pollution, high administration costs, and numerous calcium-rich regions in the as-prepared bioglass. Therefore, organic Ca has been proposed as an alternative to inorganic Ca. In the current study, bioglass was successfully prepared using a novel calcium source (calcium glycerol) and was named regeneration silicon (RegeSi). The biocompatibity of bioglass was examined by performing the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay using L929 fibroblasts. The biological and tissue repair properties of RegeSi were better than those of bioglass prepared with calcium nitrate using the sol–gel or traditional melting methods. The applicability of RegeSi was validated using suitable wound healing and dental restoration models. Notably, RegeSi ensured closure of a deep wound (1.6 cm diameter, 2 mm depth) within 11 d. Moreover, RegeSi facilitated tooth repair with a blocking rate of 97.1%. More importantly, large-scale production of RegeSi was achieved at low cost, high bioactivity, and using environmental technology, reaching a capacity of 100 kg/batch.

Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoflakes by Non-Thermal Plasma Technique and Evaluation of Anticancer Activity in Vitro

This paper describes the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using air microplasma jets as the main reaction medium. Various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and UV—Vis spectroscopy, were employed to confirm the characterization of the artificially synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. The absence of additional peaks associated with secondary phases of ZnO, as revealed by the XRD analysis, indicates the exceptional purity of these nanoparticles. Through the use of SEM, we examined the surface morphology and observed a substantial rate of agglomeration. The energy band gaps of ZnO nanoparticles were determined to be 3.3 electron volts (eV). The cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles were assessed using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay on breast cancer cells exposed to various doses of the nanoparticles. The Acridine-Orange/Ethidium-bromide (AO/EB) dual stain was employed to assess apoptotic cells. The data indicate that ZnO NPs can induce apoptosis, suggesting their potential as an anticancer treatment in breast cancer cell lines. The presented findings indicate that nanoscale zinc oxide particles (ZnO NPs) possess significant potential for future utilization in many biological applications. An example of such an application could be the prospective substitution for chemotherapy in the management of various forms of cancer diseases.

Association of tumour mutation burden with prognosis and its clinical significance in stage III gastric cancer

Background: To explore the correlation between the tumour mutation burden (TMB) and prognosis and its clinical significance among patients with stage III gastric cancer (GC). Methods: Patients with stage III GC were divided into a high TMB and low TMB group in both a study cohort of 38 patients and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort of 173 patients. In the study cohort, next-generation sequencing was used to detect mutated GC genes and obtain TMB data. In the TCGA cohort, gene set enrichment analysis was performed, and the relationship between TMB, prognosis and clinicopathologic factors was analysed. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression levels of both proteins and genes. Cell viability was measured using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and transwell cell assays. Results: Patients in the high TMB group had better overall survival (OS) rates than patients in the low TMB group for both cohorts and TMB was associated with age, mutation signature 1 and mutation signature 17. The Cox regression analysis revealed that age, not TMB, was an independent prognosis factor. Furthermore, genes with high-frequency mutations were significantly enriched in the Notch and RTK-RAS signalling pathways. The activation of these pathways was lower in the high TMB compared with the low TMB group, and the proliferation and migration abilities of GC cells showed a similar pattern in both TMB groups. Conclusion: Patients in the high TMB group had better OS rates than patients in the low TMB group. Genes with high-frequency mutations were significantly enriched in the RTK-RAS and Notch pathways. Hence, TMB could serve as a prognosis biomarker with potential clinical significance.

Anticancer effects of punicalagin and 5-fluorouracil on laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: an &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; study

The purpose of this study was to assess the apoptotic effects of punicalagin alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (Hep-2) cell line. Hep-2 cells were cultured and divided into four groups: Group 1 received no therapy and served as control, Group 2 received 5-FU only, Group 3 received punicalagin only, and Group 4 received a combination of 5-FU and punicalagin. After 48 hours of incubation, cellular changes were examined under an inverted microscope. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, caspase-3 gene level, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level were assessed. The control group showed the highest mean value of cancer cell proliferation rate (1.595±0.58), followed by the punicalagin group (1.263±0.447), then the 5-FU group (0.827±0.256), while the combination group showed the lowest proliferation rate (0.253±0.111). The combination group showed the highest mean value of caspase-3 concentration (3.177±0.736), followed by the 5-FU group (1.830±0.646), and punicalagin group (0.741±0.302), while the control group showed the lowest mean value (0.359±0.117). Regarding VEGF levels, the control group had a statistically significant higher mean value, followed by the punicalagin and 5-FU groups, and finally, the combination group which showed the lowest value. Punicalagin exerts an anticancer effect through anti-proliferative action and induction of apoptosis on Hep-2 cell line. Combining punicalagin with 5-FU potentiates its anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic actions. It, further, helps in mitigating the putative side effects of 5-FU by reducing the dose required for its therapeutic effects.

Ginsenoside Rg5 induces NSCLC cell apoptosis and autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5) is a minor ginsenoside of ginseng and has a strong anti-tumor potential. This study focused on deciphering the function of Rg5 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and investigating its related mechanism. After treating human NSCLC cell lines (H1650 and A549) and bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) with increasing concentration of Rg5, cell viability was examined using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by colony formation assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The levels of proteins associated with cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis, and autophagy as well as the key markers in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway were measured using western blot. A xenograft nude mouse model was established to explore the function of Rg5 in vivo. NSCLC cell viability was dose- and time-dependently suppressed after Rg5 treatment. Rg5 restrained NSCLC cell proliferation by inducing G2/M phase arrest via regulation of cell cycle-related genes including p21, cyclin B1, and Cdc2. Additionally, Rg5 promoted caspase-dependent apoptosis in NSCLC cells by regulating the intrinsic mitochondrial signaling pathway. Rg5 induced autophagy via the regulation of autophagy-related proteins. The in vivo experiments revealed the inhibitory impact of Rg5 on xenograft growth. Rg5 also inactivated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in NSCLC cells and mouse tumors. Rg5 induced autophagy and caspase-dependent apoptosis in NSCLC cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, suggesting that Rg5 might become a promising and novel anti-tumor agent for the clinical treatment of NSCLC patients.

Photobiomodulation Effect of Different Diode Wavelengths on the Proliferation of Human Buccal Fat Pad Mesenchymal Cells

This study aimed to determine the most effective wavelength for the proliferation of Human Buccal Fat Pad Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BFPMSCs) in cell culture. These cells can be used for different purposes such as regenerative periodontal procedures. Materials and Methods: The wells containing BFPMSCs were subjected to laser irradiation at 635, 660, 808, and 980 nm wavelengths with 1, 1.5, 2.5, and 4 J/cm2 energy densities. Cell proliferation and viability were evaluated after 1, 3, and 5 days with the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Result: The proliferation rate of human Buccal Fat Pad Mesenchymal Cells (BFPMSCs) was increased on the first and third days at a wavelength of 808 nm and day five at a wavelength of 980 nm in comparison to the control group. Our findings distinguished that PBMT with 635, 660, 808, and 980 nm wavelengths increased the proliferation of BFPMSCs. Conclusion: The best laser radiation setting, which led to the highest proliferation rate of the cells, included a wavelength of 808 nm with 2.5 J/cm2 energy density.

Synthesis, antiproliferative activity, 3D‐QSAR, and molecular docking studies of novel L‐carvone‐derived pyrimidine‐urea compounds

AbstractTo explore novel natural product‐based nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds with antiproliferative activity, 20 L‐carvone‐derived pyrimidine‐urea compounds 4a–4t were synthesized through the multi‐step reaction of L‐carvone, and structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), hydrogen‐1 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR), and High‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Besides, the in vitro antiproliferative activity of the target compounds against HepG2, Hela, and MCF‐7 cells was evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. According to the results, the target compounds showed certain inhibitory activities against the tested cancer cell lines, and five compounds (4b, 4h, 4k, 4l, and 4t) exhibited better inhibition activities against Hela cells than the positive control (5‐FU). Among them, compound 4b held significant antiproliferative activities against Hela and HepG2 cells, and thus deserved further study as a leading compound of new anticancer drugs. In addition, an effective and reasonable three‐dimensional quantitative structure‐activity relationships (3D‐QSAR) model was built by the Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) method to analyze the relationship between the structures of the target compounds and their antiproliferative activities (expressed as pIC50) against Hela cells, and proven to have good predictive ability. Molecular docking was carried out to study the possible binding modes of compound 4b and Survivin, and it was found that compound 4b could be well embedded into the active site, along with the formation of several hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions.

Trametenolic acid inhibits migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2.2.15 cells via RhoC/ROCK1 pathway

This study investigated the effect of trametenolic acid(TA) on the migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2.2.15 cells by using Ras homolog gene family member C(RhoC) as the target and probed into the mechanism, aiming to provide a basis for the utilization of TA. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay was employed to examine the proliferation of HepG2.2.15 cells exposed to TA, and scratch and Transwell assays to examine the cell migration and invasion. The pull down assay was employed to determine the impact of TA on RhoC GTPase activity. Western blot was employed to measure the effect of TA on the transport of RhoC from cytoplasm to cell membrane and the expression of RhoC/Rho-associated kinase 1(ROCK1)/myosin light chain(MLC)/matrix metalloprotease 2(MMP2)/MMP9 pathway-related proteins. RhoC was over-expressed by transient transfection of pcDNA3.1-RhoC. The changes of F-actin in the cytoskeleton were detected by Laser confocal microscopy. In addition, the changes of cell migration and invasion, expression of proteins in the RhoC/ROCK1/MLC/MMP2/MMP9 pathway, and RhoC GTPase activity were detected. The subcutaneously transplanted tumor model of BALB/c nude mice and the low-, medium-, and high-dose(40, 80, and 120 mg·kg~(-1), respectively) TA groups were established and sorafenib(20 mg·kg~(-1)) was used as the positive control. The tumor volume and weight in each group were measured, and the expression of related proteins in the tumor tissue was determined by Western blot. The results showed that TA inhibited the proliferation of HepG2.2.15 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with the IC_(50) of 66.65 and 23.09 μmol·L~(-1) at the time points of 24 and 48 h, respectively. The drug administration groups had small tumors with low mass. The tumor inhibition rates of sorafenib and low-, medium-and high-dose TA were 62.23%, 26.48%, 55.45%, and 62.36%, respectively. TA reduced migrating and invading cells and inhibited RhoC protein expression and RhoC GTPase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, dramatically reducing RhoC and membrane-bound RhoC GTPase. The expression of ROCK1, MLC, p-MLC, MMP2, and MMP9 downstream of RhoC can be significantly inhibited by TA, as confirmed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. After HepG2.2.15 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-RhoC to overexpress RhoC, TA down-regulated the protein levels of RhoC, ROCK1, MLC, p-MLC, MMP2, and MMP9 and decreased the activity of RhoC GTPase, with the inhibition level comparable to that before overexpression. In summary, TA can inhibit the migration and invasion of HepG2.2.15 cells. It can inhibit the RhoC/ROCK1/MLC/MMP2/MMP9 signaling pathway by suppressing RhoC GTPase activity and down-regulating RhoC expression. This study provides a new idea for the development of autophagy modulators targeting HSP90α to block the proliferation and inhibit the invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via multiple targets of active components in traditional Chinese medicines.

Corynoline inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma growth via targeting Pim-3

BackgroundEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive and deadly malignancy characterized by late-stage diagnosis, therapy resistance, and a poor 5-year survival rate. Finding novel therapeutic targets and their inhibitors for ESCC prevention and therapy is urgently needed. MethodsWe investigated the proviral integration site for maloney murine leukemia virus 3 (Pim-3) protein levels using immunohistochemistry. Using Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium and clone formation assay, we verified the function of Pim-3 in cell proliferation. The binding and inhibition of Pim-3 by corynoline were verified by computer docking, pull-down assay, cellular thermal shift assay, and kinase assay. Cell proliferation, Western blot, and a patient-derived xenograft tumor model were performed to elucidate the mechanism of corynoline inhibiting ESCC growth. Results: Pim-3 was highly expressed in ESCC and played an oncogenic role. The augmentation of Pim-3 enhanced cell proliferation and tumor development by phosphorylating mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 at T185 and Y187. The deletion of Pim-3 induced apoptosis with upregulated cleaved caspase-9 and lower Bcl2 associated agonist of cell death phosphorylation at S112. Additionally, binding assays demonstrated corynoline directly bound with Pim-3, inhibiting its activity, and suppressing ESCC growth. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that Pim-3 promotes ESCC progression. Corynoline inhibits ESCC progression through targeting Pim-3.

Mechanism of n-butanol fraction of Wenxia Formula combining with gefitinib in treating non-small cell lung cancer based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiment

This study combined network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments to explore the potential mechanism of the active components of the n-butanol fraction of Wenxia Formula(NWXF) combined with gefitinib(GEF) in treating non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) was employed to detect the main chemical components of NWXF. The active components of NWXF were retrieved from SwissADME, and the candidate targets of these active components were retrieved from SwissTargetPrediction. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM) and GeneCards were searched for the targets of NSCLC. Cytoscape 3.9.0 and STRING were employed to build the protein-protein interaction(PPI) network with the common targets shared by NWXF and NSCLC. Gene Ontology(GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) enrichment were performed in DAVID to predict the potential mechanisms. Finally, molecular docking between the main active ingredients and key targets was conducted in SYBYL-X 2.0. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay was employed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of NWXF and/or GEF on the proliferation of human non-small cell lung cancer cells(A549 and PC-9). Additionally, the impact of NWXF on human embryonic lung fibroblast cells(MRC-5) was assessed. The effectiveness of the drug combination was evaluated based on the Q value. The terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick-end labeling(TUNEL) assay was employed to examine the apoptosis of A549 and PC-9 cells treated with NWXF and/or GEF. Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR) was employed to measure the mRNA levels of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK), and Bcl2-associated X protein(Bax) in the A549 and PC-9 cells treated with NWXF and/or GEF. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of EGFR, p-EGFR, JNK, p-JNK, and Bax in the A549 and PC-9 cells treated with NWXF and/or GEF. A total of 77 active components, 488 potential targets, and 49 key targets involved in the treatment of NSCLC with NWXF were predicted. The results of GO annotation showed that NWXF may treat NSCLC by regulating the biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and protein phosphorylation. KEGG enrichment revealed that the key targets of NWXF in treating NSCLC were enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)-protein kinase B(AKT), hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1), and microRNA-related signaling pathways. Molecular docking results showed that 91.9% of the docking scores were greater than 5, indicating the strong binding capability between main active components and key targets. The cell experiments demonstrated that NWXF combined with GEF synergistically inhibited the proliferation, promoted the apoptosis, decreased p-EGFR/EGFR and p-JNK/JNK values, down-regulated the mRNA levels of EGFR and JNK, and up-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of Bax in A549 and PC-9 cells. In conclusion, NWXF combined with GEF can regulate the EGFR/JNK pathway to promote the apoptosis of NSCLC cells, thus treating NSCLC.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of different pulp capping liners

This study compares the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of five pulp capping liners. This in vitro study was conducted on Fuji II LC glass ionomer, Dycal, Calcimol LC, TheraCal LC, and ACTIVA BioACTIVE. For cytotoxicity, the (MTT) methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay was performed on 3 samples from each group of human dental pulp cells (HDPSCs) after 24 h of incubation. The direct contact test (DCT) for antibacterial activity, 6 samples (3 for each material, and 3 for negative control), from each liner were made to evaluate Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (alpha = 0.05). Data analysis showed that the cytotoxicity of the materials was significantly different (p < 0.001). Fuji II LC and ACTIVA BioACTIVE showed strong cytotoxicity, TheraCal LC moderate cytotoxicity, and Dycal and Calcimol LC slight cytotoxicity. The analysis also revealed a significant difference among the materials regarding antibacterial activity (p < 0.001). Tukey’s test showed that the mean percentage of reduction in colony count was significant for all liners compared with the positive control (p < 0.001). The mean percentage of reduction in colony count for Dycal was significantly greater than that of Fuji II LC (p = 0.014), Calcimol LC (p = 0.003), and TheraCal LC (p = 0.001). ACTIVA BioACTIVE did not significantly differ from the other materials as regards antibacterial activity. Dycal showed significantly higher antibacterial activity than the other materials.