Methyl Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene Research Articles

Toughening action in marble tailings/PVC composite plates: Rheological and mechanical properties

Herein, marble tailings (MTs) were used as mineral filler to prepare polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based composite plates. In order to improve the toughness of MTs/PVC composites, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), methyl methacrylate butadiene styrene (MBS), ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), and polyolefin elastomer (POE) were adopted to investigate the toughening effects on the performance of MTs/PVC composites. The results show that incorporation of tougheners in MTs/PVC composite enhances restraint on the movement of PVC molecular chain segments, leading to the decrease of energy storage modulus and loss factor. Although these four tougheners decrease tensile strength and flexural properties of MTs/PVC composite plates, they significantly increase notched impact strength. In particular, the impact strength of MTs/PVC composite is improved by nearly 179% via using CPE toughener. Taken together, CPE not only presents the relatively most excellent rheological properties for MTs/PVC composites, but also increases toughness to the maximum extent without significantly reducing the tensile strength and flexural properties of MTs/PVC composites. Hence, a pilot testing was carried out to produce CPE-MTs/PVC composite hollow flooring. This work points out an effective resource utilization direction for the marble tailings, and it provides a reference for industrial application of MTs/PVC composite in construction and building engineering.

Enhanced energy storage performance of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based polymer blends via post-treatments

Polymer-based dielectric composite films with large energy density are urgently demanded for various applications. Compared with the ones with inorganic fillers, polymer blends exhibit the advantage of mechanical matching as well as the interfacial compatibility. Herein, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite films with various volume fractions of methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) were prepared via the solution casting. The maximum energy density of 6.4 J/cm3 at 390 MV/m was obtained by optimizing the content of 12 vol% MBS in MBS/PVDF composite films. The energy density of the optimized composite films was further improved with the help of post-treatments including quenching and/or hot-pressing. At last, the composite films display the enhanced energy density of 8.7 J/cm3 at 500 MV/m with the efficiency of 67.4% via the comprehensive post-treatments. This work provides a paradigm to improve the energy storage performance of PVDF-based composite films for dielectric electrostatic capacitors.

All‐Organic Dielectrics with High Breakdown Strength and Energy Storage Density for High‐Power Capacitors

Polymer-based film capacitors with high breakdown strength and excellent flexibility are crucial in the field of advanced electronic devices and electric power systems. Although massive works are carried to enhance the energy storage performances, it is still a great challenge to improve the energy density of polymer composites under the premise of large-scale industrial production. Herein, a general strategy is proposed to improve the intrinsic breakdown strength and energy storage performances by blending core-shell structured methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) rubber particles into a polymer matrix. Good compatibility and uniform dispersion state of MBS particles are observed in the matrix. Polarizing microscopy images show that blended films exhibit clear reduction of crystalline grains with the addition of MBS particles. Accordingly, an increased breakdown strength of 515 MV m-1 and discharged energy density of 12.33 J cm-3 are observed in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)-based composite films. Through comprehensive characterizations, it is believed that the superior energy storage performance of composite films is attributed to decreased crystalline grains, improved mechanical properties, and restriction on carrier motion. These results provide a novel design of dielectric polymers for high breakdown strength and discharged energy density applications.

The Effect of Compatibilizer on the Mechanical Properties and Compression Set of NBR/EPDM Composite

The mechanical properties of the materials are important to be studied to get the usage information of the material. The NBR/EPDM (Nitrile Butadiene Rubber/Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber) composite is widely used as seal, gasket, and hose because of their excellent properties. This research used compatibilizer in the blending process of NBR/EPDM. This research aimed to study the effect of some compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and compression set of the NBR/EPDM composite. The compatibilizers used in this research were methyl-methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS), montmorillonite (MMT), and silica. The hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, and compression set of the composites were studied using hardness tester, tensile strength tester, and compression set tester. The research showed that montmorillonite as compatibilizer gave the best hardness, tensile strength, tear strength, elongation, and compression set. The aging increased the hardness and the compression set of NBR/EPDM. However, the aging decreased the tensile strength, tear strength, and elongation at break of NBR/EPDM. Montmorillonite was a suitable compatibilizer for improving the mechanical properties and compression set of NBR/EPDM composite

The compatibilizer content effect on tensile and flexural properties of PC/ABS blends

In this research, the effect of styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA), methyl methacrylate-butadiene–styrene (MBS) and maleic anhydride-grafted ABS (ABS-g-MAH) compatibilizer on thermal and mechanical properties of polycarbonate (PC) and poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (ABS) blends were studied. PC/ABS blends samples with varying contents of compatibilizer were prepared. With the compatibilizer content increases, the results indicated that the effects of these three compatibilizers on PC/ABS blends are not exactly the same. When the SMA content increases from 5 to 20wt%, the impact strength reduced by about 76% from 43.24 kJ/m2 to 10.20 kJ/m2. The SEM picture indicated that when SMA content exceeds 5wt%, SMA resin begins to aggregate and leading to inadequate interfacial bonding between SMA and PC/ABS phases. The results showed that about 5wt% of ABS-g-MAH can improve the impact strength of the blends by about 113% and have little effect on the tensile and flexural properties. Similarly, when the MBS content reaches about 5wt%, the impact strength of PC/ABS blends is increased by about 112%, but as the MBS content increases to 20wt%, the tensile and flexural properties reduced by about 25%.

Synergistically Toughening Polyoxymethylene by Methyl Methacrylate–Butadiene–Styrene Copolymer and Thermoplastic Polyurethane

AbstractTernary polyoxymethylene (POM) blends comprising methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene (MBS) copolymer and thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) in different weight percentages are prepared by a two‐step melt extrusion technique. The synergistic toughening effect of polyoxymethylene by MBS as the impact modifier and TPU as the compatibilizer is investigated. The thermal behaviors of the prepared POM/MBS/TPU blends are analyzed. The notched impact resistance of the modified POM (POM/MBS/TPU 80 wt%/15 wt%/10 wt%) reached 40.83 kJ m−2. The enhanced toughness of the POM/MBS blends with the incorporation of TPU indicates the significance of TPU as a compatibilizer. Although the TPU compatibilizer enhances the interfacial adhesion between POM and MBS and decreases the size of MBS particles, serious agglomeration phenomenon is observed at higher TPU contents (more than 10 wt%) and caused slightly reduced tensile strength and the elongation at break for the sample with both loadings of MBS and TPU at 15 wt%. Instead, further increase of the notched impact strength is noted resulting from the compatibilizer TPU and an effective impact modifier MBS on the POM blend system to achieve a “super‐tough” effect. These “super‐tough” polyoxymethylene blends can be applied as the host matrix for preparing various multifunctional nanocomposites.

The effect of MBS on the heat resistant, mechanical properties, thermal behavior and rheological properties of PLA/EVOH blend

This work focuses on improve the mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (PLA/EVOH) blend and simultaneously remained a high Vicat softening temperature (VST) using appropriate contents of methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene copolymer (MBS) via simple melt blending. The effects of MBS on the heat resistant, mechanical properties, thermal properties and rheological behavior were examined in detail with various techniques. The VST of neat PLA significantly increased to 159 °C from 66.8 °C after blending with 50 wt% EVOH. However, the VST was gradually decreased with increasing MBS content but were still much higher than that of neat PLA. On the basis of the tensile and impact tests results, PLA/EVOH/MBS blends showed a considerably higher elongation at break and impact strength. For all PLA/EVOH/MBS blends, the thermal stability was increased compared than that of PLA/EVOH blend without MBS. With increasing MBS content, the complex viscosity and storage modulus of PLA/EVOH blend increased, especially at low frequencies, indicating that MBS enhanced the chain entanglement in the PLA/EVOH matrix. In addition, the results Han curves and Cole–Cole plots indicated that the relaxation time was increased when MBS was added.

Eletroless Silver Coated Nanocenosphere/Polymer Composite for EMI Shielding Effectiveness

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an escalating concern in the modern electronic climate. As such it has become a critical area to consider when designing and packaging electronics. In this context, Electroless Silver Coated nanocenosphere (SCNC) in Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) composites has been tried for its EMI shielding effectiveness. The strategy is to render the polymer conductive by dispersing SCNC in various proportions in these polymers separately and to promote wave absorption by making sheet of the polymer-based composite. In our study EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) analysis confirmed the presence of Ag on the coated nano cenosphere. This was further, confirmed through Phase analysis by XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer) analysis. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis was conducted to see the size, shape and adherence of the Ag coating on nanoenosphere particles and to observe the distribution of these particles in polymer matrix in the composite sheet. BET Surface area of electroless coated powders was quite high indicating good surface properties. The processing methods, electrical properties (surface resistivity) and electromagnetic behavior (EMI shielding effectiveness) were investigated. Shielding effectiveness (SE) values of approximately 25 dB at a frequency of 1 GHz was obtained for coatings of Electroless Silver coated nanocenospheres in ABS polymer which was further increased by adding other conductive nano fillers (Graphene and multi walled Carbon Nano tube) along with coated nanocenospheres.

Curing characteristics, swelling, and mechanical properties of natural rubber/nitrile butadiene rubber blends with and without compatibilizer

The use of methyl methacrylate butadiene styrene (MBS) as a compatibilizer for natural rubber (NR) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends has been investigated. Research on the cure characteristics, mechanical properties, swelling, and morphology (SEM) has been conducted to determine the compatibility of NR/NBR blends in the presence of MBS. Based on the cure characteristics, it is indicated that the presence of MBS was affected significantly by maximum and minimum torque. The addition of MBS improved the mechanical properties and the oil resistance of NR/NBR blends due to the compatibility and better interfacial adhesion between rubber phases. The experiment showed that MBS loading by 2.5 phr was the optimum level for NR/NBR blends.

Tertiary amine‐containing poly(methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene) core/shell nanoparticles with CO 2 ‐triggered aggregation behaviour

A new kind of poly(methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene) (MBS) core/shell latex nanoparticles with amine groups in the shell was prepared via multistep seeded emulsion copolymerisation of styrene, methyl methacrylate and N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) onto the poly(styrene–butadiene) seed latex in the presence of anionic emulsifier, and their CO2-triggered coagulating properties were investigated. Results showed that the emulsion polymerisation could be performed smoothly, and the coagulating time of the amine-containing MBS latexes depended on the DEAEMA content and solid content. The MBS solid powder could be easily obtained by drying and grinding without any extra treatment after the coagulation. A coagulating mechanism of the in-situ opposite charge interaction and the transformation from sodium laurate to lauric acid was proposed, which was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, surface tension and Zeta potential measurements. This facile and smart method might open up industrial potential in cost-effective and environment-friendly latex coagulation.

Influence of methyl methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer on plasticized polylactide blown films

Polylactide (PLA) was first toughened with methyl methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene (MBS) copolymer. Then the toughened PLA was further blended with diethylene glycol monobutyl ether adipate (DGBEA) using a twin‐screw extruder. Finally, the extruded samples were blown using the blown film technique. The PLA/DGBEA/MBS blends were characterized by dynamic rheometer, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Rhelological investigation demonstrated that there was a significantly dependence of viscosity on composition. DMA results displayed that the PLA/DGBEA/MBS blends showed a single peak, which suggested that PLA and the shell of MBS be compatible. So, DGBEA could act as a plasticizer and improve the miscibility of PLA/MBS blends. The crystallization morphology, mechanical properties, optical properties, the morphology of the tear‐fracture surfaces, and enzymatic degradation of the PLA/DGBEA/MBS films were further studied. The Maltese cross pattern phenomenon weakens and the spherulite size becomes smaller from the observation of the polarized microscope. With an increase of MBS content from 3% to 12%, the tensile strength of the films decreased from 38.2/37.5 MPa (MD/TD) to 25.2/26.4 MPa (MD/TD), however, the elongation at break increased significantly from 72.3/83.1% (MD/TD) to 289.5/286.8% (MD/TD), which indicated the toughening effects of the MBS on PLA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:E4–E13, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Enhanced breakdown strength of poly(vinylidene fluoride) utilizing rubber nanoparticles for energy storage application

A kind of rubber nanoparticles, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS), was applied into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix to fabricate MBS/PVDF composite films. Uniform dispersion and good compatibility of MBS in the matrix were observed. We found that the entanglement state between MBS nanoparticles and random chains of PVDF could diminish gaps in the matrix, which is helpful for high breakdown strength. The composite film with 12 vol. % MBS showed the maximum breakdown strength of 535 MV/m and the high energy density of 9.85 J/cm3, which were 1.7 times and about 2.2 times higher than pure PVDF film, respectively.

Influence of nanosilica and methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene core–shell rubber particles on the physical-mechanical properties and cure kinetics of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A-based epoxy resin

The influence of nanosilica and methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene (MBS) core–shell rubber particles on the physical-mechanical properties and cure kinetics of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A-based epoxy resin (EP)/dicyandiamide were investigated using tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry under dynamic conditions. The results indicated that inclusion of core–shell rubber particles and nanosilica (NS) into EP increased cure onset, peak and end temperatures of the modified EP relative to the neat EP. Studies on cure kinetics based on Kissinger and Ozawa method also showed that there was decrease in the values of Ea and A. Also, the order of the overall reaction was found to be approximately equal to 2. Differential scanning calorimetry graphs obtained by the experimental data had good agreement with that calculated theoretically. Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the EP increase with the inclusion of NS; however, the corresponding values decrease when the core–shell particles are included in the EP. The tensile strength and the modulus of the EP modified with NS and core–shell particles also decreased relative to the neat EP. On the other hand, by adding core–shell particles and NS, the glass transition temperature of the samples remained approximately constant as obtained from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis.

Thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of poly(propylene carbonate)/methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene blends

Different amounts of core–shell methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene (MBS) impact modifiers were incorporated into biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) in a batch mixer, aiming at improving the mechanical properties and raising the glass transition temperature (T g) of PPC. A series of properties, such as thermal behavior, miscibility, rheological and mechanical properties, and the morphological analysis of PPC/MBS blends were investigated in detail. PPC was partially miscible with MBS according to the results of dynamic mechanical analysis tests which showed a little shift in the peaks associated with the glass transition temperatures. The differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the T g of PPC increased gradually as MBS content increased. Additionally, the thermal stability properties of the blends were improved dramatically. The rheological properties obtained by the melt flow index tests indicated that the melting viscosities of PPC/MBS blends increased with the addition of MBS, and all melting viscosities of the polymer blends were higher than those of pure PPC. The mechanical properties of PPC/MBS blends implied that the elongation at break increased from 5.3 % of pure PPC to 52 % after incorporation of 20 % MBS into the blends. Accordingly, the impact test results indicated that MBS could toughen the PPC matrix effectively, about 3.7 times higher compared to pure PPC. The scanning electron microscopy studies on PPC/MBS blends showed that MBS particles were dispersed well in the PPC matrix when MBS content was below 10 %, whereas the aggregation could be clearly seen when the content of MBS was over 15 %.

Variation of core-shell structural particles and their toughening behavior in poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix

Three methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) core-shell particles with different structures, namely, “salami,” “core-shell,” and “multi-layer,” were synthesized in this work. All the MBS particles were designed with the same defined chemical composition, which is a prerequisite for producing transparent blends with poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). This work focused on the influence of the internal structure of core-shell particles on the properties of the PVC/MBS blends. Results of the dynamic mechanical analysis illustrated that the different internal structures greatly affected the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the rubbery phase and the storage modulus of the core-shell particles. The test results on the mechanical properties showed that the PVC/MBS blend with the “multi-layer” modifier had the highest tensile stress and fracture strain values, the lowest brittle-ductile transition (BDT) temperature, and the highest impact strength at a higher temperature. With the different structure, both cavitation and debonding from the matrix were observed, which relieve the triaxial tension and promote the shear yielding of the PVC matrix. The optical property showed that the PVC/MBS blend with the “core-shell” modifier had a higher transparency than the other blends.

The toughness and morphology of (chlorinated poly[vinyl chloride])/(methyl methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene) blends

A series of methyl methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene (MBS) graft copolymers were synthesized via seeded emulsion polymerization techniques by grafting styrene and methyl methacrylate on poly(butadiene‐co‐styrene) (SBR) particles. The chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC)/MBS blends were obtained by melting MBS graft copolymers with CPVC resin, and the effect of the core/shell ratio of MBS graft copolymer and SBR content of CPVC/MBS blends on the mechanical properties and morphology of CPVC/MBS blends was studied. The results showed that, with the increase in the core/shell ratio, the impact strength of the blend increased and then decreased. It was found that, when the core/shell ratio was 50/50, the impact strength was about 155 J/m, and the tensile strength evidently increased. The toughness of the CPVC/MBS blend was closely related to the SBR content of the blend, and with the increasing of SBR content of blend, the impact strength of the blend increased. The morphology of CPVC/MBS blends was observed via scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the toughness of CPVC/MBS blend was consistence with the dispersion of MBS graft copolymers in the CPVC matrix. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:501–505, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Toughening of dicyandiamide-cured DGEBA-based epoxy resin using MBS core-shell rubber particles

A diglycidyl ether bisphenol-A-based epoxy resin, cured using a dicyandiamide hardener, has been toughened by the addition of core-shell rubber particles, methyl methacrylate-butadiene styrene. Different amounts of core-shell particles (2.5, 3.75, and 5 wt%) were added to the epoxy resin and their effect on the fracture, mechanical-physical, and thermal properties of the epoxy resin was investigated. The fracture surfaces of the samples were studied using a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that increasing methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene particles in epoxy resin increased the fracture toughness (KIC) and fracture energy (GIC) of the modified epoxy resin compared with the unmodified epoxy resin. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the modified epoxy resin decreased slightly and the glass transition temperature, cure onset, peak and end temperatures remained approximately constant. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the unmodified epoxy resin fracture surface was smooth and brittle, but the modified epoxy resin showed significant plastic deformation.

Effects of core-shell particle growth manners on morphologies and properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/(methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene) blends

A series of methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) core-shell particles were synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization. All the MBS particles are designed with the same defined chemical composition, which is a prerequisite for producing transparent blends with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Three different growth manners of core-shell particles: agglomeration of small styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBRs) followed by styrene (ST) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers grafting, agglomeration of small MBS particles and traditional MBS with single SBR rubber core, and ST/MMA shells are used. The effects of growth manners of MBS on the properties and deformation mechanism of PVC/MBS blends are studied. It is found that all the MBS particles can toughen the PVC matrix effectively, but different deformation modes are observed: cavitation in large particles, debonding at the PVC/MBS interface, rubber cavitation, and clusters of voids, respectively. In addition, it is found that the stress-whitening extent is associated with the deformation modes. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:37–42, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

The influence of the arrangement of styrene in methyl methacrylate/butadiene/styrene on the properties of PMMA/SAN/MBS blends

A series of methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) core–shell impact modifiers were prepared by grafting styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto polybutadiene (PB) or styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) seed latex in emulsion polymerization. All the MBS modifiers were designed to have the same total chemical composition, and Bd/St/MMA equaled 39/31/30, which was a prerequisite for producing transparent blends with poly(MMA)/styrene-acrylonitrile (PMMA/SAN) matrix copolymers. Under this composition, different ways of arrangement for styrene in MBS led to the different structure of MBS modifier. The concentration of PB or SBR rubber of MBS in PMMA/SAN/MBS blends was kept at a constant value of 15 wt.%. The effects of arrangement of St in MBS on the mechanical and optical properties of PMMA/SAN/MBS blends were investigated. The results indicated that Izod impact strength of PMMMA/SAN/MBS blend with the amount of St grafted on core in MBS was higher than that of blend with the amount of St copolymerized with Bd in core of MBS, while the transparency of blend is opposite. From transmission electron microscopy, it was found that the arrangement of St in MBS influenced the dispersion of blend, which led to different toughness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Phase morphology and dynamic mechanical behavior for MIS toughened polyvinyl chloride

Graft copolymers of isoprene (Is), styrene (St), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers (MIS) with typical core–shell structure were synthesized by seed emulsion polymerization and used as a toughening agent for preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/MIS blends. The St and MMA monomers were separately grafted on the cross-linked poly-isoprene rubber core. The toughness, sub-micro-morphology, and dynamic mechanical behavior of the blends were characterized by impact machine, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic mechanical analyzer. The results showed that the impact strength of the blends was optimized when the content of MIS in PVC/MIS blends was kept at a constant value of 8 wt %, while the content of Is in MIS was 70 wt %. SEM morphologies of impact fractured surface showed that the PVC/MIS blends were typical ductile fracture because of the toughness effect of rubber particles, which correlated well with the mechanical properties. Under the same rubber content condition, the curves of the dynamic mechanical behavior of MIS toughened PVC blends appeared a more obvious rubber peak, indicating that the rubber content of MIS was higher than that of methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene (MBS), which explained the better toughening effect of MIS compared with MBS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013