Methyl Hexanoate Research Articles

Cultivar Differentiation and Quality Changes Monitoring of Strawberry during Storage using Electronic Nose

Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, is a popular fruit with unique aromas and a sour-to-sweet taste. Aroma is an important aspect of identifying the quality of Strawberry during storage after harvesting. In this study, an electronic nose was used to identify the characteristics of volatile organic compounds produced in the Strawberry during storage and compare differences in characteristics of volatile organic compounds according to the cultivar of Strawberry. The results indicate no difference between quality indexes in Strawberry except for the weight loss (WL) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) production during storage. The WL of Seolhyang (ST1) and Geumsil (ST2) increased from 0 to 10 d. VOCs in ST1 correlated to 1-Propanol, 2-methyl-, methyl hexanoate, propyl nonanoate, methyl formate, (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-hexenal during the storage period at 5 ℃. VOCs in ST2 were identified as 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine, methyl butanoate, (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, and methyl hexanoate. These VOCs can be used as biomarkers in the early detection of undesirable flavor production in the food industry and crucial factors in the shelf-life determination of Strawberry during storage.

Path-dependent thermal rate constants: The case of the combustion reaction between methyl hexanoate and hydrogen atom

This work uses the multipath canonical variational theory with small curvature tunneling (MP-CVT/SCT) to calculate the thermal rate constants for the hydrogen abstraction reaction on the α carbon of methyl hexanoate by H-atom. In the conformational search, 233 indistinguishable conformers for MHEX and TSα were located. In the MP-CVT/SCT approach, the recrossing and quantum tunneling effects were incorporated into the rate constants by constructing the individual reaction paths from the jth transition state. The efficiency of truncation on the multistructural rovibrational partition functions and reactive paths and their impact on the thermal rate constants were also evaluated. The torsion over the ▪ group (ϕ5) produces unstable structures, and the reactive paths associated with them do not contribute to the magnitude of MP-CVT/SCT rate coefficients. Additionally, we concluded that rate constants generated from small sets of conformations have a precision of up to 90%, compared to considering all paths.

Effect of pineapple core powder on white finger millet vegan probiotic beverage: Nutrition, sensory and storage

The present study aims to develop, optimize, and evaluate the effective incorporation of pineapple core powder (PCP) in plant-based probiotic beverages using Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus (LGG). The optimization was carried out using pH, viscosity, and LGG viable load as response variables in the d-optimal mixer design. In optimized products, the changes in pH, titratable acidity (TA), and LGG viable load are observed during fermentation and storage conditions. The optimum condition for developing PCP-added white finger millet probiotic beverage (PAMPB) was 14:5:2:2 for white finger millet, sugar, PCP, and LGG inoculums, respectively. A PAMPB provided a higher LGG viable load of 11.34 log (CFU/mL) within 6 h of fermentation time. The PCP effectively increases the physiochemical properties like total phenolic count (17.64 mg GAE/g), total antioxidant activity, total flavonoid count (8.59 mg QE/g), and water holding capacity (41.52 %) of the PAMPB. In addition, the different sugar profiles and new pineapple aroma compounds like ethyl hexanoate and methyl hexanoate are identified in PAMPB. During the storage of PAMPB at 4⁰C for 21 days, the reduction in LGG viable count was observed from 11.54 to 9.39 log (CFU/mL). Incorporating PCP in millet beverages provides a positive result by increasing nutritional quality.

DETERMINATION OF HIGHER FATTY ACIDS IN THE COMPOSITION OF URTІCA DIОICA LEAVES

Urtіca diоica is a tall perennial plant with an unbranched stem and large simple serrated leaves. Urtіca is widespread in many parts of the globe. Including in North Africa, in some regions of Asia, Europe and North America. Urtіca contains many biologically active substances, such as flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals, which have a beneficial effect on the human body. Due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, it is used in medicine and cosmetology. Currently, urtica dioica is widely used by traditional medicines. The purpose of the study. Determination of the upper fatty acids contained in the leaves of dioecious nettle. The research method. A gas-liquid chromatograph "Crystallux-4000 M" with a mass spectrum detector of the PIT and MS 7-800 brands was used. The object of the study was a dioecious nettle, collected in 2021 from Mount Medeu, Almaty. The study showed that the leaves of the dioecious nettle contain 8 fatty acids. The most common in the leaves of urtica dioica are methyl butyrate, methyl hexanoate. The conclusion of the study. High fatty acids in the composition of dicotyledonous nettle leaves were detected in a gas-liquid chromatograph "Kristallux-4000 M" with a mass spectrum detector of the PID brand and "MS7-800". As a result, 8 fatty acids with a high content were found in the dioecious nettle leaf. Of these, methylbutyrate and methylhexanoate are found in the largest amounts.

Radiofrequency cold plasma – A novel tool for flavour modification in fresh and freeze-dried strawberries

Cold plasma treatment is an emerging non-thermal food processing tool. This study aimed to identify how cold plasma can improve the aroma of a model space food system (freeze-dried strawberries) by mitigating freeze-drying aroma losses. Cold plasma significantly reduced the negative impact of freeze-drying on aroma; hence, it might be useful as a secondary treatment technique for foods that require extended shelf-life with improved aroma, such as in space travel. “Zero-averaged gravity” (0.004 g), a proxy for non-terrestrial environments, reduced the abundance of two important volatile aroma compounds (methyl butanoate and methyl hexanoate) in the gas phase above strawberries; this loss was mitigated when treated by cold plasma. The impact of cold plasma on aroma was also shown to be matrix and treatment parameter-dependent, and six cold plasma treatment options were subsequently identified as enabling bespoke aroma modifications that ultimately enhanced strawberry aroma compounds.

Effect of the β-hydroxy group on ester reactivity: Combustion kinetics of methyl hexanoate and methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate

One of the major biofuels used today is biodiesel, composed of fatty acid methyl esters. The fats and oils feedstocks used to make biodiesel are in relatively short supply. To meet increasing global demand, engineered microorganisms have been developed to catalyze conversion of sugar to fatty acid esters that contain unique β‑hydroxy-esters. This study investigated the effect of a hydroxyl group on the combustion characteristics of methyl esters by comparing the chemical behavior of methyl hexanoate (MHx) and methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate (M3OHHx)—used as surrogates for diesel-boiling-range esters with longer fatty acid chains. The oxidation of these esters was studied experimentally in a flow reactor at 0.84 and 10 bar, 600 to 1,100 K, and stoichiometric conditions; and in a constant volume combustion chamber at 5 and 10 bar, 600 to 900 K, and equivalence ratios of 0.3 and 0.6. MHx was more reactive in the constant volume chamber at temperatures below 800 K at 10 bar and equivalence ratio of 0.6. MHx also exhibited a higher indicated cetane number (16.4) than M3OHHx (8.1). We investigated this reactivity trend using an updated MHx kinetic model and M3OHHx model developed as part of this work. The kinetic models predicted that radicals formed from MHx were consumed by low-temperature chemistry reactions, whereas the M3OHHx reactivity was significantly governed by the β-radical (on the same carbon as the OH group) chemistry which mainly terminated via the less reactive chain propagation pathway to methyl-3-oxohexanoate + HO2. This study extends our understanding of structural effects on ester reactivity, which will allow for accurate surrogate formulation and performance simulations.

Effect of Atmospheric Cold Plasma on the Aroma of Pineapple Juice: Improving Fresh and Fruity Notes and Reducing Undesired Pungent and Sulfurous Aromas

Pineapple aroma is characterized by several esters, which confers its fresh and fruity aroma. However, high concentrations of methyl hexanoate and thioesters bring an undesired pungently sweet aroma and sulfurous notes to pineapple juice. This study investigates the chemical effects of cold plasma on the aroma compounds and descriptors of pineapple juice, evaluating the effects of plasma on its esters and thioesters. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma was applied to pineapple juice, varying the excitation frequency (50 to 1000 Hz) and processing time (10 to 20 min) at constant voltage (20 kV). Plasma treatment induced successive demethylation of esters and the conversion of methyl esters into ethyl esters. Thioesters showed to be more stable under plasma treatment. Proper setting of plasma operating conditions enabled an improvement in the fresh and fruity descriptors of pineapple juice, a reduction of its undesired pungently sweet aroma, but an increase in the influence of sulfurous descriptors. Plasma treatment at 50 Hz reduced the undesired aromas of pineapple while maintaining its fresh and fruity descriptors.

Identification of Volatile Markers during Early Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Contamination in Mature and Immature Jujube Honey.

Osmotolerant yeasts are considered one of the major contaminants responsible for spoilage in honey. To address the signature volatile components of jujube honey contaminated by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and chemometrics analyses were used to analyze the variation of volatile substances during early contamination of mature and immature jujube honey. Undecanal, methyl butyrate, methyl 2-nonenoate, methyl hexanoate, and 2-methyl-3-pentanone were identified as signature volatiles of jujube honey contaminated with Z. rouxii. In addition, methyl heptanoate, 2,6,10-trimethyltetradecane, and heptanal were identified as potential volatile signatures for immature jujube honey. The R2 and Q2 of OPLS-DA analyses ranged from 0.736 to 0.955, and 0.991 to 0.997, which indicates that the constructed model was stable and predictive. This study has demonstrated that HS-SPME-GC-MS could be used to distinguish Z. rouxii-contaminated jujube honey from uncontaminated honey based on variation in VOCs, and could provide theoretical support for the use of HS-SPME-GC-MS for the rapid detection of honey decomposition caused by Z. rouxii, which could improve nutritional quality and reduce economic losses.

Effect of drainage ratio during strawberry cultivation:The volatilomics-based shelf-life indicators for strawberry fruit.

The metabolome of strawberries at harvest determines their storage capacity. Therefore, dynamics of volatile production during storage of strawberry cultivated under diverse drainage ratios, T1 (12.0%), T2 (25.3%), T3 (36.4%), and T4 (56.5%), were evaluated. Among the various non-target VOCs analysis, there were some groups including aldehydes, esters, and furans occupied over 5% with exhibiting high coefficient of determination (R2 ) following the days after storage (DAS). Aldehydes content decreased over the storage period, while the esters (methyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and benzyl acetate) and furanones (furaneol and mesifuran) were increased as representing aroma compounds in strawberry ripening. Even on the same day, it was investigated that the release of VOCs linked to fruit decay was delayed in the groups (T1 and T2) that were given relatively little water compared to T3 and T4. The hexanal and ethyl hexanoate as an over-ripened signal showed a rapid increase from 4 DAS to 5 DAS in T3 and T4, respectively, while T1 and T2 showed significant increase from 5 DAS to 6 DAS. Relatively slower over-ripening tendency of T1 and T2 was supported by changes of firmness, total soluble solid content, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity during storage. T1 and T2 showed higher antioxidant activity at the harvest time and lower anthocyanin accumulation than T3 and T4. The present study elucidated that the preharvest drainage changes during cultivation was involved in fruit quality during strawberry storage. Besides, volatilomics analysis depicted that T2 as an optimal ratio, could delay the occurrence of stress and senescence, and guaranteed the strawberry yield. In conclusion, this study provided evidence that the practical application of drainage ratios could improve horticultural product quality even with low water use and VOCs might be considered an early indicator for strawberry fruit shelf-life.

Association of faecal volatiles and steroids with behavioural expression during oestrous cycle of sheep (Ovis aries).

This study was investigated to determine the faecal volatiles, steroid hormones and their correlation with behavioural signs during oestrous cycle in sheep (Ovis aries). This experiment was monitored from pro-oestrous to met-oestrous phases for correlation of endocrine dependence biochemical constituents in faeces and blood to detection of oestrous biomarkers. Medroxyprogesterone acetate sponges were used for 8 days to bring uniformity of oestrus in sheep. Faeces were collected during different phases of cycle and subjected to determination of fatty acids, minerals, oestrogens and progesterone analysis. Likewise, blood samples were also obtained for enzymatic and no-enzymatic antioxidants. The results revealed that faecal progesterone and oestrogen levels significantly increased during pro-oestrous and oestrous phase, respectively (p < .05). The blood plasma enzymatic levels showed significant demarcation during the oestrous phase than other periods (p < .05). There were also reported marked variations in volatile fatty acids across different phases of the oestrous cycle. Interestingly, methyl octanoate, methyl cis-10 pentadecenoate and methyl heptadecanoate volatiles were found to be specific to oestrus period. In addition, methyl hexanoate, methyl palmitoleate and methyl cis-9 oleate were identified in met-oestrus, indicating their possible role to be an oestrous biomarker. It is concluded that the pattern of volatile compounds and faecal steroids, in association with behavioural patterns, could be measured as a non-invasive method of heat detection in sheep.

Evaluation of FAU-type Zeolite Membrane Stability in Transesterification Reaction Conditions.

The transesterification conversion of methyl ether can be enhanced by the removal of the byproduct methanol using methanol permselective faujasite (FAU-type) zeolite membranes. However, the authors previously observed that the methanol flux during the transesterification reaction was lower than the predicted flux. Therefore, this study investigated the stability of FAU-type zeolite membranes in the presence of organic components associated with the transesterification reaction of methyl hexanoate and 1-hexanol. The stability was defined in terms of changes in methanol permeance and zeolite structure. The effect of reaction components (methanol, 1-hexanol, methyl hexanoate, and hexyl hexanoate) on the FAU-type zeolite structure and the methanol permeation performance of the FAU-type zeolite membranes were evaluated to find the component causing the lower methanol flux. From these results, two esters were found to adsorb strongly on the FAU-type zeolite. The methanol flux of the FAU-type zeolite membrane was examined after vapor exposure of each of the four reaction chemicals at 373 K for 8 h. In the case of methyl hexanoate and hexyl hexanoate vapor exposure, the methanol flux was reduced by about 75% compared to the initial flux of 15 kg m-2 h-1. These results indicated methanol permeation performance was inhibited by the adsorption of esters.

Quantitative GC-MS Analysis of Sawdust Bio-Oil

Bio-oils from biomass pyrolysis have a highly promising potential as biofuels or sources of chemicals. The quantitative analysis of bio-oils is quite difficult and requires many standards. In this study, we developed a methodology using only 16 standards for determining the concentration of 49 compounds, representatives of the main chemical classes commons in bio-oils, using relative response factors (RRF) and analytical curves. Five Pinus sawdust bio-oils were analyzed using a GC-MS-DB-5 capillary column (60 m). SCAN mode (from 45 to 450 Daltons) and retention indices (LPTRI) were used for qualitative analysis. For quantitative analysis, SIM mode was preferred, and analytical curves were constructed from an initial solution at 400 mg g-1 of each of the 16 standards, with concentrations ranging from 1 to 150 mg g-1 added to the internal standard (methyl hexanoate) at 70 mg g-1. After the positive identification and quantification of 9 compounds (among the 16 standards used), the other compounds were quantified using the RRF obtained from a standard solution at 30 mg g-1, considering the similarities with those identified standards. 196 compounds were identified, while 49 compounds were quantified, highlighting the monoaromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalenes, benzofurans, alkyl phenols, and catechols.

The Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases Involved in the Degradation of Volatile Esters Produced in Strawberry Fruits.

Volatile ester compounds are important contributors to the flavor of strawberry, which affect consumer preference. Here, the GC-MS results showed that volatile esters are the basic aroma components of strawberry, banana, apple, pear, and peach, and the volatile esters were significantly accumulated with the maturation of strawberry fruits. The main purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship between carboxylesterases (CXEs) and the accumulation of volatile ester components in strawberries. FaCXE2 and FaCXE3 were found to have the activity of hydrolyzing hexyl acetate, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, and E-2-hexenyl acetate to the corresponding alcohols. The enzyme kinetics results showed that FaCXE3 had the higher affinity for hexyl acetate, E-2-hexenyl acetate, and Z-3-hexenyl acetate compared with FaCXE2. The volatile esters were mainly accumulated at the maturity stages in strawberry fruits, less at the early stages, and the least during the following maturation stages. The expression of FaCXE2 gradually increased with fruit ripening and the expression level of FaCXE3 showed a decreasing trend, which suggested the complexity of the true function of CXEs. The transient expression of FaCXE2 and FaCXE3 genes in strawberry fruits resulted in a significantly decreased content of volatile esters, such as Z-3-hexenyl acetate, methyl hexanoate, methyl butyrate, and other volatile esters. Taken together, FaCXE2 and FaCXE3 are indeed involved in the regulation of the synthesis and degradation of strawberry volatile esters.

Methyl Internal Rotation in Fruit Esters: Chain-Length Effect Observed in the Microwave Spectrum of Methyl Hexanoate.

The gas-phase structures of the fruit ester methyl hexanoate, CH3-O-(C=O)-C5H11, have been determined using a combination of molecular jet Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. The microwave spectrum was measured in the frequency range of 3 to 23 GHz. Two conformers were assigned, one with Cs symmetry and the other with C1 symmetry where the γ-carbon atom of the hexyl chain is in a gauche orientation in relation to the carbonyl bond. Splittings of all rotational lines into doublets were observed due to internal rotation of the methoxy methyl group CH3-O, from which torsional barriers of 417 cm−1 and 415 cm−1, respectively, could be deduced. Rotational constants obtained from geometry optimizations at various levels of theory were compared to the experimental values, confirming the soft degree of freedom of the (C=O)-C bond observed for the C1 conformer of shorter methyl alkynoates like methyl butyrate and methyl valerate. Comparison of the barriers to methyl internal rotation of methyl hexanoate to those of other CH3-O-(C=O)-R molecules leads to the conclusion that though the barrier height is relatively constant at about 420 cm−1, it decreases in molecules with longer R.

Measurement of the Isobaric Heat Capacity for Methyl Hexanoate and Ethyl Hexanoate at Temperatures from 313 to 433 K and Pressures of up to 10 MPa

In this article, a calorimeter was established on the basis of steady-flow calorimetry. The present calorimeter was utilized to measure the isobaric heat capacity (cp) of target fluids. First, water was measured to verify the reliability of the experimental system. Then the measurements of cp for methyl hexanoate and ethyl hexanoate were carried out at temperatures from 313 K to 433 K and pressures of up to 10 MPa. To implement easier industrial application, a correlation was proposed on the basis of the experimental data to calculate the cp values of methyl hexanoate and ethyl hexanoate, with maximum absolute relative deviations of 0.77% and 0.65%, respectively. The newly reported data will be helpful for use with methyl hexanoate and ethyl hexanoate.

Kinetic study of the zeolite membrane-assisted transesterification reaction with methanol removal

The removal of methanol with permselective membranes can improve the conversion of the transesterification reaction with methanol as the byproduct by shifting the equilibrium. However, the required membrane performance and favorable reaction conditions (e.g., catalyst weight, temperature, and the molar ratio of the reaction substrate) are not fully understood yet regarding membrane-assisted transesterification. We investigated the effect of methanol removal by the FAU-type zeolite membrane in the transesterification of methyl hexanoate and 1-hexanol theoretically and experimentally. First, we propose a kinetic model considering the catalytic reaction rate and methanol removal rate by the membrane. The reaction rate, equilibrium, and permeation rate constants were individually determined at 333–373 K by the catalytic reactions and vapor permeation experiments. The FAU-type zeolite membrane showed sufficiently high methanol separation performance for the reaction solutions. Moreover, the highest conversion was achieved 96% at the initial molar ratio of 1-hexanol/methyl hexanoate of 3 and 373 K. The improvement in the conversion could be explained by the equilibrium shift with the selective removal of methanol via the membrane. These suggest that our kinetic model is valid for the estimation of conversion increment for membrane-assisted transesterification.

Strawberry fruit FanCXE1 carboxylesterase is involved in the catabolism of volatile esters during the ripening process.

Volatile compounds produced during ripening of strawberry are key determinants of fruit quality and consumer preference. Strawberry volatiles are largely esters which are synthesized by alcohol acyltransferases (AATs) and degraded by carboxylesterases (CXEs). Although CXE activity can have a marked influence on volatile contents in ripe strawberry fruits, CXE function and regulation in them are poorly known. Here, we report the biochemical and functional characterization of the fruit receptacle-specific and ripening-related carboxylesterase FanCXE1. The expression of the corresponding gene was found to be antagonistically regulated by auxins and abscisic acid, key hormones that regulate fruit growth and ripening in strawberry. In vitro, FanCXE1 was able to hydrolyze artificial ester substrates similar to those produced by ripe strawberry fruits. Transient suppression of the FanCXE1 gene by RNAi resulted in an increase of important volatile esters such as methyl hexanoate, methyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate as well as a decrease of the alcohols hexenol and linanool. The results of this work enhance our understanding of the molecular basis for volatile syntheses and facilitate production of better flavored strawberry fruits by introduction of the relevant alleles into common cultivars.

A decoupled modeling approach and experimental measurements for pyrolysis of C6-C10 saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)

Biodiesels are promising renewable fuels that can aid in the transition to carbon neutrality. The high molecular weight and complex composition of real biodiesel fuels complicate development of compact kinetic models needed for engine simulations. Our group previously proposed the functional group approach (FGMech) to model real-fuel combustion based on the identification of intrinsic relationships between fuel molecular structure and model parameters. Establishing these relationships requires a database consisting of the model parameters of pure fuels for training. In this work, we selected five fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) as target fuels, including methyl pentanoate (MPE), methyl hexanoate (MHX), methyl heptanoate (MHP), methyl octanoate (MO) and methyl nonanoate (MN). To facilitate development of an FGMech reaction scheme, a decoupling model approach is adopted here for model construction. Lumped reaction mechanisms are developed to describe the (oxidative) pyrolysis of fuels while a detailed model is used for describing the conversion of pyrolysis intermediates. To validate the present model, pyrolysis experiments for these FAMEs are conducted in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) at 1 atm and over 790–1120 K. Both the synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) and gas chromatography (GC)/GC–MS are applied for measuring pyrolysis intermediates. The fuels, primary hydrocarbon and oxygenated products, secondary products including various aromatic compounds, are identified and quantified for model validation. The present model well-predicts the temperature window of fuel decomposition, and reasonably predicts the yields of most pyrolysis products under both present atmospheric conditions and high pressure conditions in literature. The agreement between the measured and predicted results indicates that the present decoupling methodology can accurately describe fuel decomposition and the evolution of intermediates under pyrolysis conditions. In addition, it is found that increasing alkyl CH2 groups in C6 to C10 FAMEs has little influence on the yields of primary oxygenated products; however, increasing yields of hydrocarbon products with increasing alkyl CH2 groups indicates that alkane chemistry becomes more important moving from MPE to MN.

Understanding of the Key Factors Determining the Activity and Selectivity of CuZn Catalysts in Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Esters to Alcohols

CuZn catalysts are perspective catalysts for esters hydrogenolysis, but more knowledge is needed to optimize their catalytic performance. In this work, we consider the impact of CuZn catalysts composition on their structure, activity, selectivity, and stability in esters hydrogenolysis. Four catalysts with various Cu/Zn ratio were synthesized by a co-precipitation and characterized in as-prepared, calcined, reduced, and spent state by XRF, XRD, N2 physisorption, CO2-TPD, NH3-TPD, and N2O chemisorption. XRD data revealed the effect of the composition on the size of Cu and ZnO particles. The catalytic performance was investigated using an autoclave. All catalysts exhibited high methyl hexanoate conversion about 48–60% after 3 h but their activity and selectivity were found to be dependent on Cu/Zn ratio. The conversion of methyl hexanoate and hexyl hexanoate was compared to explain the observed product selectivity. Moreover, the catalysts stability was investigated in three consecutive reaction cycles and correlated with changes in the size of constituent particles. Moreover, when different esters were tested, a slight decrease in conversion and increase in alcohol selectivity with a growth in molecule size was observed. Obtained results allow making a conclusion about the optimal composition that provides the good performance of CuZn catalysts in ester hydrogenolysis.

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, methyl hexanoate, CAS Registry Number 106-70-7

• Methyl hexanoate; a safety assessment based on RIFM's criteria. • A safety assessment based on 7 human health endpoints plus environmental. • All endpoints were cleared using target data, read-across, and/or TTC.