Methyl Ester Compounds Research Articles

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Costus speciosus rhizome Bioactive Phytochemicals: A Combined GC-MS and Computational Approach Targeting TLR-4 Signaling.

Plants represent a rich reservoir of bioactive compounds with established therapeutic value in diverse diseases. Notably, the Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in inflammation. Upon engagement with pro-inflammatory ligands like lipopolysaccharide, TLR-4 triggers downstream cascades involving nuclear factor ĸappa B and mitogen- activated protein kinases. This signaling cascade ultimately dictates the onset and progression of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, targeting TLR-4 signaling offers a promising therapeutic approach for managing inflammatory disorders. This study investigated the potential of Costus speciosus rhizome phytocompounds, a traditional medicinal plant, as novel as modulators of TLR-4 signaling, highlighting their mechanisms of action and potential clinical applications. In the present study, 18 phytocompounds isolated from the rhizome of Costus speciosus, were studied against TLR-4/AP-1 signaling, which is implicated in the inflammatory process using a computational approach. The compounds exhibited binding affinities ranging from -4.087 to -8.93 kcal/mol with the TLR-4 protein due to the formation of multiple intermolecular interactions. Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester (compound 7) exhibited exceptional binding energy (-8.93 kcal/mol), indicating strong affinity for the TLR-4 protein. Additionally, compound 7 displayed favorable ADMET properties, suggesting promising drug development potential. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the compound 7-TLR4 complex, further supporting its ability to modulate TLR-4 signaling. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Costus speciosus phytocompounds, particularly compound 7, as potent anti-inflammatory modulators. Further research is warranted to validate their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in pre-clinical models, paving the way for their development as novel therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.

Green integrative large scale treatment of tannery effluent, CO2 sequestration, and biofuel production using oleaginous green microalga Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05: An ecotechnological approach

In this present investigation, the freshwater microalga Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 was used to demonstrate multiforius environmental applications viz., bioremediation of tannery effluent, carbon sequestration, and green renewable biodiesel production from treated microalgal biomass. The microalga Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 was exhibited unique heavy metal reduction capabilities and reduced significant amount of heavy metals viz., 96.62% of copper (Cu2+), 99.9% of chromium (Cr3+), 98.36% of zinc (Zn2+), 98.71% of cadmium (Cd2+), 97.96% of lead (Pb2+), 98.88% of Cobalt (Co2+), and 98.76% of nickel (Ni2+). The biosorption capacity rate (qmax) of heavy metals reduction and highest R2 of 97.84% exhibited at 12 days of effluent treatment by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The phytotoxicity analysis was tested againt treated tannery effluent using Vigna radiate, Sapindus muukorossi seeds and 98.45%, 99.05% seeds were germinated. The Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 microalga was utilized 98.45% of CO2 by biofixation kinetics, 372 mg g−1 of lipid, 3.65 mg mL−1 of biomass and 4.64 mLg−1 of biodiesel were produced. The produced biodiesel was confirmed and identification of 18 fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) compounds using GCMS. The recognition of 17 functional groups was identified using FTIR analysis and the microalga Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 potential for sustainable and renewable green energy production. The potential future application of Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 is to increase lipid production and biodiesel yield. Scaling up the bioremediation process can also validate these microalga's feasibility for use in wastewater treament. Enhancing heavy metal biosorption and carbon sequestration efficiency through genetic engineering could also maximize environmental benefits.

Synthesis of Methyl Esters from Banda Nutmeg and Papua Nutmeg Oil Production Wastes Using the Ultrasonication Method

Methysters from oil production waste from Banda nutmeg (Myristicafragrans Houtt) and Papuan nutmeg (Myristica Argentea Ware) go through several process stages, namely isolation of trimyristin and synthesis of methyl ester. The process of isolating trimyristin from nutmeg essential oil production waste by maceration using chloroform solvent. The transesterification process with methanol uses a CaO catalyst and ultrasonication method for 20 minutes; the results are analyzed using GCMS. The results of isolating trimyristin from nutmeg oil waste for Papuan nutmeg yielded 55.6 g of trimyristin (22.24%), which was greater than Banda nutmeg which was 49.7 g of trimyristin (19.88%). Transesterification results for Banda nutmeg oil waste obtained 28.57% soakage with a composition of 5 known major methyl ester compounds, namely methyl laurate (3.22%), myristicin (13.48%), metal myristate (53.39%), methyl Palmitate (5.24%), and Methyl Oleate (9.33%). In Papuan nutmeg oil waste, a 3.93% soakage was obtained with a composition of 5 known methyl ester compounds, namely metal myristate (19.80%), methyl arachidate (18.04%), methyl linoleate (1.42%), methyl oleate ( 48.37%), and methyl stearate (3.18%). The sonication method can synthesize methyl esters from nutmeg oil waste and gives different results for the two types of nutmeg. The results of the trimyristin transesterification of Banda nutmeg seeds and Papuan nutmeg seeds using a CaO catalyst using the sonication method resulted in a methyl ester soak of Banda nutmeg waste 28.57% and Papuan nutmeg 3.93%.

Biodiesel production through transesterification of waste Pistacia- Terebinthus Oil by pharmaceutical waste as a heterogeneous catalyst: A sustainable solution for reducing external costs

A catalyst from the pharmaceutical waste of calcium and magnesium tablets was synthesized for biodiesel production from waste Pistacia-Terebinthus (PT) oil with the aim of creating added value and presenting a new approach for the management of such wastes. For this purpose, magnesium and calcium tablet wastes with a mass ratio of 70:30 (wt%) were calcined. The catalyst was investigated by several methods, such as thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and CHNS/O elemental analysis. The high specific surface area of the catalyst confirms that the utilized synthesis method resulted in the formation of a high number of active sites in its structure, which allows it to function as a suitable catalyst for this reaction. Furthermore, the impact of effective parameters on the treansestrification reaction was optimized and investigated by designing the experiments and applying the RSM method. The maximum mass yield of 96 % was obtained in optimal conditions (temperature of 70 °C, catalyst loading of 4.498 wt%, methanol:oil ratio of 1.968 (vol:vol), and reaction time of 120 min). The reusability of the catalyst was investigated in four successive cycles. The mass yield of the last test declined from 96 % to 71.4 %. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the produced biofuel revealed that it comprises 91.37 % methyl ester compounds (64.28 % 12-Octadecenoic Acid, Methyl Ester). To evaluate the external costs of biofuel (B100) and compare it with diesel, combustion simulation was done with Diesel-RK software, which showed that its external costs were 0.05388 (€/Lit fuel) less than those of diesel.

Heterogeneous alkaline catalyst synthesized from local bovine bone wastes for transesterification of palm oil into biodiesel

Abstract Local bovine bone wastes, which are abundant in Aceh Province, have been successfully used as biomineral sources to produce heterogeneous catalysts that result in alkaline oxide. This study aimed to produce alkaline oxides by employing a high heat breakdown approach on local bovine bone particles at atmospheric pressure. The physicochemical analysis of the obtained inorganic particles revealed that the predominant component of those obtained inorganic oxide particles was calcium oxides (CaO). Furthermore, the produced alkaline oxide was employed as an alkali oxide catalyst for the transesterification of palm oil (RPDPO) with methanol, yielding methyl ester compounds, which are well recognized as a sustainable and green diesel energy source.

Deorphanizing an odorant receptor tuned to palm tree volatile esters in the Asian palm weevil sheds light on the mechanisms of palm tree selection

The Asian palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is a tremendously important agricultural pest primarily adapted to palm trees and causes severe destruction, threatening sustainable palm cultivation worldwide. The host plant selection of this weevil is mainly attributed to the functional specialization of odorant receptors (ORs) that detect palm-derived volatiles. Yet, ligands are known for only two ORs of R. ferrugineus, and we still lack information on the mechanisms of palm tree detection. This study identified a highly expressed antennal R. ferrugineus OR, RferOR2, thanks to newly generated transcriptomic data. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that RferOR2 belongs to the major coleopteran OR group 2A and is closely related to a sister clade containing an R. ferrugineus OR (RferOR41) tuned to the non-host plant volatile and antagonist, α-pinene. Functional characterization of RferOR2 via heterologous expression in Drosophila olfactory neurons revealed that this receptor is tuned to several ecologically relevant palm-emitted odors, most notably ethyl and methyl ester compounds, but not to any of the pheromone compounds tested, including the R. ferrugineus aggregation pheromone. We did not evidence any differential expression of RferOR2 in the antennae of both sexes, suggesting males and females detect these compounds equally. Next, we used the newly identified RferOR2 ligands to demonstrate that including synthetic palm ester volatiles as single compounds and in combinations in pheromone-based mass trapping has a synergistic attractiveness effect to R. ferrugineus aggregation pheromone, resulting in significantly increased weevil catches. Our study identified a key OR from a palm weevil species tuned to several ecologically relevant palm volatiles and represents a significant step forward in understanding the chemosensory mechanisms of host detection in palm weevils. Our study also defines RferOR2 as an essential model for exploring the molecular basis of host detection in other palm weevil species. Finally, our work showed that insect OR deorphanization could aid in identifying novel behaviorally active volatiles that can interfere with weevil host-searching behavior in sustainable pest management applications.

Synthesis of Methyl Ester from Microalgae Chlorella sp. TAD Using the In-Situ Transesterification Method

Synthesis of methyl ester from Chlorella sp. TAD microalgae was carried out using the in-situ transesterification method. This study aims to determine the methyl ester composition of Chlorella sp. TAD microalgae using the in-situ transesterification method. The in-situ transesterification method is a modified method that allows extraction and transesterification into methyl ester products in one process simultaneously. The in-situ transesterification process lasted 8 hours, followed by a distillation process to remove the n-hexane content and an oven for 2 hours to evaporate the remaining water. The results of the analysis using GC-MS to determine the chemical content of the methyl ester compound from Chlorella sp. TAD, showed the methyl ester composition of 7,10-hexadecanoic methyl ester, 8,11,14-docosatrienoic methyl ester, 9-hexadecanoic methyl ester, hexadecanoic methyl ester, heptadecanoic methyl ester, 10-octadecenoic methyl ester, octadecenoic methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic methyl ester, 10-octadecenoic methyl ester, 2-hexyl cyclopropaneoctanoic methyl ester, eicosanoic methyl ester, 10-heptadecen-8-ynoic acid methyl ester, nonahexacontanoic methyl ester, and tetracosanoic methyl ester.

Purification of triterpenoid saponins and 25R/25S-inokosterone from Achyranthes bidentata Bl. by high-speed countercurrent chromatography coupled silver nitrate coordination.

An effective method by high-speed countercurrent chromatography coordinated with silver nitrate for the preparative separation of sterones and triterpenoid saponins from Achyranthes bidentata Blume was developed. Methyl tert-butyl ether/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water (4:2:3:8, v/v/v/v) was selected for 20-hydroxyecdysone (compound 1), chikusetsusaponin IVa methyl ester (compound 4), 2'-glycan-11-keto-pigmented saponin V (compound 5), as well as a pair of isomers of 25S-inokosterone (compound 2) and 25R-inokosterone (compound 3), which were further purified by silver nitrate coordinated high-speed countercurrent chromatography. What is more, dichloromethane/methanol/isopropanol/water (6:6:1:4, v/v/v/v) was applied for calenduloside E (compound 6), 3β-[(O-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl)-oxy]-oleana-11,13-dien-28-oic acid (compound 7), zingibroside R1 (compound 8) and chikusetsusaponin IVa (compound 9). Adding Ag+ to the solvent system resulted in unique selectivity for 25R/25S isomers of inokosterone, which increased the complexing capability and stability of Ag+ coordinated 25S-inokosterone, as well as the α value between them. These results were further confirmed by the computational calculation of geometry optimization and frontier molecular orbitals assay. Comprehensive mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis demonstrated the structures of the obtained compounds.

Analisa % FFA, PH dan Massa Jenis pada Campuran Minyak Jelantah dan Minyak Kelapa

The increase in population and increasing human needs along with the times has resulted in an increasing need for non-renewable energy. To reduce dependence on petroleum fuels, one way is to produce biodiesel fuel whose raw materials are obtained from plants. Biodiesel is a fuel that contains ester compounds from plants and animal fats and can be used as an alternative fuel with great potential as a substitute for diesel. This form of methyl ester or ethyl ester compound is environmentally friendly, non-toxic and economical. Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a type of plant that has one glycerin unit and a number of fatty acids in every coconut oil molecule. Coconut oil has the potential to produce Coco methyl ester which can be used as a raw material for biodiesel. Used cooking oil is used oil from household (domestic) fryers whose remaining frying results or waste is immediately thrown into the environment. According to research from Kumar, the use of coconut oil as a raw material for making biodiesel is able to streamline time and the use of chemicals as solvents in the transesterification process. Before carrying out this research, a preliminary test should be carried out, by testing the %FFA, pH and density of the mixture of used cooking oil and coconut oil. This was done as a reference for further research. The %FFA in the mixture of used cooking oil and coconut oil was the highest at a ratio of 75: 25 (MJ: MK) %FFA value: 4.4%. The pH of the mixture between used cooking oil and coconut oil has the same value, namely: 5 and the specific gravity obtained is: 0.8 gram/ml
 
 Keywords: of used cooking oil, coconut oil, % FFA, pH and Specific gravity

Biocontrol potential of endophytic <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. against the pathogenic fungus, <i>Alternaria alternata</i> that causes leaf spot in tomato plants

This study was aimed at evaluating the two isolates of the bio-resistant fungi, Trichoderma harzianum and T. koningii in management of the fungus that causes Alternaria alternata leaf spot disease in tomato plants by inducing systemic resistance in the plant. It was demonstrated that two isolates of the pathogenic fungus, A. alternata could infect tomato seeds on water agar media. Isolate No. 1 was the most successful, with an infection rate of 63%, while isolate No. 2 achieved an infection rate of 56%. When employed in concentrations of (10, 20, or 30%) with PDA culture medium, bio-resistant fungus filtrate demonstrated suppression of the pathogenic fungus A. alternata, with the enhanced levels of inhibition with increasing concentration used. Oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one, compound 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, and many more chemical compounds with the ability to inhibit fungi were discovered via the use of the GC-MS equipment to analyze the fungal infiltrates produced by T. harzianum and T. koningii. The bio-resistant fungi significantly lessened the severity of the infection caused by the pathogenic fungus, A. alternata, reaching a reduction of 33.81% during treatment with T. harzianum as opposed to injury of 56.855% in pathogen alone. The tomato leaves that were treated with T. konhngii produced the maximum phenolic content (0.56 mg/g).

EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF SOME AMINO ACID METHYL ESTERS

In this study, the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of some amino acid methyl esters (L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-tryptophan, and L-tyrosine) were investigated. The effect of amino acid methyl ester compounds on antibacterial performance was determinated against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The effect of amino acid esters on cell viability was investigated against cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines using the MTS assay. The results showed the substances had low antimicrobial effect on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, it was found that the studied substances did not have a toxic effect on cell growth in non-cancerous cells. For this reason, it is thought that the results obtained will contribute to research on new synthesizable compounds based on amino acid esters and studies on drug development.

Characterization of volatile organic compounds in grafted tomato plants upon potyvirus necrotic infection

A headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) method was used to study the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with the differential immune response of tomato plants infected with the recombinant strain of potato virus Y (PVYC-to), necrogenic to tomato. Analysis was carried out in UC82 (UC), a virus susceptible tomato variety, comparing the same UC plants grafted or not onto a virus tolerant tomato ecotype, Manduria (Ma); the three types of samples used for the GC-MS analysis were mock-inoculated UC/Ma plants, UC/Ma+PVYC-to and UC+PVYC-to plants; the VOCs obtained were 111. Results from symptomatic PVYC-to-infected UC plants showed a VOCs composition enriched in alcohols, fatty acid derivates, benzenoids, and salicylic acid derivatives, while in mock-inoculated UC/Ma plants VOCs were mainly characterized by methyl ester compounds. The VOC profile was in line with RNAseq data analyses, denoting that PVYC-to viral RNA accumulation and disease symptoms induce the specific transcriptional activation of genes involved in VOCs biosynthesis. Furthermore, principal component analysis highlighted that VOCs of PVYC-to-infected and mock-inoculated grafted plants were much closer each other than that of symptomatic PVYC-to-infected non-grafted UC plants. These results suggest that VOCs profiles of tomato plants are related to the viral RNA accumulation, disease intensity and graft-derived tolerance to PVYC-to infection.

Design, synthesis, and biological activity of heterocyclic methyl esters

AbstractDiverse molecular fragments have generally facilitated the development of drug discovery. Heterocyclic moieties could be found in most active ingredients, especially in chemical pesticides. Based on our previously reported 3,3,3‐Benzyl trifluoropropionate compounds which are of excellent insecticidal and fungicidal activity, we designed and synthesized 13 Heterocyclic Methyl Ester (HME) compounds, HME01‐HME13, comprising heterocyclic parts. Four insect species and four plant pathogens were employed in biological activities. The bioactivity assay results showed that compound HME12 exhibited certain insecticidal activity and fungicidal activity. The structure–activity relationship was preliminarily evaluated and further analyzed by density functional theory. The results might be meaningful for directing the development of such esters. Moreover, compound HME12 could be continuously studied as a precursor.

Variability in metabolites produced by Talaromyces pinophilus SPJ22 cultured on different substrates

BackgroundSeveral metabolites released by fungal species are an essential source of biologically active natural substances. Gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS) is one of the techniques used in profiling the metabolites produced by microorganisms, including Talaromyces pinophilus. However, there is limited information regarding differential substrates’ impacts on this fungal strain’s metabolite profiling. This study examined the metabolite profile of T. pinophilus strain SPJ22 cultured on three different media, including solid czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), malt extract agar (MEA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) using GC-HRTOF-MS. The mycelia including the media were plugged and dissolved in 5 different organic solvents with varying polarities viz.: acetonitrile, dichloromethane, hexane, 80% methanol and water, and extracts analysed on GC-HRTOF-MS.ResultsThe study revealed the presence of different classes of metabolites, such as fatty acids (2.13%), amides (4.26%), alkanes (34.04%), furan (2.13%), ketones (4.26%), alcohols (14.89%), aromatic compounds (6.38%), and other miscellaneous compounds (17.02%). Significant metabolites such as acetic acid, 9-octadecenamide, undecanoic acid methyl ester, hydrazine, hexadecane, nonadecane, eicosane, and other compounds reported in this study have been widely documented to have plant growth promoting, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and biofuel properties. Furthermore, T. pinophilus grown on PDA and MEA produced more than twice as many compounds as that grown on CYA.ConclusionThus, our result showed that the production of essential metabolites from T. pinophilus is substrate dependent, with many of these metabolites known to have beneficial characteristics, and as such, this organism can be utilised as a sustainable and natural source for these useful organic molecules.

Membrane reactor based synthesis of biodiesel from Toona ciliata seed oil using barium oxide nano catalyst

Membrane technology has been embraced as a feasible and promising substitute to the traditional technologies employed for biodiesel synthesis which are energy and time consuming. It needs less energy, has high stability, is environmentally friendly, and is simple to operate and control. Therefore, in our current study membrane technology was employed to synthesize biodiesel from Toona ciliate novel and non-edible seed oil. Since Toona ciliata has affluent oil content (33.8%) and is effortlessly and extensively available. In fact, we intended to scrutinize the effects of green synthesized barium oxide nanoparticles for one step transesterification of biodiesel production using membrane technology followed by characterization of prepared catalyst via innovative techniques. Optimal yield of biodiesel attained was 94% at 90 °C for 150 min with methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1 and amount of about 0.39 wt %. Quantitative analysis of synthesized Toona ciliata oil biodiesel was carried out by advance techniques of Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which authorize the synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester compounds using oil from Toona ciliata seeds. Values of Toona ciliata fuel properties for instance flash point (70°C), density (0.89 kg/m3), viscosity (5.25 mm2/s), cloud point (−8°C) and pour point (−11°C) met the specifications of international standards i. e American (ASTM D-6751), European (EN-14214) and China (GB/T 20,828). Subsequently, it is concluded that membrane technology is environmentally friendly and efficient technique for mass-production of sustainable biodiesel using green nano catalyst of barium oxide.

KONVERSI MINYAK BIJI KAPUK MENJADI BIODIESEL MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS CaO/HTC

This research focuses on producing biodiesel through the transesterification process of Ceiba pentandra triglyceride acid using a CaO/Hydrotalcite (CaO/HTC) catalyst. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding catalyst mass, the mole ratio of oil: methanol to biodiesel yield, and knowing the FAME content of biodiesel yield and the highest impact of adding catalyst mass and the ratio kapok seed oil to FFA conversion results. Kapok seed oil was transesterified for 2 hours at a temperature of 65°C. The molar ratio of oil and methanol used is 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, and 1:25 (%wt). The catalyst used is CaO/HTC, with 3.0977 grams of CaO and 30.9023 grams of hydrotalcite. The best results for biodiesel yield at the ratio of the oil: methanol molar ratio of 1:15 with a catalyst mass of 1.5% wt, which is 66%, while the best % conversion of FFA is in the ratio of oil: methanol molar ratio of 1:25 with a catalyst mass of 1.5%wt which is 90.674%. FAME content of the yield The highest biodiesel contains C15-C26 carbon chains and is dominated by Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester compounds.

Effect of Concentration Areca Seed Extract (Areca Catechu L.) on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Pineapple Juice (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) As a Functional Beverages

This study aims to determine the effect of concentration areca seed extract on the physicochemical and sensory properties of pineapple juice as a functional beverages , and to determine the appropriate concentration of areca seed extract to produce pineapple juice that has the best physicochemical and sensory properties. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 levels of treatment, namely the concentration of areca seed extract 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% (v/v). Each treatment was repeated 5 times, so there were 20 experimental units. The results showed that the concentration of areca seed extract had a significant effect on the total soluble solids, the degree of warmth L* and a*, antioxidant activity, total tannin, vitamin C levels, and had no significant effect on the acidity (pH), and had a characteristic taste of pineapple chelate until the taste of pineapple is slightly chelate, the color is brown to very brown, it has a pineapple aroma to a strong pineapple aroma, with a weak aftertaste to a slightly strong after taste. The best treatment in making pineapple juice with areca seed extract was the concentration of 2% areca seed extract which contained 80.02% antioxidant activity, vitamin C 104.68 mg/100 g, total tannin 99.62 mg TAE/g, total dissolved solids value 20.980brix, color degree value L*29.48, a*7.06, b*20.80, acidity value (pH) 3.37, has a slightly brown color, aroma of pineapple (methyl ester and ethyl ester compounds), taste pineapple and not chelate, and has no aftertaste.

GC-MS and FTIR Analysis of Aqueous Extract of Citrillus lanatus (Water Melon) Rind

Over the years, the Citrulluslanatus rind has been considered as waste and disposed ignoring the fact that it can be utilized as a value-added product and has many health benefits. The watermelon rind constitutes nearly a third of the watermelon weight. The evaluation of Citrulluslanatus (watermelon) rind as a possible raw material for a pharmaceutical and as a value added product of the fruit rind and this will encourage cultivation, utilization and possible application of water melon rind in the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this research work is to determine the functional group using FTIR and chemical components of aqueous extract of watermelon rind using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Dried powder of Citrulluslanatus (water melon) rind extracts was used for FTIR analysis. 10 mg of the dried extract powder was encapsulated in 100 mg of KBr pellet, was prepared to obtain a translucent sample discs. The powdered of Citrulluslanatus was loaded in FTIR analysis (Shimadzu, IR Affinity 1, Japan), having a Scan range from 400 to 4000 cm-1. While The phyto-constitutes of Citrulluslanatus (water melon) aqueous rind extract were determined by Gas Chromatography (Agilent 6890 series) coupled with HP-5MS column mass spectrometer at column temperature of 30°C and was heated to 300°C at 10°C for 5min. The helium was used as carrier gas at a flow of 1.0ml/min. The identification of the constituents of water melon rind aqueous extract was performed by matching their mass spectra and retention indices with those obtained from authentic samples and/or NSIT/Wiley spectra libraries, using different types of search (PBM/NIST/AMDIS) and available literature data. The FTIR analysis Citrilluslanatus aqueous rind extract shows different absorption band which indicated the characteristic peak of different functional groups such as OH, C=O C-O, H-N, C-H etc which are associated with phenols, ketones, flavonoids, aldehydes, amides, alkenes etc. while the Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis of aqueous extract of watermelon rind reveals the presence of different fatty-acid, methyl ester and volatile organic compounds this includes Hexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, Eicosane,2methyl-, 1-Hexadecanesulfonic acid,3,5-dichloro-2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, Estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol etc. The finding showed that Citrilluslanatus aqueous rind extract have thirty-one (31) bioactive constituents of pharmacological important identified by GC-MS and FTIR analysis. These compounds from Citrilluslanatus rind can be used in pharmaceutical industry for development of novel lead drugs for management of diseases.

Utilization of Breed Chicken Eggshells for Biodiesel Preparation from Waste Cooking Oil

Chicken eggshell waste is a promising source of CaO which can be converted into heterogeneous catalyst materials. The purpose of this study was to utilize CaO heterogeneous catalyst derived from breed chicken eggshell to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil through the transesterification process. A total of 4 g of catalyst material was mixed with 200 g of waste cooking oil and 60 g of methanol, and then the mixture was stirred at a speed of 700 rpm for 6 h at 60 ± 40C. The produced biodiesel was analyzed using GC-MS to elucidate the various methyl ester compounds. The produced biodiesel was found to have a density of 855 kg/m3, viscosity of 3.74 mm2/s (cSt), and flash point of 135 0C. Based on these results, it can be concluded that breed chicken eggshells are potential sources for the preparation of CaO catalyst material to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil. This finding is very useful for further optimization of mass catalysts heterogeneous CaO from breed chicken eggshells including the commercial production of biodiesel.

Synthesis of T-Type low-viscosity hydrocarbon bio-lubricant from fatty acid methyl esters and coconut oil

Biomass-derived long-chain alkanes with highly symmetrical branches, which show comparable properties to traditional petrochemical-based poly-α-olefin (PAO), have great potential economic value for industrial application. In this work, we developed a new strategy to prepare T-type low-viscosity bio-lubricant base oil using inexpensive lipid-derived fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) as raw materials with a total carbon yield of around 67.3%. The fatty acid methyl ester compounds (R1-COOCH3) were converted to fatty alcohols using methanol as the solvent and hydrogen donor over the Cu/SiO2 catalyst. Subsequently, fatty alcohol was further brominated to the Bromo-Grignard reagents (R1-CH2-MgBr). In the next step, a T-type synthetic bio-lubricant base oil (R1-C(R2)-R1) was formed by the hydrodeoxygenation of symmetrical tertiary alcohol precursors over Pd/C, where symmetrical tertiary alcohol precursors were obtained via the nucleophilic addition of Bromo-Grignard reagents with fatty acid methyl ester (R2-COOCH3). The specific properties of the branched representative bio-lubricant C32 (12'10'10') are comparable to those of the commercial lubricant PAO 3.6. This strategy offered a new promising route for synthesizing high-quality bio-lubricant base oil.