Three-dimensional Modeling Method Research Articles

Development of three-dimensional forward modeling method for the magnetometric resistivity (MMR) method

We have developed a 3-D forward modeling method for the magnetometric resistivity (MMR) technique, specially focusing on the marine MMR method, which utilizes a vertical bipole source and seafloor receivers to measure magnetic field variations. The bipole source generates an artificial electric current between two electrodes: one on the sea surface and another on the seafloor. When computing the electric potential using the relaxation method, while conserving electric current, singularities arise at the electrode locations. To address this issue, we introduce two electrical resistivity structures to mitigate the effects of these singularities and to obtain magnetic field anomalies caused by arbitrary 3-D electrical resistivity anomalies beneath the seafloor. By determining the sign of the magnetic field anomaly, we can infer whether the electrical resistivity of the anomalous body is more conductive or more resistive compared to the surrounding oceanic crust. Furthermore, we demonstrate that increasing the number of bipole sources is more effective in exploring anomalous bodies than increasing the number of receivers.Graphical abstract

Research Progress of Three-dimensional Geological Modeling and Multi-field Coupling of Fractured Oil and Gas Reservoirs

Fractured oil and gas reservoirs play an important role in oil and gas exploration and development due to their complex fracture network structure. As the main fluid channel in the reservoir, fractures have a significant impact on the migration, accumulation and exploitation efficiency of oil and gas. This paper summarizes the key geological characteristics of fractured reservoirs, including fracture types, distribution rules and main controlling factors of fracture development, and discusses the influence of fractures on reservoir physical properties. Furthermore, the deterministic and stochastic modeling methods of three-dimensional geological modeling of fractured reservoirs and the latest progress of discrete fracture network modeling technology are introduced in detail. In addition, this paper also discusses in detail the application of multi-field coupling model in the numerical simulation of fluid flow in fractured reservoirs, including continuous medium model and discrete medium model, and their advantages and disadvantages in simulating fluid flow in fractured reservoirs. Finally, this paper summarizes the research progress of multi-physics coupling model of fractured reservoirs, and points out the direction and challenges of future research. Through these studies, it can provide theoretical support and technical guidance for oil and gas exploration and development, in order to achieve more effective development and management of fractured reservoirs.

Computer Numerical Control Machining Simulations and Experimental Analysis of a Novel C-Gear

C-gear is a novel gear transmission system, with no existing special machining and cutting tools to realize its construction. In this study, we employed a 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machining center to construct a C-gear, while solving the prototype manufacturing problem at the experimental research stage. We deduced the C-gear mathematical model and studied the three-dimensional (3D) modeling methods based on the analysis of its generation principle. The C-gear processing technique using the 5-axis CNC machining center and the tool path designs were established using the VERICUT and MASTERCAM softwares, and the C-gears were experimentally constructed. The maximum overcut and residual of the gear positioning hole surface were both found to be 0.094 mm. Moreover, the maximum overcut on the tooth surface and root were 0.02 and 0.03 mm, respectively, and the maximum residual on both the tooth surface and root was 0.03 mm. The machining overcuts and residual amounts of the proposed method were better than those of reference [14]. The existing overcut and residual errors included the errors generated by surface fitting during the 3D modeling of the gears. Therefore, the machining errors of the physically constructed tooth surface are expected to be smaller than the theoretical value, suggesting a high feasibility of the proposed method to realize the machining of C-gears.

A dual-modified implicit time integration method for three-dimensional impact modelling within the framework of the SBFEM

This paper presents a dual-modified implicit time integration method (DMITIM) for three-dimensional impact modelling within the framework of the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). Controlled by a single parameter, this method effectively dissipates high-frequency responses in impact problems without affecting low-frequency responses, ensuring time integration stability. To address the issue of false oscillations during impacts, additional Lagrange multipliers are introduced to supplement the velocity and acceleration corrections at each time integration step. For nonmatching meshes, by leveraging the mesh flexibility of the SBFEM, a rapid and straightforward remeshing method is utilized to establish a node-to-node contact scheme. The numerical results demonstrate that the DMITIM significantly reduces false oscillations in the velocity and contact force during impact events. It also showcases the flexibility of the SBFEM in handling nonmatching meshes. The combination of the SBFEM with the DMITIM provides enhanced simulation accuracy and stability for impact problems compared to the results from ABAQUS using the HHT-α time integration algorithm.

Developmental three-dimensional examination of the pelvic cavity of Hamdani crossbred sheep fetuses (Ovis aries) in the last two periods of gestation.

Türkiye is a country in the world ranking in terms of sheep breeding. Hamdani crossbred sheep breed is one of the sheep breeds that can adapt to the difficult conditions in our country. In addition, the sentence may be corrected as 'Especially in the southeastern part of the Türkiye, crossbreeding is preferred by breeders to increase the yield characteristics of sheep'. In our study, it was aimed to perform a pelvimetric analysis of Hamdani crossbred sheep fetuses in the second and third trimesters by three-dimensional modelling method. For this purpose, a total of 40 second-trimester (10 females, 10 males) and third-trimester (10 females, 10 males) fetuses were used. The pelvises of the fetuses were imaged with CT and 3D models were created. Sixteen pelvimetric measurements were performed from the models. The results obtained were evaluated statistically. The study found statistically significant differences between male and female fetuses in terms of vertical diameter (VD) and foramen obturatum width (FOW) measurement parameters in the second trimester. In the third trimester, there were statistically significant differences between genders in acetabulum (AC) (p < 0.01), medial ischial tuberosities (MIT), and ischiatic arch (IA) (p < 0.05) parameters. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was determined that the pelvis length (PL) measurement parameter was positively correlated with different parameters in varying degrees in both periods, while the IA parameter did not show significant correlations with the other parameter in the last two periods of pregnancy. In conclusion, the data obtained will be useful in pelvimetric evaluations of human and animal fetuses, anatomy education, zooarchaeology and taxonomy studies.

3D physiologically-informed deep learning for drug discovery of a novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2)

Angiogenesis is an essential process in tumorigenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis, and is an intriguing pathway for drug discovery. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) to inhibit tumor angiogenic pathways has been widely explored and adopted in clinical practice. However, most drugs, such as the Food and Drug Administration –approved drug axitinib (ATC code: L01EK01), have considerable side effects and limited tolerability. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel VEGFR2 inhibitors. In this study, we propose a novel strategy to design potential candidates targeting VEGFR2 using three-dimensional (3D) deep learning and structural modeling methods. A geometric-enhanced molecular representation learning method (GEM) model employing a graph neural network (GNN) as its underlying predictive algorithm was used to predict the activity of the candidates. In the structural modeling method, flexible docking was performed to screen data with high affinity and explore the mechanism of the inhibitors. Small -molecule compounds with consistently improved properties were identified based on the intersection of the scores obtained from both methods. Candidates identified using the GEM-GNN model were selected for in silico modeling using molecular dynamics simulations to further validate their efficacy. The GEM-GNN model enabled the identification of candidate compounds with potentially more favorable properties than the existing drug, axitinib, while achieving higher efficacy.

A Construction Method for Three-Dimensional Digital Model of Substation Equipments Integrating Grid Information Model

Abstract Building a three-dimensional digital model of a substation is a key technology for achieving intelligent operation and maintenance of substations. However, the widely used GIM technology currently has obvious shortcomings in spatial attribute correlation, and cannot meet the application requirements. This paper proposes a three-dimensional digital model modeling method for substation equipments, which improves the general standardization transplantation and spatial attribute association ability based on GIM. This method integrates the GIM data standard, establishes a mapping relationship between GIM model data and JSON instances, fully preserves the attribute information of the model, and can easily obtain a three-dimensional slice model of substation equipments. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified through experiments.

Theoretical and numerical study on the bond behavior between reinforcing steel and concrete

The bond-slip interaction between reinforcing steel and concrete plays a crucial role in transferring stress and the synergistic mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete members. Based on the interface tensile mechanism of reinforcing steel and concrete, a novel simple bond-slip model was developed to consider the tensile fracture behavior of the interface in different stress stages. According to the influencing factors including concrete strength, cover thickness, reinforcing steel rib spacing, stirrup arrangements, reinforcing steel diameter and anchorage length, characteristic points are established. The results show that the calculated results of this model agree well with the experimental results under monotonic loading. Finally, the different stages of slip behavior are simulated with the elastic, plastic and damage behavior of the connector elements according to a three-dimensional modeling method. Comparisons that were performed between the nonlinear numerical simulations and theoretical results have clearly shown that the connector element can predict the interface behavior of reinforcing steel and concrete.

Semi-analytic modeling and experimental verification of arbitrary aero-engine complex spatial pipeline

In-depth research is imperative for complex spatial pipelines with fluid-structure interaction. A comprehensive and universal three-dimensional semi-analytical modeling method is first established for complex fluid-conveying spatial pipelines under the base excitation with arbitrary connections and configurations under different boundary conditions. The virtual spring technology is used to connect the straight and curved pipeline segments with spatial angles and simulate boundary conditions. For a thorough analysis, the actual stiffness of the bracket-clamp system is experimentally measured for the first time. The multi-level coupling dynamic model of part, component, and system levels under actual boundary conditions is established. An efficient method for solving the fluid-structure coupling pipeline system dynamics considering the base excitation is proposed based on energy method. The mid-plane displacement function of the Fourier series is introduced and solved using the principle of modal superposition. Hammer impact modal experiments, ANSYS software and vibration response experiments are performed on spatial pipelines supported by flexible bracket-clamps; the numerical and experimental results support the semi-analytical results. The degenerate model is verified with the simple plane pipelines in other references, and the errors are less than 5 %. The proposed method exhibits broad applicability and generalizability, making it suitable for various configurations and boundary conditions.

Interpretative Models and Modern Design Concepts of the Palace Building of Uzhhorod Castle

The purpose of the article is to investigate the current state of the interior of the palace building of the Uzhhorod Castle of the Transcarpathian Regional Museum of Local Lore (TRMLL) named after T. Legotskyi and to analyze the newest interpretation design models of expositional space. The obtained results, interpret them through philosophical models of interior design, take into account stylistic features; needs of society, trends and advanced technologies in the field of environment design. Research methods. The research is based on ideology, imagery, philosophical interpretation, art history and source studies. As well as modern methods of three-dimensional modeling, texturing, rendering and post-production of the obtained visualizations. The scientific novelty. The article suggests and theoretically substantiates design concepts, philosophical interpretation of interior design and technological equipment. New ideas dealing with exhibitional space and museum exhibition arrangement were put forward. It was successfully managed to combine medieval, Renaissance and baroque fortification architecture, historical design of residential palace interior with modern technologies and plastics. Conclusions. Nowadays interior of palace building of T.Legoskyi TRMLL Uzhhorod Castle is in the state of emergency condition, needs capital repair and restoration. Having analyzed academic works of Transcarpathian historians and having studied the modern condition of Uzhhorod Castle, it appeared to be possible to reveal problems pertaining expositional space arrangement of T.Legoskyi TRMLL- old equipment, the necessity to heat premises and their repair, and the main issue- the need to renovate, create new interior design, which is to be based on sources and at the same time on rethinking of stylistic layers. The achieved interpretation models demonstrare possible ways to renovate exhibition space of the palace building, fully open author ambitions and ideas. The imsges found symbolize continuity of time, rethink medieval, Renaissance and baroque aesthetics-combine the new technologies, modern art trends and authentic paintings and reliefs. Museum T.Legotskyi TRMLL archive exhibits do not fall out from the context, they emphasize specificity of premises and architectural complex in general. Historic continuity and strong stylistic onnection in suggested interpretation models is observed.

Magnetotelluric Observations in the Caspian Sea

Abstract —To study the geological structure in the search for raw hydrocarbons within the Volga delta and the Caspian Sea, two intersecting profiles of magnetotelluric sounding were performed. The analysis of geoelectric sections based on the one-dimensional inversion of the initial and normalized invariant curves of apparent resistance showed that it is necessary to use methods of three-dimensional mathematical modeling to form reliable geoelectric models. Their initial construction necessary for the three-dimensional interpretation of invariant apparent resistance curves was carried out taking into account their one-dimensional inversion. The resulting model, including the lower structural part, is constructed by the method of interactive matching to the apparent resistance curves of model curves calculated according to the program of three-dimensional mathematical modeling. This approach made it possible to take into account the influence of local galvanic distortions on the apparent resistance curves when evaluating the distribution of electrical conductivity in the lower parts of the subsea deposits. As a result of the integrated interpretation of magnetotelluric data, blocks with increased conductivity have been identified in the subsea deposits of the Northern Caspian Sea, which are most likely associated with high fluid saturation of Cretaceous and Neogene sediments. Their position correlates with the regional discontinuous structures of the region.

Pocket Crafter: a 3D generative modeling based workflow for the rapid generation of hit molecules in drug discovery

We present a user-friendly molecular generative pipeline called Pocket Crafter, specifically designed to facilitate hit finding activity in the drug discovery process. This workflow utilized a three-dimensional (3D) generative modeling method Pocket2Mol, for the de novo design of molecules in spatial perspective for the targeted protein structures, followed by filters for chemical-physical properties and drug-likeness, structure–activity relationship analysis, and clustering to generate top virtual hit scaffolds. In our WDR5 case study, we acquired a focused set of 2029 compounds after a targeted searching within Novartis archived library based on the virtual scaffolds. Subsequently, we experimentally profiled these compounds, resulting in a novel chemical scaffold series that demonstrated activity in biochemical and biophysical assays. Pocket Crafter successfully prototyped an effective end-to-end 3D generative chemistry-based workflow for the exploration of new chemical scaffolds, which represents a promising approach in early drug discovery for hit identification.

Structural analyzes suggest that MiSSP13 and MiSSP16.5 may act as proteases inhibitors during ectomycorrhiza establishment in Laccaria bicolor

•The signaling process during mycorrhiza establishment involves intense molecular communication between symbionts. It has been suggested that a group of protein effectors, the so-called MiSSPs, plays a broader function in the symbiosis metabolism, however, many of these remain uncharacterized structurally and functionally.•Herein we used three-dimensional protein structure modeling methods, ligand analysis, and molecular docking to structurally characterize and describe two protein effectors, MiSSP13 and MiSSP16.5, with enhanced expression during the mycorrhizal process in Laccaria bicolor.•MiSSP13 and MiSSP16.5 show structural homology with the cysteine and aspartate protease inhibitor, cocaprin (CCP1). Through structural analysis, it was observed that MiSSP13 and MiSSP16.5 have an active site similar to that observed in CCP1. The protein-protein docking data showed that MiSSP13 and MiSSP16.5 interact with the papain and pepsin proteases at sites that are near to where CCP1 interacts with these same targets, suggesting a function as inhibitor of cysteine and aspartate proteases. The interaction of MiSSP13 with papain and MiSSP16.5 with pepsin was stronger than the interaction of CCP1 with these proteases, suggesting that the MiSSPs had a greater activity in inhibiting these classes of proteases. Based on the data supplied, a model is proposed for the function of MiSSPs 13 and 16.5 during the symbiosis establishment. Our findings, while derived from in silico analyses, enable us formulate intriguing hypothesis on the function of MiSSPs in ectomycorrhization, which will require experimental validation.

Study on high temperature dynamic characteristics and mesoscopic simulation of HFRC under dynamic and static combined loading

The Φ50mm SHPB system was used to carry out three-dimensional dynamic and static combined loading tests on hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) treated at different temperatures (25 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C) under different confining pressure ratios (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3). The temperature effect, confining pressure effect and failure characteristics of HFRC under impact load were studied. The effect of fiber was equivalently treated in mortar, and the meso-aggregate model of HFRC considering aggregate, mortar and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) was established. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results. The results showed that the higher the confining pressure ratio, the more significant the temperature effect of peak stress is. The higher the temperature is, the less obvious the enhancement effect of confining pressure on peak stress is. Compared with the influence of confining pressure on dynamic peak strain, the influence of temperature effect on dynamic peak strain is higher. The established three-dimensional meso-aggregate model and calculation method can accurately reflect the dynamic response characteristics of HFRC at different temperatures and confining pressure ratios. Prestress will affect the internal stress distribution of the specimen, thus affecting the compression failure characteristics of the specimen. The confining pressure can constrain the damage course of the specimen and has a good protective effect on the specimen.

3D sweater garment style generation based on 3D anthropometric characteristic parameters

This paper proposes a method for three-dimensional style modeling of loose sweaters. Through the correlation analysis of the three-dimensional human body and the classic sweater style, a style model was built on the three-dimensional human body model to realize efficient personalized sweater design and production. First of all, the design model was extracted from the human body model based on the characteristics of the ring-cutting algorithm. Secondly, the loose model of the sweater was established based on the chest, waist, and hip data of the human body. Subsequently, the feature line between the size information and style features was created, and curve interpolation values were combined with joint smoothing methods to generate a multi-faceted sweater style model. Finally, the mapping function was used to flatten the style model, the related styles were woven by operating the computer, and the suitability of the established sweater fabric was verified. The comparison results showed that the accuracy of the style construction of this model was improved. Through the analysis of experimental data, it can be proven that the method proposed in this paper can quickly and accurately establish a three-dimensional style model of a sweater, without the need for repeated measurements to make templates, thus saving development time.

Numerical modeling of the working process in an oxygen-methane combustion chamber operating on gaseous fuel

A method for three-dimensional numerical modeling of the working process in the oxygen-methane combustion chamber of a heat engine operating on gaseous fuel is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the method based on the gross reaction equation written for the stoichiometric ratio are considered. The vortex dissipation model is used as a combustion model, and the ideal gas model is used for the working body. A justification is given for the effects in the combustion chamber obtained as a result of modeling. The results of three-dimensional numerical modeling and thermodynamic calculations are compared. Recommendations are given for improving the design of the combustion chamber and increasing its effectiveness. Keywords heat engine, combustion chamber, vortex dissipation model, combustion, numerical modeling, thermodynamic calculation, gross reaction

The road toward smart city infrastructures: A review on 3d facade reconstruction using images

Numerous types of solid structures protect coastal activities and cities from the damaging effects of tides and waves all around the globe. Thus, having a three-dimensional digital representation of the physical environment would help decision-makers in understanding the dynamic nature of coastal environments and implementing effective mitigation strategies. Generally speaking, Feature matching, Structure from Motion (SFM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) algorithms are used in this order to achieve realistic results. The Literature shows that there is a constant evolution of new techniques and technologies either with learning based or hand-crafted approach, which gives a possibility to integrate different method to optimize each step of the three-dimensional reconstruction process. The aim of this paper is to present the progress of three-dimensional modelling methods that use ground-level images by providing an overview of the latest applications and a comparison of their results. Overall, the state-of-the-art in three-dimensional building modelling using ground-level imagery is rapidly evolving, and new ways are being developed to improve the efficiency, accuracy and scalability of the process

Сызба геометрияда есептерді шешуде үшөлшемді модельдеу әдістерін қолдану

Мақалада техникалық және сәулет-құрылыс мамандықтарында оқитын білім алушыларға геометриялық-графикалық дайындауда тұрғылық және өлшем есептерді шешу үшін үшөлшемдік модельдеу әдістердің қолданылуы мен олардың артықшылықтары жайында баяндалады.

Three-Dimensional Microstructure-Based Deformation Predictions in Battery Electrodes

To give insight on the deformation behavior of the porous electrodes for a lithium-ion battery induced by mechanical stresses, a three-dimensional microstructure-based modeling method (3DMS) is developed [1,2]. The 3DMS simulation applies a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based solid-stress model to track the composite (active material (AM) and binder) porous electrodes response to compression (external forces), reversible expansion (intercalation dependent), and irreversible expansion (aging dependent).The microstructures used for the electrodes were generated using a modified version of the opensource program MATBOX, developed by NREL, in conjunction with in-house code to create a cutout section of a representative lithium-ion cell. Both anode and cathode structures are stochastically generated and applied with an advanced volume element generation technique to resolve small interface and boundary domains created by binder generation. The applied solid-stress model couples different stresses from local mechanical behavior for the different materials present in the system, considering the individual materials respective mechanical properties. The coupled stresses are used to predict deformation in the microstructure domain. Further analysis on the behavior of the deformation is enacted to gain insights on the design of the porous electrodes.Predictions of the electrodes’ deformation will be validated using experimental work at various length scales and compared to continuum porous electrode models from previous works. Furthermore, development of techniques using the FEA solid stress-model platform will be implemented to predict full cell-level deformation for various macro cell designs including jell-roll, pouch cells, and full module assemblies [3-8]. Ultimately, insights gained from the simulations will be used to understand irreversible deformation in electrodes after cycling and inform microstructure design- particularly for automotive-relevant applications [9]. J. S. Lopata, T. R. Garrick, F. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Zeng and S. Shimpalee, ECSarXiv (2022).J. S. Lopata, T. R. Garrick, F. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Zeng and S. Shimpalee, J Electrochem Soc, 170, 020530 (2023).D. J. Pereira, J. W. Weidner and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc, 166, A1251 (2019).D. J. Pereira, M. A. Fernandez, K. C. Streng, X. X. Hou, X. Gao, J. W. Weidner and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc, 167, 080515 (2020).D. J. Pereira, A. M. Aleman, J. W. Weidner and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc, 169, 020577 (2022).T. R. Garrick, K. Kanneganti, X. Y. Huang and J. W. Weidner, J Electrochem Soc, 161, E3297 (2014).T. R. Garrick, K. Higa, S.-L. Wu, Y. Dai, X. Huang, V. Srinivasan and J. W. Weidner, J Electrochem Soc, 164, E3592 (2017).T. R. Garrick, X. Huang, V. Srinivasan and J. W. Weidner, J Electrochem Soc, 164, E3552 (2017).T. R. Garrick and J. W. Weidner, in Electrochemical Society Meeting s 233, p. 1345 (2018).

Quantifying Volume Change in Battery Electrode Microstructures

A three-dimensional microstructure-based modeling method (3DMS) is developed [1, 2] to predict the mechanical behaviors of porous electrode that includes both active material (AM) and binders inside lithium-ion battery during compression, reversible expansion (intercalation dependent), and irreversible expansion (aging dependent). The geometry of both AM and binder is generated stochastically to create microstructures by using a modified MATBOX opensource program with our in-house code. The advanced technique of volume element generation is also established to overcome the interfacial error due to complexity of binder distribution. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based solid-stress model is applied to predict local mechanical activities including stress-strain relationship and microstructure evolution during compression, intercalation, and aging.The predictions of behavior in the porous electrode under compressive loads will be presented and the insights into the microstructure deformation will be discussed. Further, the analysis results will be validated using experimental testing results acquired at various length scales. This work can be used for the model-based FEA platform to predict the impact of volume change under charge/discharge cycles, volume change of a jelly-roll during formation, and the response of the active material in typical pouch cells during battery module assembly.The predictions of reversible expansion in the porous electrode during cycling will be presented and the insights into the microstructure expansion as compared to continuum porous electrode models from previous work [3-8] will be discussed.Finally, insights into the linkage between irreversible volume expansion in the porous electrode during aging cycling will be discussed and compared to testing acquired for automotive-relevant large format [9] pouch cells.References J. S. Lopata, T. R. Garrick, F. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Zeng and S. Shimpalee, ECSarXiv (2022).J. S. Lopata, T. R. Garrick, F. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Zeng and S. Shimpalee, J Electrochem Soc, 170, 020530 (2023).D. J. Pereira, J. W. Weidner and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc, 166, A1251 (2019).D. J. Pereira, M. A. Fernandez, K. C. Streng, X. X. Hou, X. Gao, J. W. Weidner and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc, 167, 080515 (2020).D. J. Pereira, A. M. Aleman, J. W. Weidner and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc, 169, 020577 (2022).T. R. Garrick, K. Kanneganti, X. Y. Huang and J. W. Weidner, J Electrochem Soc, 161, E3297 (2014).T. R. Garrick, K. Higa, S.-L. Wu, Y. Dai, X. Huang, V. Srinivasan and J. W. Weidner, J Electrochem Soc, 164, E3592 (2017).T. R. Garrick, X. Huang, V. Srinivasan and J. W. Weidner, J Electrochem Soc, 164, E3552 (2017).T. R. Garrick and J. W. Weidner, in Electrochemical Society Meeting s 233, p. 1345 (2018).