Spinning Method Research Articles

A one-step fabrication of soft-magnetic high entropy alloy fiber with excellent strength and flexibility

Soft-magnetic fibers (SMFs) play a crucial role in energy conversion, transmission, and storage within electronic devices. However, conventional SMFs have poor plasticity and are therefore difficult to withstand long-term tensile, torsional, and shear deformation. A high fraction of grain boundaries could improve plastic deformability of conventional SMFs, but deteriorates the coercivity. This severely limits their applications in flexible electronics and multifunctional components. Herein, we propose a strategy to overcome this dilemma, which is realized by coarsening the grains of a Fe34Co29Ni29Al3Ta3Si2 high entropy alloy (HEA) fiber containing ordered coherent nanoprecipitates with small lattice misfit via a simple one-step in-rotating-water spinning method. This allows to reduce domain wall pinning and improve dislocation mobility. The resultant micron-diameter soft-magnetic HEA fiber has a tensile strength of 674 MPa at 23% elongation, a low coercivity of 8.1 Oe, a moderate magnetization of 116 emu/g at 10 kOe and a high Curie temperature of 770 K.

Waterborne superhydrophobic bio-epoxy coating on Al alloy for corrosion-resistant and self-cleaning applications

Aluminum (Al) and its alloys are important engineering materials in modern industry due to their numerous advantages and have been widely used in various fields, including aerospace, marine, civilian industries and so on. However, they are prone to corrosion and contamination under harsh environmental conditions, particularly in marine environment when exposed to salty water or moisture for a long time, which can adversely affect their aesthetic appearance and desired functionalities or even cause economic losses and serious accidents. To prevent or delay the corrosion, the hydrophilic nature of Al and its alloy surfaces can be transformed to be hydrophobic or superhydrophobic. In this study, we reported an environment-friendly waterborne superhydrophobic bio-epoxy coating (WSBC) without using volatile solvents. The coating is composed of bio-epoxy resin, nano silica, silane coupling agent as well as hydrophobic curing agent, and applied by spin method on Al alloy substrates. The surface morphology and roughness were characterized by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM). The WSBC with 22.2 wt% nano silica loading without considering the solvent of DI water displays a water contact angle (CA) as high as 165.8 ± 3.3° and a sliding angle (SA) as low as 5.3 ± 2.5°. Electrochemical measurement results showed that the as-prepared WSBC has a significant shift from −1.160 V to −0.708 V in the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and 3 orders of magnitude decrease in the corrosion current density (Jcorr), indicating excellent corrosion resistance. The WSBC was further proven to function well after immersion in deionized (DI) water and common organic solvents including ethanol and acetone for 48 h, and weathering resistance test. In addition, the as-prepared WSBC also showed good self-cleaning performance. The developed coating is green and no harm to human health and environment. The facile and eco-friendly process is of great importance for many industrial applications which can provide an attractive way towards anti-wetting surfaces for corrosion protection and self-cleaning effect on a variety of engineering substrates.

Calcium ion-triggered liquid-liquid phase separation of silk fibroin and spinning through acidification and shear stress

Many studies try to comprehend and replicate the natural silk spinning process due to its energy-efficient and eco-friendly process. In contrast to spider silk, the mechanisms of how silkworm silk fibroin (SF) undergoes liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) concerning the various environmental factors in the silk glands or how the SF coacervates transform into fibers remain unexplored. Here, we show that calcium ions, among the most abundant metal ions inside the silk glands, induce LLPS of SF under macromolecular crowded conditions by increasing both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between SF. Furthermore, SF coacervates assemble and further develop into fibrils under acidification and shear force. Finally, we prepare SF fiber using a pultrusion-based dry spinning, mirroring the natural silk spinning system. Unlike previous artificial spinning methods requiring concentrated solutions or harsh solvents, our process uses a less concentrated aqueous SF solution and minimal shear force, offering a biomimetic approach to fiber production.

Fluorescent poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanofibers membrane for aqueous copper ions detection

The contamination of heavy metal ions in water resources poses a threat to both human health and the environment. Fluorescent sensing technologies based on rare earth elements can be widely applied for the accurate detection and quantitative analysis of metal ions. A fluorescent nanofiber membrane material with sensitivity to copper ions was developed. The Eu(TTA)3·2H2O complex was formed through a complexation reaction between europium (Eu) and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA). This complex was then co-spuned with a solution of PEG-modified PET (GPET) using the centrifugal electrostatic spinning method to create a fluorescent PET fiber membrane (GPET@Eu-NFM). Results show that the fluorescence intensity of GPET@Eu-NFM is enhanced compared to the Eu(TTA)3·2H2O complex. As the concentration of the copper ion solution increases, the fluorescence intensity of the film presents a linear decreasing trend, and it also has a linear relationship with pH. This indicates that the fluorescent polyester fiber membrane exhibits dual responsiveness to copper ions and pH. An effective, quick, and convenient method for the monitoring and analysis of copper ions can be proposed by utilizing the fluorescence quenching phenomenon observed when the super hydrophilic surface of functionalized GPET@Eu-NFM comes into contact with copper ions.

Application of Hybrid Conventional Filter and PVDF-TiO<sub>2</sub>/SBE Hollow Fibre Membrane for Peat Water Treatment

South Kalimantan-Indonesia is known to have extensive peatlands reaching 15% of a total peatland in Kalimantan. Due to that peat land water is mostly found and claim as abundant water sources. However, based on quality, peat land water has poor characteristic with high natural organic matter content. Therefore, peat water treatment is necessary to treat using effective method such as hybrid conventional filter and membrane using hollow fibre PVDF-TiO2/SBE. This study aims to investigate the variation of media filter thickness and filtration pressure of hollow fibre (HF) PVDF-TiO2/SBE membrane peat water treatment by filtration pre-treatment and HF membrane ultrafiltration. HF PVDF-TiO2/SBE membrane was prepared by wet spinning method using spinneret set up. Hybrid process was divided into two steps: 1) conventional filter as pre-treatment and 2) HF ultrafiltration membrane under cross flow system. The filter media was used in this work is silica sand and activated carbon with varied thickness 30:10 and 10:30 cm. The HF membrane structure was analysed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the membrane morphology. The results show the fabricated HF membrane has a finger like-sponge sandwich structure morphology. In addition, 30:10 cm (silica sand: activated carbon) thickness exhibits TDS and turbidity removal of 92.18 and 61.37%, respectively as conventional filter pre-treatment. In other hand, HF membrane successfully removed TDS and turbidity of peat water up to 98.68% and 92.41% at 2 bar of filtration pressure. The highest permeate flux of HF membrane conducted of 13.055 Kg.m-2.h-1 at 3 bar. Conclusion of this work is the peat water treatment using activated carbon: silica filtration pre-treatment and HF membrane ultrafiltration can provide clean water with maximum turbidity and TDS removal.

Fast production of highly sensitive nanotextured nonwovens for detection of volatile amines, bacterial growth, and pH monitoring: New tools for real-time food quality monitoring

An efficient manufacturing of colorimetric nonwoven indicators represents a promising alternative to enable applications of such materials in food quality monitoring. The objective of this study is to use the solution blow spinning technique (SBS) to rapidly produce colorimetric nonwoven indicators based on polycaprolactone, incorporating natural or synthetic pH indicators to detect volatile amines, bacterial growth and monitor pH. Produced via the SBS method, these indicators were characterized aiming their physical, mechanical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties, evaluating their efficacy in detecting amines, monitoring bacterial growth, and pH, as well as assessing color stability during storage. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the nonwovens practically always increased with the incorporation of natural and synthetic indicators. When exposed to volatile amines, the nonwoven indicators, particularly those embedded with bromophenol blue, displayed remarkable color change abilities in the presence of five volatile amines. These smart nonwovens in direct contact with E. coli K-12 or its volatiles in 24 h changed their color perceptible to the naked eye. The nanofiber nonwovens displayed visible color changes (ΔE ≥ 3) in response to buffer solutions (pH between 3 and 10). The smart nonwovens rapidly produced by the solution blow spinning method prove to be a promising tool for real-time monitoring of food freshness.

Optimizing field-emission devices: Advancements in stability and performance with well-oriented and dense integrated carbon nanotube assemblies

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attracting widespread interest as electron emitters due to their superior field emission properties. However, the correlation between the microstructural properties of CNTs and their electron emission performance has not been fully understood, limiting the optimization of their performance particularly in terms of device stability. Herein, we present highly oriented and densely integrated CNT assemblies as a cold cathode material with stable field electron emission. These assemblies were prepared via the floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition-based direct spinning method, constructing a fibrous structure with a hierarchical composition of individual CNTs and bundles within the microstructure. By varying the spinning rate during the winding process, we engineered the microstructure of the CNT assemblies. The CNT assemblies spun at high rates presented a relatively higher degree of orientation and packing density for both individual CNTs and bundles, thus resulting in a thermally and mechanically stable microstructure. Furthermore, the stable microstructure of these CNT assemblies translated into an almost consistent electric field under repeated electron emission cycles, well-revealing their impressive stability in field electron emission. Overall, the CNT assemblies with a stable microstructure enable efficient and stable field electron emission, offering a promising strategy for devising CNT-based field electron-emitting devices.

Current research status of high-performance UHMWPE fiber: A review

In the relentless evolution of technological innovation, the incorporation of engineered materials across numerous sectors is becoming increasingly widespread. Among them, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber, as a novel type of engineered material, has emerged as a critical hot topic in industries such as aerospace, national defense, and new energy due to its exceptional physical and chemical properties. This article attempts to introduce the characteristics of UHMWPE fibers, including their advantages and areas for enhancement, to provide researchers with a comprehensive overview and research trajectory of UHMWPE. Moreover, this article succinctly elucidates the preparation methodologies and advances of UHMWPE fibers, encompassing mainstream dry and wet spinning methods, revealing their research trajectories, pivotal positions, and practical significance in the realm of engineered materials. In summary, this review briefly discusses the research overview and recent advances in UHMWPE fibers, which contribute to accelerating comprehensive and sustainable progress in this field.

Key Advances in Solution Blow Spinning of Polylactic-Acid-Based Materials: A Prospective Study on Uses and Future Applications.

Solution blow spinning (SBS) is a versatile and cost-effective technique for producing nanofibrous materials. It is based on the principles of other spinning methods as electrospinning (ES), which creates very thin and fine fibers with controlled morphologies. Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer derived from renewable resources, is widely used in biomedical fields, environmental protection, and packaging. This review provides a theoretical background for PLA, focusing on its properties that are associated with structural characteristics, such as crystallinity and thermal behavior. It also discusses various methods for producing fibrous materials, with particular emphasis on ES and SBS and on describing in more detail the main properties of the SBS method, along with its processing conditions and potential applications. Additionally, this review examines the properties of nanofibrous materials, particularly PLA-based nanofibers, and the new applications for which it is thought that they may be more useful, such as drug delivery systems, wound healing, tissue engineering, and food packaging. Ultimately, this review highlights the potential of the SBS method and PLA-based nanofibers in various new applications and suggests future research directions to address existing challenges and further enhance the SBS method and the quality of fibrous materials.

Real-Time Semantic Segmentation of 3D LiDAR Point Clouds for Aircraft Engine Detection in Autonomous Jetbridge Operations

This paper presents a study on aircraft engine identification using real-time 3D LiDAR point cloud segmentation technology, a key element for the development of automated docking systems in airport boarding facilities, known as jetbridges. To achieve this, 3D LiDAR sensors utilizing a spinning method were employed to gather surrounding environmental 3D point cloud data. The raw 3D environmental data were then filtered using the 3D RANSAC technique, excluding ground data and irrelevant apron areas. Segmentation was subsequently conducted based on the filtered data, focusing on aircraft sections. For the segmented aircraft engine parts, the centroid of the grouped data was computed to determine the 3D position of the aircraft engine. Additionally, PointNet was applied to identify aircraft engines from the segmented data. Dynamic tests were conducted in various weather and environmental conditions, evaluating the detection performance across different jetbridge movement speeds and object-to-object distances. The study achieved a mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 81.25% in detecting aircraft engines, despite experiencing challenging conditions such as low-frequency vibrations and changes in the field of view during jetbridge maneuvers. This research provides a strong foundation for enhancing the robustness of jetbridge autonomous docking systems by reducing the sensor noise and distortion in real-time applications. Our future research will focus on optimizing sensor configurations, especially in environments where sea fog, snow, and rain are frequent, by combining RGB image data with 3D LiDAR information. The ultimate goal is to further improve the system’s reliability and efficiency, not only in jetbridge operations but also in broader autonomous vehicle and robotics applications, where precision and reliability are critical. The methodologies and findings of this study hold the potential to significantly advance the development of autonomous technologies across various industrial sectors.

Enhanced mechanical and electrical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube fibers via electric field-assisted wet spinning

Researchers have been working on creating fibers from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that have optimal properties at the molecular level. However, the prepared SWCNT fibers have showed much lower properties than the ones predicted by theory because the interactions between SWCNTs and SWCNT bundles were not strong enough due to the poor alignment of SWCNTs in the fibers. In this study we improved the mechanical and electrical properties of the SWCNT fibers by using an electric field during the wet spinning process. The electric field, which was applied to the top of the syringe plunger and the tip of the spinneret, oriented the SWCNTs in the chlorosulfonic acid dope solution in a nozzle system, and made them more compact. The SWCNT fibers produced through our process exhibited a significant improvement in their properties. Specifically, we observed a 117.5 % increase in tensile strength and a 140.5 % increase in electrical conductivity. Importantly, these enhancements were achieved without the need for any additional post-treatments. This clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of our current wet spinning method.

A physical barrier woven by flexible, adiabatic and structurally stable high-entropy nanofiber sponges for efficient surface protection

The surface of equipment under harsh conditions often requires protection from adiabatic ceramic fibers. However, the structural stability and flexibility of fibers are frequently compromised. Here, (LaCeNdSmEu)2Zr2O7+δ, a defective high-entropy pyrochlore, was fabricated into flexible nanofiber sponges utilizing a simple saturated solution blow spinning method. The novel 3D lamellar sponges, containing numerous micropores woven by nanofibers, can achieve thermal insulation efficiently. Moreover, the defects and high-entropy effects inside nanofibers can further strengthen their structural stability. Furthermore, nanofiber sponges can remain flexible at -196–1350 °C. Even when burned by the flame, only 2-cm-thick sponges can reduce the heat source from 1350 to 285 °C. The smooth sintering process, low thermal conductivity (0.024–0.044 W/(m•K) at 28–500 °C), high long-term operation temperature (1350 °C), low density (14 mg/cm3), excellent compression flexibility, and remarkable structural stability under various harsh conditions can endow nanofiber sponges with powerful surface protection capability.

Current research status of high-performance UHMWPE fiber: A review

In the relentless evolution of technological innovation, the incorporation of engineered materials across numerous sectors is becoming increasingly widespread. Among them, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber, as a novel type of engineered material, has emerged as a critical hot topic in industries such as aerospace, national defense, and new energy due to its exceptional physical and chemical properties. This article attempts to introduce the characteristics of UHMWPE fibers, including their advantages and areas for enhancement, to provide researchers with a comprehensive overview and research trajectory of UHMWPE. Moreover, this article succinctly elucidates the preparation methodologies and advances of UHMWPE fibers, encompassing mainstream dry and wet spinning methods, revealing their research trajectories, pivotal positions, and practical significance in the realm of engineered materials. In summary, this review briefly discusses the research overview and recent advances in UHMWPE fibers, which contribute to accelerating comprehensive and sustainable progress in this field.

Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biopolymer Fibers: Fabrication Techniques and Characterization Methods.

Hybrid nanocomposites combining biopolymer fibers incorporated with nanoparticles (NPs) have received increasing attention due to their remarkable characteristics. Inorganic NPs are typically chosen for their properties, such as magnetism and thermal or electrical conductivity, for example. Meanwhile, the biopolymer fiber component is a backbone, and could act as a support structure for the NPs. This shift towards biopolymers over traditional synthetic polymers is motivated by their sustainability, compatibility with biological systems, non-toxic nature, and natural decomposition. This study employed the solution blow spinning (SBS) method to obtain a nanocomposite comprising poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), PVA, and gelatin biodegradable polymer fibers incorporated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with poly(acrylic acid), PAA2k, coded as γ-Fe2O3-NPs-PAA2k. The fiber production process entailed a preliminary investigation to determine suitable solvents, polymer concentrations, and spinning parameters. γ-Fe2O3-NPs were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation as maghemite and coated with PAA2k through the precipitation-redispersion protocol in order to prepare γ-Fe2O3-NPs-PAA2k. Biopolymeric fibers containing coated NPs with sub-micrometer diameters were obtained, with NP concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 1.7% wt. The synthesized NPs underwent characterization via dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and infrared spectroscopy, while the biopolymer fibers were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Overall, this study demonstrates the successful implementation of SBS for producing biopolymeric fibers incorporating iron oxide NPs, where the amalgamation of materials demonstrated superior thermal behavior to the plain polymers. The thorough characterization of the NPs and fibers provided valuable insights into their properties, paving the way for their potential applications in various fields such as biomedical engineering, environmental remediation, and functional materials.

Structure and properties of the cellulose fibres spun from imidazolium-based carboxylate functionalized zwitterionic liquid

Dissolution of cellulose without further derivatization has been an active area of research in recent years. There are still challenges in developing a commercially viable solvent system for the dissolution and regeneration of cellulose as films and fibres. We report here a process for making cellulose fibres through the dry-jet wet spinning method by utilizing aqueous zwitterionic liquid (ZIL), viz., (6-(1-(2-methoxyethyl) imidazol-3-io)-hexanoate), in which oxyethylene substituted imidazolium-based cation and a carboxylate anion is covalently tethered. Our results suggest that 11 % ZIL dope could be successfully prepared and spun under industrially viable process conditions. The resultant fibres have properties comparable to that of commercial-grade Lyocell fibres. Particularly, the cellulose fibres spun from a cellulose ZIL solution exhibited a denier of 1.2–1.6, a tenacity of 3.5–4.0 g per denier (gpd), and an elongation at break of 8–10 %, which is comparable to cellulose fibres produced using ionic liquid and N-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) solvent. Cellulose fibres obtained from zwitterionic liquid have a crystallinity of 60 %, which is comparable to Lyocell fibres. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the successful spinning of regenerated cellulose fibres using zwitterionic liquids with mechanical properties comparable to commercial Lyocell fibres.

High‐Throughput Production of Gelatin‐Based Touch‐Spun Nanofiber for Biomedical Applications

Nanofiber production techniques have become increasingly important due to their wide range of applications. However, the complex design of the setup and difficulty in scaling up to high production rate have limited the industrial applicability of some of the conventional fiber generation techniques such as electrospinning. Herein, the touch spinning method is scaled up for nanofiber production using a simple rotating drawing setup with polymers that are relevant for biomedical applications such as polyethylene oxide and gelatin. The process is amenable to use of benign solvent such as water and production of a wide variety of submicron‐scale gelatin‐based nanofibers at a high throughput (≈2.45 g hr−1 with the single channel flow), which is an order of magnitude higher than those produced by other fiber generation methods is shown. The parametric study indicates that the fiber production process can be tuned at a desired rate without sacrificing the fiber quality by simply altering the number of drawing rods, the size of the rotating disk, and the number of solution flow supply channels. The utility of this technique for different biomedical applications such as cell culture and air filtration applications is also demonstrated.

Production and characterization of electro-blown nanofibers incorporated with pine pollen for fast-dissolving applications

This study aims to harness the rapid dissolution capability of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a versatile and biocompatible polymer, in conjunction with pine pollen, a natural substance rich in antioxidants and offering nutrient-dense advantages for overall health and vitality, for the development of fast-dissolving tablet applications. Employing the electro-blown spinning method, PVP nanofibers were fabricated with pine pollen dust sourced from male pine cones. Through electro-blown spinning (EBS), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibrous mats were produced with varying concentrations of Pine pollen (PP) (1,3 and 5 %). Analyses were conducted to assess the characteristics of the produced nanofibers, including morphology, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and surface wettability. Antioxidant tests and α‐glycosidase inhibition activity tests were performed to explore the health benefits of nanofibrous mats. The water solubility of PVP, PVP/1 PP, PVP/3 PP, and PVP/5 PP was measured to be 6.97, 4.74, 3.03, and 6.67 s, respectively. The antioxidant properties and α-glycosidase inhibition activity were preserved in the developed fibers. Notably, the α-glycosidase inhibition activity test demonstrated promising results, suggesting the potential of these fibers in regulating glucose absorption and enhancing glycemic control, highlighting their prospective benefits in diabetes management.

Regulating the phase composition and microstructure of Fe3Si/SiC nanofiber composites to enhance electromagnetic wave absorption

The rational introduction of multi-components to fabricate electromagnetic wave absorbing (EMA) materials with synergistic conductive/dielectric/magnetic losses promises lightweighting and excellent EMA performance, but it remains a challenge. In this work, multicomponent Fe3Si/SiC nanofibre composites with network structure were constructed by electrostatic spinning method and in-situ carbothermal reduction strategy. Design of microstructures and multicomponent modulation by controlling the carbothermal reduction temperature. As a result, the presence of a large number of non-homogeneous interfaces, three-dimensional (3D) conductive network structures and defect structures in Fe3Si/SiC nanofibre composites induces a combination of multiple loss mechanisms that significantly improve the EMA performance. When the filling amount of Fe3Si/SiC in the paraffin transmission matrix is 20 wt%, the maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) of the fabricated material reaches 5.84 GHz with a thin thickness of 2.02 mm. Moreover, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value at 10.96 GHz is as low as −67.57 dB. Meanwhile, the radar cross-section (RCS) simulation verifies that the F-4 peak RCS is reduced to −30.37 dB in the range of −60°<θ < 60°. It indicates that the Fe3Si/SiC nanofiber composites have a good radar-wave dissipation capability in practical applications. In summary, the comprehensive performance of lightweight multicomponent Fe3Si/SiC nanofiber composites can meet the new application requirements and is expected to become an emerging multifunctional wave-absorbing material suitable for harsh environments.

Super fine para-aramid nanofiber and membrane fabricated by airflow-assisted coaxial spinning

Para-aramid nanofiber membranes (ANFMs) have gained significant attention owing to their excellent properties. However, the preparation of ANFM remains a challenge. The amount of entanglement in the ANF dispersion is insufficient, which is why the ANFM cannot be prepared directly through conventional spinning methods. Therefore, we proposed an airflow-assisted coaxial spinning (AFAS) method. A flexible polymer (polyethylene oxide (PEO)), was employed as the outer spinning solution for improving the spinnability of the precursor solution, thus facilitating the efficient preparation of a well-shaped ANFM. The AFAS method reported herein is effective for preparing para-aramid nanofibers and ANFMs. ANFM was successfully fabricated by AFAS, consisting of nanoscale superfine ANFs ranging from 20 to 25 nm, a small average pore size of 0.2 μm, and high porosity (exceeding 80 %). Additionally, the ANFM exhibits prominent mechanical properties (tensile strength = 88.3 MPa; Young's modulus: E = 1.5 GPa), good flexibility, an excellent flame retardancy and thermal stability (300 °C) and flame retardancy.

Multilayer Core-Shell Fiber Device for Improved Strain Sensing and Supercapacitor Applications.

1D fiber devices, known for their exceptional flexibility and seamless integration capabilities, often face trade-offs between desired wearable application characteristics and actual performance. In this study, a multilayer device composed of carbon nanotube (CNT), transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), and cotton fibers, fabricated using a dry spinning method is presented, which significantly enhances both strain sensing and supercapacitor functionality. This core-shell fiber design achieves a record-high sensitivity (GF ≈ 4500) and maintains robust durability under various environmental conditions. Furthermore, the design approach markedly influences capacitance, correlating with the percentage of active material used. Through systematic optimization, the fiber device exhibited a capacitance 26-fold greater than that of a standard neat CNT fiber, emphasizing the crucial role of innovative design and high active material loading in improving device performance.