Expert Consultation Method Research Articles

Preliminary Study on the Construction of Evaluation Index System for Clinical Medicine Postgraduates Based on Job Competency

Objective: To evaluate the practicality of constructing multiple evaluation index systems for postgraduates in clinical medicine professional degree based on job competency. Methods: The theoretical framework of the evaluation index system was initially developed using expert consultation, literature review, and other methods. 20 survey experts were selected and consulted using the Delphi method to screen and evaluate the weights of multiple indicators. Data was then entered into a table to evaluate the practicality of the constructed indicators. Results: The questionnaire recovery rate of the first round of expert consultation was 92.50%, and the second round was 100.00%. The comparison between the two groups showed P < 0.05. The authority level of the first round was 0.817, and the second round was 0.811. In the first round of coordination, the chi-square value of the first-level indicators was 0.498, and the chi-square value of the second-level indicators was 0.628. In the second round of coordination, the chi-square value of the first-level indicators was 0.573, and the chi-square value of the second-level indicators was 0.634. The comparison between the two rounds showed P < 0.05. The evaluation index system included 2 first-level indicators, 5 second-level indicators, and 31 third-level indicators. Conclusion: Constructing an evaluation index system based on job competency is highly scientific, with a reasonable construction process and high practical value.

Development of clinical questions and outcomes on Clinical Practice Guideline of Fire Needling Therapy for Herpes Zosters

To develop the clinical questions and outcomes of Clinical Practice Guideline of Fire Needling Therapy for Herpes Zosters based on Norms of Formulation and Evaluation for the Clinical Guideline on Acupuncture and Moxibustion released by World Federation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Societies. Combined the investigation with expert consultation and consensus method, and taken clinicians (members) of Chinese Association of Acupuncture and Moxibustion as the subjects, the clinical questions concerned were collected and the two-round consultation was conducted among expert group by letter. In the first round questionnaire, using the voting method, the relevant clinical questions in intervention measures were collected; and in the second round, with the Delphi method adopted, the importance of clinical questions and outcomes in the investigation was scored. A total of 200 structured clinical questions proposed by 153 clinicians and the clinical experience with 13 kinds of combined therapies involved and fire needling as the key measure were collected. The authority coefficient (Cr) of the Delphi questionnaire was >0.70, and the coefficient of variation for the importance scores of alternative clinical questions and outcomes was 0.06-0.26 and 0.12-0.47, respectively. The top 10 clinical questions and 12 outcomes (6 outcomes referred to the patients either in the acute stage or the post-neuralgia stage) were included, with the importance score of clinical questions>4, the importance score of outcomes>6, and the coefficient of variation ≤0.25. The clinical questions and outcomes of Clinical Practice Guideline of Fire Needling Therapy for Herpes Zosters are formulated, which provides the research basis for the recommendation development of the guideline.

Establishment of Evidence-Based Nursing Indices for Dysphagia After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery.

To select and obtain relevant evidence for the management of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery both domestically and internationally, clinical quality evaluation indicators were developed based on evidence-based nursing practices, and obstacles and promoting factors in evidence-based nursing practices were analysed. This research was aimed to provide a basis for evidence-based nursing practices to promote standardized management of dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery. Dysphagia is the most common complication following anterior cervical surgery, but there is a lack of standard protocols and guidelines to direct clinical practice. Mixed methods were employed for the translational research to support evidence-based practice. This study was based on the JBI evidence-based health care model. According to the '6S Evidence Resource Pyramid Model', we searched from top to bottom. This study is guided by the knowledge to action (KTA) evidence-based practice model. Utilizing a comprehensive evidence-based approach and following the 6S evidence resource pyramid model, relevant evidence on the management of swallowing disorders after cervical anterior surgery was selected from both domestic and international sources. Based on the best available evidence, the Delphi expert consultation method was used to establish a management plan for swallowing disorders post-cervical anterior surgery. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted to identify barriers to clinical implementation, and clinical quality evaluation indicators, as well as promoting factors, were subsequently developed. Based on the 31 best evidence points, 12 evaluation indicators were developed. The baseline results of these indicators reveal that, apart from evaluation indicator 8, which has a compliance rate of 72.2%, the compliance rates for most of the other indicators are relatively low. Based on the results of the clinical quality review, the following main obstacles were analysed: negative behaviours and attributes, lack of professional knowledge, and lack of standardized management. Effective management of swallowing disorders after cervical spine surgery is crucial for enhancing treatment outcomes, reducing complications, shortening hospital stays and improving patient quality of life. This study identified the best evidence for managing dysphagia post-anterior cervical surgery and developed corresponding solutions. The next step involves applying these measures in clinical practice to improve patient prognosis and elevate the quality of care.

The Red Sports Culture is Integrated Into The Public Sports Curriculum of Colleges And Universities Evaluation System Construction And Path Analysis

The red sports culture, which was born in the revolutionary era, is an excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation. Its inheritance and development reflects the theoretical consciousness of the coordinated development of "cultural power" and "sports power". The integration of red sports culture into the public physical education curriculum of colleges and universities is the in-depth analysis of the concept of cultivating college students' "cultural self-confidence" and the goal path of forging ahead "sports power". In this study, the literature method, Delphi method, expert interview method, analytic hierarchy process and other research methods are used to construct the evaluation system of integrating red sports culture into public physical education courses in colleges and universities, including 4 first-level indicators, 13 second-level indicators and 42 third-level indicators, and determine the weights of indicators at all levels. Finally, objective analysis and case enumerations are made according to the weights assigned to indicators at all levels. And put forward the path of integrating red sports culture into college public physical education curriculum construction.

Establishment of a value assessment framework for orphan medicinal products in China

BackgroundThis study aimed to establish a suitable value assessment framework for orphan medicinal products in China based on the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method.MethodsFirst, a draft framework of the MCDA criteria was built based on a systematic literature evaluation and the EVIDEM framework tools. Second, stakeholder groups were formed and expert opinions were collected through the brainstorming and expert consultation methods. Third, from the perspective of stakeholders, the five-point weighting method and a two-step percentile distribution method were employed to weigh the quantitative criteria in the framework for orphan drug value evaluation. Meanwhile, from the public perspective, a survey was conducted on a sample of 71 people to obtain the scoring scale of the framework for orphan drugs through a two-step percentile distribution method. Finally, based on the synthetization and comparison of all evidence and methods, we developed the framework criteria and scoring scale for the orphan medicinal products.ResultsCombined with the stakeholder selection and suggestions in the stakeholder workshop, the framework criteria for the evaluation were constructed based on China’s national conditions, which included 11 quantitative and 8 qualitative criteria. The two-step percentile distribution method was selected as the weighting method.ConclusionsMCDA is feasible for the value assessment of orphan drugs in China and can be used as a supplementary tool for drug access decisions in medical insurance. It is suggested to further improve the value assessment framework of orphan medicinal products, scientifically evaluate the MCDA framework weighting method, explore a framework system suitable for China’s national conditions.

Study on the Restrictive Factors of Wushu Sanda Movement in Weinan Middle School of Shan xi Province

This paper analyzes the development of Wushu Sanda movement in middle schools in Weinan City, Shan xi Province through the research methods of literature, questionnaire, logic analysis and expert interview, clears out the constraints of Wushu Sanda movement in middle schools, and puts forward corresponding solutions. The results show that: the effective time can not be well mastered; The site is inadequate or unsuitable; May cause fighting or disorder; Lack of martial arts education; Lack of teachers; Prone to sports injury; The lack of interest is the restricting factor that restricts the development of Wushu Sanda movement among young people. The author suggests that we should classify teaching according to the purpose of learning; Optimize the allocation and use of space; Changing the perception of parents and students; Strengthen military morality education; Recruit excellent Sanda teachers; Improve teaching quality and optimize service; Injury prevention and rehabilitation treatment are the effective countermeasures to solve the problem of Wushu Sanda movement among young people.

Enhancing older care services: a comprehensive internet + community home indicator system

ObjectiveConstructing a demand-oriented Internet + community home care service indicator system, starting from the actual needs of the elderly, and quantifying the demand into specific service contents that can be provided, so as to realize the effective supply of services. It aims to provide a theoretical basis for the government to formulate relevant aging policies and provide a reference basis for promoting the innovation and development of the Internet + elderly care model.MethodsBased on existence needs, relationship needs and growth needs abbreviated as “Existence, Relatedness, Growth (ERG)” demand theory, through the discussion in the group meeting, form the expert consultation questionnaire of the demand-oriented Internet + community home care service indicator system, select experts in related fields to conduct two rounds of Delphi expert consultation, summarize the experts’ opinions to determine the indicator system items, and use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to construct the judgment matrix to derive the weighting coefficients of the indicators, and establish the ultimate demand-oriented Internet + community home care service indicator system.ResultsThe effective recovery rates for the two rounds of expert consoulation questionnaires were 100%, with expert authority coefficients of 0.852 and 0.868, respectively. The Kendall coefficients for the second round of expert views varied from 0.226 to 0.431, with coefficients of variation for all indexes less than 0.25.The finalized demand-oriented Internet + community home care service indicator system includes 3 first-level indicators, 10 s-level indicators, and 46 third-level indicators. The consistency ratios of indicator judgment matrices at all levels are less than 0.10, suggesting that the hierarchical analysis findings are consistent, implying that the weight coefficient distribution is appropriate.ConclusionThe demand-oriented Internet + community home care service Indicator System, which was created through expert consultation and AHP method, has reasonable content and is more dependable as an evaluation tool for reliably assessing demand for elderly servic.

Innovative technologies of rail transport used by the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland

Innovation in rail transport has a wide range of applications, which includes customer contact, train moni-toring with modern internet-connected sensors and data analysis, as well as the use of artificial intelli-gence for route optimization, customer service management and vehicle maintenance. The presented is-sues constitute a research niche in the field of the use of innovations in military rail transport, which en-courages research in this area. The article describes innovative technologies of rail transport used by the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland. The subject of the research included in the article are the latest innovations in the field of rail transport technology and the analysis of their benefits and potential use by the Polish Armed Forces. These include: intelligent control systems, infrastructure maintenance, innova-tive designs of trains and wagons. The aim of the article is to identify the advantages of innovative tech-nologies and their potential application in the Polish Armed Forces. In order to achieve the objectives of the article outlined in this way, it is necessary to answer the following research questions: What innovative technologies of rail transport are used by the Polish Armed Forces? What are the prospects for the devel-opment of innovative rail transport technologies for defence purposes in Poland? What innovative solu-tions concerning the railway infrastructure in Poland could improve the safety of movements of troops by rail? The research hypothesis was adopted in the article: Innovative solutions in rail transport used by the Polish Armed Forces will effectively support the implementation of transports in the movement and transport subsystem (M&T). In order to verify the hypothesis, the following research methods were used: theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, inference, generalization) and the method of expert interview with representatives of the movement and transport subsystem. The presented approach allowed to analyse the problem from different perspectives, which makes it possible to conduct detailed research on this important and current issue.

Delphi method investigation and research on the revision of Diagnosis of Occupational Arsenic Poisoning (GBZ 83-2013)

Objective: To explore the expert opinions on the revision of the Diagnosis of Occupational Arsenic Poisoning (GBZ 83-2013) . Methods: In March 2023, the improved Delphi expert consultation method was adopted, in the first round of consultation, a pre-survey was conducted on 20 experts, and the questionnaire was improved according to the experts' opinions. Then, a second round of expert consultation questionnaire was formed to conduct a questionnaire survey and consultation of 50 experts engaged in occupational disease diagnosis and related work. The feedback of experts was collected and analyzed. Results: The average score for the scientificity and progressiveness of the main technical content of the original standard was 3.33, and the average score for the rationality and operability of the main technical content of the original standard was 3.25. The importance of individual indicators with specific connotations were ranged from 4.20 to 4.45, with coefficients of variation <0.25, and the experts' opinions were relatively concentrated. The experts have provided feedback indicating that the original standard had issues such as lack of continuity in diagnostic gradation, the need to integrate biomarkers with urinary and hair arsenic levels, a scarcity of objective diagnostic indicators, the removal of exposure response from the main text, and a low level of consistency in standard usage. These issues need to be revised urgently. Conclusion: The Diagnosis of Occupational Arsenic Poisoning (GBZ 83-2013) should be revised based on experts' feedback and suggestions to meet the current real demand for occupational arsenic poisoning diagnosis.

Conflict between Tourism and Conservation at Nui Chua National Park, Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam

Abstract In protected areas, particularly in national parks, tourism management requires a trade-off between ensuring the key values that support conservation and permitting visitors to appreciate those values. This conflict between conservation and tourism exploitation exists in most national parks around the world. Nui Chua National Park is in the most arid region of Vietnam. Despite that, it has a combination of forest, sea, and semi-desert landscapes that put it into the protected area system of Vietnam. Nui Chua National Park is open to tourists for various purposes. As such, the clash between tourism and conservation maintains as an issue at the park. This paper offers some insights about this conflict at Nui Chua National Park and proposes solutions to tackle this matter. The research is conducted using a qualitative approach. The data is collected using expert interview and in-depth interview method. Expert interview is used to extract information from park’s authority and experts. In-depth interview is used to ask the Raglai people who live within the park’s boundary and participate in some tourism activities. The results suggest that the conflict between conservation and tourism exploitation is in existence but not intensively. The author proposes a more scientific approach in managing tourist activities at Nui Chua National Park.

Biological analysis method based on the relationship between athlete’s PSI rhythm and sports injury

Biorhythm is the law of cyclical changes in individual life activity characteristics as time changes. Biorhythm is an internal law of a biological organism, which comes from the changes that a biological organism is affected by changes in the external environment during natural activities, so its change law is similar to the cycle of the natural environment. Biological rhythms play an important role in mediating human body functions, vital activities, body temperature and other physiological reactions. The balance and stability of biological rhythms can ensure the healthy life activities of the human body. Disrupting the balance of biological rhythms may cause various kinds of human body. In this paper, the research of biological analysis method based on the relationship between athlete’s PSI (Physical, Sensitive, Intellectual) rhythm and sports injury is mainly introduced, and ideas and directions are intended to be provided for analyzing the relationship between athlete’s physical strength, emotion, intelligence and sports injury. This paper proposes a research strategy based on the biological analysis method of athlete’s PSI rhythm and sports injury, including measurement of biological rhythm, literature retrieval method, expert interview method, questionnaire survey method, clustering algorithm-based biological analysis method. A research experiment on the biological analysis method of the relationship between PSI rhythm and sports injury is conducted. The experimental results of this paper indicated that most sports injuries of athletes occur in the critical period of PSI rhythm, with an average incidence of 70.14%. Athletes’ training and competition can be avoided in this critical period as much as possible.

Third-party application developers and the liminal space experience during digital entrepreneurship development

PurposeThe study aims to embrace the lingering call for more empirical studies that can theorize the role of digital platforms in digital entrepreneurship. Hence, this study seeks to reveal the liminal space entrepreneurial experience of third-party application developers, by investigating how the platform boundary resources promote third-party entrepreneurial actions, as they transition through the disoriented, uncertain and ambiguous processes of digital entrepreneurship development.Design/methodology/approachTo conduct this investigation, an expert interview qualitative method was used. This approach is a well-established technique in the field of social sciences, which allowed a detailed exploration of the theory of liminality. Liminality refers to the transitional phase that individuals or groups experience when moving from one social or cultural context to another. The expert interview method is appropriate for this study because it involves engaging with knowledgeable individuals who have extensive experience and expertise in the subject area being investigated. Through in-depth and unstructured interviews, the experts were able to provide valuable insights and perspectives about the phenomenon investigated.FindingsThe research findings demonstrate that digital platform boundary resources play a significant role in the behaviour of third-party developers’ who engage in the development of digital entrepreneurship in today’s market. The study highlights three ways that show how these resources (software development kit (SDK), API, integrated development environment (IDE), libraries, frameworks) enable third-party developers to create new applications that are used to pursue entrepreneurship in a digital platform, leading to increased user engagement and revenue generation.Originality/valueThe research addresses the critical roles of digital platform boundary resources in digital entrepreneurship development processes. Also, using liminality theory, the research explicated the core experiences of third-party developers as they navigated the challenges and ambiguities experienced in the pursuit of entrepreneurship. Thus, contributing to the existing body of knowledge in literature and practice.

Construction of teaching game evaluation model based on ISSA-BPNN

Teaching games are an effective teaching organization activity. In response to the evaluation and prediction problem of teaching games, a teaching game evaluation model based on improved sparrow search algorithm and back propagation neural network was studied and constructed. Firstly, a situational teaching game was designed and an evaluation index system was constructed. Then, a teaching game evaluation prediction model based on the improved method was established. Finally, the expert consultation method is adopted to collect opinions from experts in the field of education and construct an evaluation index system for teaching games. And based on the evaluation index system of teaching games, evaluate students’ mathematical thinking ability before and after experiencing teaching games to verify the application effect of teaching games. The scenario based teaching game designed in this study has a certain effect on improving students’ mathematical thinking ability. Students’ mathematical thinking has significantly improved (P<0.05), and the teaching effect is the same for students of different genders (P>0.1). The improved sparrow search algorithm has a faster convergence rate than other algorithms, and tends to be stable when iteration is about 100 when solving the single peak benchmark function. When solving the multimodal benchmark test function, it tends to stabilize when iteration is around 20. The teaching game evaluation prediction price model based on the improved method shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with hidden units increasing. When the hidden unit is 16, the area index under model curve is the highest, around 0.962, and its prediction accuracy is relatively high. In summary, the model constructed in this study is applicating good in teaching game evaluation prediction, and can promote education industry developing.

Addressing issues about building the consciousness of environment protection for contemporary Vietnamese students

Introduction. Protecting the environment and proactively adapting to climate change is not just a call but has become one of humanity's most urgent tasks. Building the consciousness of environmental protection for Vietnamese high school students, who shape the country’s future, is important to protect the environment and adapt to climate change effectively. It has theoretical and practical significance, contributing to Vietnam's well-being and happy development. Research methodology. The article uses the method of synthesis – analysis of secondary documents to systematize theoretical issues and explain the problems raised in building awareness of ecological environment protection for students. The comparison and contrast method provides a multi-dimensional perspective when analyzing and evaluating about building awareness of environmental protection for students in Vietnam and other countries around the world. In addition, this method also helps the author compare and discuss with other authors about building awareness of environmental protection for students in Vietnam today. The expert interview method is used to obtain in-depth analysis from the experts' perspectives on the problem of building awareness of ecological environmental protection for students in Vietnam. Sociological survey method: This method is used to survey and collect information through questionnaires to survey the current situation of the problem of building awareness of ecological environment protection for students born in Vietnam. At the same time, the article uses a scale: To evaluate the level of perception, in the questionnaires, the topic uses a 5-level Likert scale. Data were processed using SPSS statistical software. Results. Addressing issues about building the consciousness of environment protection for contemporary Vietnamese students: Firstly, the authorities at all levels are not fully aware of the importance of educating Vietnamese students about environmental protection. Secondly, the content, programs, and teaching methods of environmental education are often dense and lengthy, failing to meet the current requirements. Thirdly, training and fostering teachers in environmental education have not met the current requirements. Fourthly, there are still many inadequacies between theory and practice in educating Vietnamese students about environmental protection today. Practical significance. Building the consciousness of environmental protection among Vietnamese high school students is new, but important and urgent. Therefore, its implementation is not a simple matter and requires close coordination between school leaders, teachers, and all students. Especially, it must be carried out synchronously, regularly, and continuously. It is necessary to promote the initiative of Vietnamese high school students to raise awareness of environmental protection and preserving the green planet.

Validation of the Chinese version of the 'caring ability of family caregivers of patients with cancer scale (CAFCPCS)' in family caregivers of elderly patients with cancer: A study protocol.

This study aims to translate the English version of the 'caring ability of family caregivers of patients with cancer scale (CAFCPCS)' into Chinese and validate its psychometric properties in the family caregivers of elderly patients with cancer. A methodological study. Based on the Brislin translation model, the original scale will be translated and back-translated, the Delphi expert consultation method will be adopted for cross-cultural adaptation, and the pilot will be carried out in 20-30 family caregivers of elderly patients with cancer. Then, a dual-centre prospective study will be conducted by recruiting 371-542 family caregivers of elderly patients with cancer to validate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of CAFCPCS. The scale's content validity will be evaluated using the Delphi expert inquiry method, and the face validity will be evaluated using a pre-experiment. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) will be used to assess structural validity, while internal consistency reliability and split-half reliability will be used to assess reliability. Public involvement is of great significance for this study. Participants will be used in a pre-test to give feedback on whether the contents of the clinical pilot version of CAFCPCS after expert consultation can reflect real problems and whether the sentences can be well understood. Based on their opinions, the research group will further refine the scale.

Principles of instructional design in adult education: Vectors of change and modelling opportunities based on educational technologies

Introduction. The issue of instructional design development is examined, with a particular focus on the potential for developing variable models based on technological solutions which facilitate the synchronisation of adult learning with the demands of the labour market. The aim of this article is to determine the principles of the instructional design for adults, and to identify the key vectors of change influenced by educational technology (EdTech). Materials and Methods. The methodology was based on ecosystem and socio- environmental approaches, as well as the methods of content analysis, expert interviews and modelling. The method of a qualitative content analysis was used to examine scientific sources with a search depth of 10 years. The selection of experts for interviews was carried out on a criterion sample: work experience in adult education, continuing professional development, consulting, and EdTech. The data were analysed on 15 expert interviews. The authors employed the modelling method to construct a conceptual model of instructional design. Results. The authors have identified and revealed the differences between instructional design and classical didactics, presented in the educational paradigm shift towards a greater learner agency, an open multidimensional learning environment, and ecosystem connections. As a result, the authors have pointed out three stages of instructional design development, revealed its peculiarities, and identi-fied potential avenues for change. The authors have summarised and formulated the principles of a modern data-driven instructional design, based on the examples of EdTech companies Skillbox, Skyeng, Stepik, Synergy, SkillFactory, Universalium, Synchronisation. The principles are as follows: personali-sation, customisation, variability, reduction of a feedback loop, analysis of group and individual educational experiences, immersion in practice and social context. Furthermore, the authors have con-structed and described a conceptual model of the instructional design for adults. Conclusions. In conclusion, the authors present a summary of the principles identified in the field of the modern data-driven instructional design for adult education. Instructional design is regard-ed as a scientific discipline and practice. The model of instructional design developed by the authors provides adaptability and the capacity for redesigning educational programmes for adults in continuing professional development and EdTech, thereby contributing to the creation of a lifelong learning eco-system.

Development of an evidence-based nursing practice program for preventing unplanned endotracheal extubations in the intensive care unit: A Delphi method study.

This study aims to develop an evidence-based nursing practice program to prevent unplanned endotracheal extubation (UEE) among adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study uses the Delphi method to develop an evidence-based nursing practice program. A comprehensive review of 18 databases and evidence-based websites was conducted to gather, assess and synthesize evidence on preventing UEEs in adult patients. Using this synthesized evidence, a questionnaire was formulated for further investigation. Subsequently, input was solicited from experts through Delphi surveys to establish an evidence-based nursing practice protocol for preventing UEEs in adult ICU patients. Consistency in consultation results guided subsequent rounds of consultation. The developed program comprised 43 evidence items categorized into nine dimensions, including risk assessment for unplanned extubation, sedation, analgesia, delirium, balloon management, psychosocial care, early extubation, catheter immobilization and protective restraints. Two rounds of expert inquiry yielded recovery rates of 94.7% and 100% for the first and second questionnaires, respectively. Kendall W values ranged from .224 to .353 (p < .001). This study developed an evidence-based nursing practice program to prevent UEE in adult ICU patients, employing evidence-based practices and Delphi expert consultation methods. However, further validation of the program's effectiveness is warranted. Findings were reported according to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. Nurses contributed to the study by participating in investigations. The program developed in this study offers an evidence-based framework for preventing unplanned extubation in hospitals, thereby reducing its incidence and enhancing the quality of nursing care.

Exploring Market Credit Evaluation System of Tourism Enterprises from Tourist Perspective

ABSTRACT This study employs literature review and expert consultation methods to construct dimensions and items for evaluating the market credit of tourism enterprises from tourist perspective. A Hierarchical Analysis Method was used to develop the market credit evaluation system for tourism enterprises. The research findings indicate that the evaluation system comprises 7 dimensions and 37 items, which include: credit capacity, credit regulation, credit foundation, credit behavior, economic credit, employee credit, and integrity culture. The Hierarchical Analysis Method was applied to determine the weight for these dimensions and items. The credit foundation of tourism enterprises was found to have the highest weight, followed by credit regulation, credit capacity, credit behavior, economic credit, employee credit, and integrity culture. Theoretically, this research enriches the theory of tourism enterprise credit and provides a measurement tool for evaluating market credit. Practically, it offers targeted suggestions and strategies for tourism enterprises to enhance their market credit.

The specter of global ByteDance: platforms, regulatory arbitrage, and politics

ABSTRACT Historically, capital has employed varied methods, both discursive and material, to bypass regulatory frictions. Regulatory arbitrage is one such corporate tactic; it leverages more favorable regulatory regimes in one jurisdiction or category to avoid stricter regulation in another, thus reducing regulatory costs. While regulatory arbitrage underpins much of the gig economy’s development, it has received scant attention in critical studies of digital media. Using mixed methods of documentary research and expert interviews, this article examines the regulatory arbitrage strategy that the Chinese social media giant ByteDance deploys in its global expansion and sheds light on the intricate tech politics occurring between the firm and national regulators. Rather than interpreting ByteDance’s global foray through the prevailing geopolitical lens, which often posits a simplistic, antagonistic framework, this article demonstrates how the firm manages and adapts its structure to exploit more lenient regulatory regimes outside of China, such as that in the US. This allows ByteDance to reach deeper into the global market and avoid potential breaches of China’s internal political economic control. Consequently, the article emphasizes the cunning, resilient nature of capital and the complexity and intricacies in global flows of capital, characteristics often overlooked in an increasingly geopolitically charged world, and it considers their implications for platform governance.

Development and Validation of Treatment Expectation Scale for Patients with Liver Cancer

IntroductionLiver cancer is one of the most common tumors in the world. Patients with liver cancer usually face substantial physical, psychological, and social burdens, which has a great demand and expectation to ease the burden in all aspects. This study aimed to develop and validate a scale evaluating treatment expectations for patients with liver cancer (TES-LC).Material and methodsThe study was conducted in three phases. In the first stage, we used literature reviews and semi-structured interviews to generate the items to be included in the questionnaire TES-LC (version 1). In the second stage, two rounds of the Delphi expert consultation method were used to modify the first version to form TES-LC (version 2). In the third stage, projects were selected through project analysis and exploratory factor analysis to create TES-LC (version 3); version 3 was tested for reliability and validity to generate version 4.ResultsThe final version of the TES-LC contains 19 items in 5 dimensions: disease symptoms, practical needs, psychological state, emotional satisfaction, and social function. Five common factors were extracted through exploratory factor analysis, explaining 60.11% of the variance. In the validation factor analysis, the fitting effect of the five-factor model was satisfactory after modification. The TES-LC had good internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.911 for the total scale.ConclusionsThe TES-LC developed in this study has good reliability and validity and can provide a standardized tool for measuring treatment expectancy in patients with liver cancer, which is of good clinical utility.