Method For Determination Of Density Research Articles

Intelligent vineyard blade density measurement method incorporating a lightweight vision transformer

Under the new demand model of Agriculture 4.0, automated spraying is a very complex task in precision agriculture, which needs to be combined with a computerized vision perception system to distinguish the plant leaf density and execute the spraying operation in real-time accordingly. Aiming at the accurate determination of grape leaf density, an image leaf density determination method based on the lightweight Vision Transformer (ViT) architecture is proposed, which designs a fusion data augmentation method containing a dual augmentation spatial extension and weather data augmentation method, where the former adopts the pixel augmentation and spatial augmentation for the original image processing, and the latter realizes the data augmentation from the empirical point of view adapted to the agricultural operation environment, and fuses the two in order to expand the sample capacity of the grape leaf density image, which then enhances the model's generalization ability and robustness. The lightweight ViT model has self-attention that can automatically and efficiently extract high-frequency local feature representations and use the two-branch structure to mix high-frequency and low-frequency information to form grapevine-leaf density features in the region of interest. The semantic analysis of the feature extraction layer is parsed using t-SNE and histogram methods, which improves the transparency of the model from the multidimensional with frequency domain distribution space. The experimental results show that the fusion data augmentation method can effectively improve the model recognition accuracy, and the accuracy of comparing the included data augmentation methods is improved by 0.55 % and 3.46 %, respectively. The accuracy of recognizing all four types of grape leaf densities exceeded 94 %, and the MCC reached 90.39 %. In addition, the proposed lightweight ViT improves the accuracy by at least 0.34 % with FLOPs of only 0.6 G compared to the popular MobileViT. The proposed method of this work has high recognition speed and accuracy, which can provide practical technical support for plant protection spraying robots and improve the profitability of growers based on the reduction of pesticide residues.

Development of the diasgnostic method for determination of density of «water-oil-sand» type mixtures

In this article has been proposed empirical dependencies for the direct determination – without mathematical calculations or experimental measurements of density of “water-oil-sand” type rheological complex mixtures resulting from arbitrary mixing of oil with water and sand in the processes of production, collection and transportation of well products. Also, based on the application of «Colour characteristics», a new diagnostic method that allows to explain the dependence of density, which is one of the main quality indicators of heterogeneous liquids transported by pipeline, on watering and temperature factors, as well as the concentration of filler element, leads to new trivial solutions in the processes of production and transportation. Given its practical significance and expediency for use in hydraulic calculations, its application prospects have been commented. Keywords: granular filler; dispersed systems; heterogeneous liquids; suspension; density factor; empirical dependence.

Инновационный конструкционно-теплоизоляционный бетон для изоляции и повышения устойчивости мерзлых грунтов основания

Purpose: To create highly effective heat-insulating structural concrete, recommended for insulating and preventing permafrost soil thawing. Methods: When conducting research, we used GOST (Russia State Standards) 25820-2014 “Lightweight concrete. Specifications”, GOST 25485—2019 “Cellular concrete. General technical conditions”. Determination of strength and processing of results according to GOST 10180-2012 “Concrete. Methods for determining strength upon control samples”; thermal conductivity coefficient was determined according to GOST 7076-99 “Construction materials and products. Method for determining thermal conductivity and thermal resistance at stationary thermal regime”; frost resistance of concrete according to GOST 10060-2012 “Concrete. Methods for determining frost resistance”; density of concrete in natural moisture state- according to GOST 12730.1-2020 “Concrete. Density determination methods”. It has been established experimentally that in order to create highly efficient heat-insulating-structural concrete, it is advisable to use as a filler a foam glass of fraction 1.25–2.5 mm, D250, λ ≈ 0.06 W/ m · °C, and for to create strong and reliable matrix on cement basis it’s effective to use finely dispersed microsilica in combination with complex chemical additive on polycarboxylate basis, modified with nano-dispersions of silicon dioxide, SiO2. Results of physicalmechanical studies have confirmed that it is effective to use particles of silicon dioxide together of micro- and nano-size in combination with surfactants represented by polycarboxylate polymers, meanwhile, foamed glass concrete with the best compressive strength and tensile strength at bending a rises significantly, coefficient of resistance to cracks of nanomodified foam glass concrete, Ktr. = Rbend./Rcompress. = 3.6/13.3 = 0.27, has rather high value which should provide for increased resistance to cracks and for reliability for a protective coating. In order to increase density/strength without deteriorating heat-insulating indicators it is advisable to use additionally a finely-ground blast-furnace slag as a filler which a rises cohesion of foam glass concrete mixture and strength of foam glass concrete. Practical significance: Rational ratio of components of nanomodified foam glass concrete mixture ensures the creation of highly mobile foam glass concrete mixture with good workability, and on the mixture basis, a unique heat-insulating-structural material is formed with the following characteristics: D900; λ = 0.14 W/m·°C, B12, Btb2.9 F1300 that defines it as a thermal insulation material of increased reliability and durability, which is advisable for recommendation for the Arctic harsh regions.

Express Methods and Procedures for Determination of the Main Egg Quality Indicators

The article considers the methods, procedures and results of experimental studies of the main egg quality indicators. The offered express methods and the automated installation provide definition of the weight, the form and density of egg. Based on the results of experimental studies of egg parameters, the express method of determining the volume of the egg through the area of the longitudinal section and the small diameter of the egg is substantiated. The express method for density determination by direct mass measurement and volume calculation gives minimal absolute error and provides a six time increase in performance, compared to the direct method.

High‐Precision Density Measurements of Energetic Materials for Quality Assessment

AbstractEven though helium pycnometry is considered a very precise method of density determination, its use to analyse factors influencing crystal quality (e. g. solvent inclusions, amorphous states, crystal defects…) is limited due to the unknown inherent accuracy of the method. Previous studies have attempted to identify the best possible accuracy of helium pycnometry. However, no robust method has been proposed to validate even the precision obtained. This means that the often occurring, seemingly random density deviations have never been satisfactorily explained. In this study the influencing factors on density measurements of the CL‐20/HMX cocrystal and phase stabilised ammonium nitrate carried out with an AccuPyc 1340 TEC were quantified and a robust method of data analysis was developed to judge with certainty the quality and significance of the data obtained. This study shows that statistical tests such as the t‐test and ANOVA cannot be utilised to differentiate between samples or repeat measurements, even though the density data points exhibit a normal distribution. By utilising confidence intervals and quantifying the three major sources of error (sampling error, change in barometric pressure during the measurement, and weight in error), a repeatability of 0.015 % was achieved and a method was developed that enables differentiation between samples with a certainty as good as 0.05 %.

Cartographic visualization of density: exploring the opportunities and constraints of Heat Maps

Abstract The authors of the review aim to understand and assess cartographic Heat Maps’ (HM) designs, tools, and applications. The paper consists of two parts. First describes HM in the context of neocartography and map design by tackling such issues as definition, input data, methods of density determination and generalization, colour schemes, legend construction, and base maps. The second part assesses the range of 17 tools used for creating HM. Tools are divided into non-GIS tools (visualization tools and programming libraries) and GIS applications (desktop and webGIS). GIS desktop software has been selected due to its popularity and wide application. Paper presents an expert assessment of this software with the use of a research questionnaire. The analysis made it possible to develop a division of tools based on their embedding in computer programs and applications and taking into account the types of visualization. It also made it possible to indicate tools that can be used by both professional GIS users (e.g. analysts, cartographers) and the general public, including teachers using HM to visualize geo data for geography lessons. The limitation of the review was the analysis from the expert’s point of view. It would be desirable to include novices perspectives in future studies due to the wide demand for visualization.

Influence of forest growth conditions on the density of wood in the Amur region

Abstract In the system of logging machines, a factor such as the density of wood affects all components of the system. However this dependence can be more noticeable in the performance of wood felling, where logging machines have approximately the same saw body, such as a chain saw. In this regard, the problem of determining the dependence of the chainsaw on the density of wood, substantiation of effective options for the number of chainsaws in the assortment and whiplash method of logging is quite relevant. In the Far East of Russia, in particular, in the Amur region, the forest growth conditions are different from the western ones and therefore the properties of the woof differ from the generally accepted ones. The article describes forest growth conditions that influence the properties of the wood in areas of the Amur region. Using the method of density determination, the density of larch, pine and birch were studied first time in the areas of the region. The dependence of the density on humidity, age, species, season of the year and the area of growth was found out. The research results showed that in the Amur region at a humidity of 70% the density of larch varies from 745 to 1 089 kg m−3, pine from 435 to 1 081 kg m−3, birch from 403 to 878 kg m−3.

Impact of forest growth conditions on the wood density: the case of Amur Region

Abstract The problem of determining the dependence of the chainsaw on the density of wood, substantiation of effective options for the number of chainsaws in the assortment and whiplash method of logging is quite relevant. In the Far East of Russia, in particular, in the Amur region, the forest growth conditions are different from the western ones, and therefore, the properties of the wood differ from the generally accepted ones. The article describes forest growth conditions that influence the properties of the wood in areas of the Amur region. Using the method of density determination, the density of larch, pine and birch were studied for first time in the areas of the region. The dependence of the density on humidity, age, species, season of the year and the area of growth was found out. The results of the research showed that under humidity of 70%, the density of larch was 1088.99 kg/m3, it was 919.8 kg/m3 for pine and it was for birch 915.9 kg/m3.

A model-free, non-parametric method for density determination, with application to asset returns

The distribution of the returns of an asset is still an open problem despite the variety of models and methods devised to deal with it. In this note we propose a model-free, nonparametric method for the estimation of asset returns, which is applicable also to a wider set of similar problems. The Laplace transform of a shifted rate of return or other percent change of a positive random variables can be transformed into a fractional moment problem which can then be solved by the method of maximum entropy. This is a very robust method and requires only a few values of the Laplace transform to provide good reconstructions. This method can be applied in multiple fields where model-free density estimation of functionals like percent changes of random variables is of interest.

In situ determination of alkali metal density using phase-frequency analysis on atomic magnetometers

The alkali number density inside the sealed vapor cell restricts the fundamental sensitivity of the atomic magnetometer and may decrease in the long term, thus motivating the investigation of an in situ density determination method on atomic magnetometers. This paper presents a method to measure the alkali number density, which is proportional to the spin-exchange relaxation rate, through phase-frequency analysis. The magnetic resonance response of the atomic magnetometer was actively strengthened at low polarization by increasing the oscillating field amplitude. To downplay the side effect of the transverse field broadening, phase-frequency analysis was applied to extract the transverse relaxation time limited by spin-exchange collisions. The experimental results coincided well with the saturated vapor pressure curve ranging from 413 K to 463 K. Calculated densities were approximately 0.779–0.992 times those of predictions. The density measurement accuracy was improved compared to traditional methods.

Uticaj odabranih faktora na gustinu tečne hrane

The density of materials can be used for assessing their quality. The density of food materials depends on temperature and is caused by thermal expansion during heating. The density of a material is defined as a ratio between the mass of the material and its volume at the same temperature. One of the most exact methods for measuring liquid density is the pycnometric method. Measurements of materials density could also be performed using hydrometers or densimeters, where the exact value of density can be discerned on the hydrometer scale or on the display of measurement devices. During our experiments, we used two methods of density determination: pycnometric method and determination by a densimeter Mettler Toledo DM 40. Measurements were performed in the approximate temperature range (0 - 30) °C. The effect of various parameters (such as temperature, fat content, alcohol content and short storing time) on the density of the material was analysed in this paper. A linear decreasing character was applied for temperature dependencies of the sample density in the measured temperature range. The highest fat content of milk caused the lowest density, whereas lower fat contents (less than 1.5 %) were not consistent with this proportion due to different amounts of proteins in the measured samples of milk. The effect of the alcohol content on density had to be investigated alongside the material composition (wine, whisky and piña colada). The density values obtained were a bit higher after a short storage period due to the water loss during storage.

Reconsideration of the clinical and histopathological significance of angiogenesis in prostate cancer: Usefulness and limitations of microvessel density measurement.

Angiogenesis plays important roles in tumor growth and cancer cell dissemination in almost all cancers. In prostate cancer, there is general agreement that increased angiogenesis is an important factor in determining tumor development and prognosis in these patients. Microvessel density is recognized as a useful marker for evaluating the angiogenic status of cancer tissues. Many investigators have reported that microvessel density is significantly associated with pathological features and outcomes in prostate cancer patients; however, some researchers have expressed opposing opinions. As the reason for such discrepancy, previous reports have suggested differences in the methodologies of measuring microvessel density in cancer tissues. In the present review, we focus on the variation in such methods, including the selected area and the method used for (semi)quantification. In particular, we discuss the relationship between malignancy potential, tumor progression, and survival and differences in the antibodies used for detection of endothelial cells in detail. We briefly compare the pathological significance and prognostic roles of microvessel density measured using von Willebrand factor, CD31, CD34, and CD105. Based on these analyses, the advantages and limitations of microvessel density measurements in prostate cancer tissues are clarified. Improved "real" and "specific" markers of cancer-related angiogenesis are necessary for better predictions of prognoses and for discussion of treatment strategies for patients with prostate cancer. However, establishment of a satisfactory cancer-related endothelial marker could take a long time. Therefore, knowledge regarding the pathological significance of microvessel density - based on understanding of the advantages and limitations of microvessel density determination methods - is important.

Influence of Nitrogen Sources on Biomass Growth of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris

Background. Microalgae is perspective resource for biodiesel fuel production. However there is no clear data about the best nitrogen source and its contents for high biomass yield and high lipid contents in it. Objective. Determination of nitrogen sources influence on Chlorella vulgaris biomass yield for its usage as a raw material in biofuels obtaining process. Methods. Cultivation of microalgae was conducted using mediums containing: CO(NH 2 ) 2 , NH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 Cl and КNO 3 as the nitrogen source. The biomass growth dynamics measurements were based on optical density determination method. Results. The highest biomass yield occurred in the culture grown with NH 4 Cl in the medium, and a bit lower yield levels where observed in the medium containing urea, that supports the theory, which stated that more energy is needed to transform nitrogen into restored form. Consumption of ammonium ions leads to rapid decrease of pH level of the medium down to 5. The usage of urea allows keeping medium pH on the level of 7.5. Conclusions. For maximum yield of Chlorella vulgaris biomass it is necessary to use different nitrogen sources, that allow controlling pH in cultivation process.

Determination of bulk density, methods and impacts, with a case study from Los Bronces Mine, Chile

Mineral resource and ore reserve estimates are founded on two sources of data: tonnage and grade. The tonnage is a product of volume and density; both of which are estimates. Density impacts numerous operational factors, which include, but are not limited to, mine design, mine planning, equipment selection and operational performance. Hence, density is a significant parameter and its determination requires similar care as the measurement of grade. This paper provides an overview of methods used to determine density within the Anglo American Group. It is not the purpose of this paper to identify a preferred method, but to highlight the importance of choosing the best suited practice for a project or mine site. In addition, a case study comparing two different density determination methods applied to the same rock samples from the Los Bronces Copper mine in Chile was undertaken and the results of that study are presented here. Selecting the most appropriate method to determine density and comparing results from two or more techniques against each other, together with other suitable quality control procedures, is considered to be essential for mining operations and exploration projects in order to reduce risk and to improve operational performance, which in turn increases profit margin.

Simulation of Merging Pedestrian Streams at T-junctions

We investigate the applicability of the Floor Field Cellular Automaton Model to merging pedestrian streams at T-junctions. For this purpose we examine the possibility to calibrate the model by comparing density profiles and fundamental diagrams with results of experiments. Due to the discreteness of the cellular automaton model the resolution of the predicted densities is very limited. For this reason we examine di_erent methods of density determination in cellular automata models. We consider two methods on a refined grid, the Voronoi approach and a Gaussian approach. Based on the obtained data, the comparison with the experiments is carried out.

Observed and calculated gravity anomalies above a tunnel driven in clays – implication for errors in gravity interpretation

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to evaluate the gravity effect of a deformation zone, which forms around subsurface cavities and to assess which method of density determination of soils in the surveyed area is optimal. We measured and modelled a gravity anomaly above a tunnel excavated in stiff clays. Technical parameters of the tunnel were known. The shape of the deformation zone around the tunnel was determined by geotechnical modelling. Material parameters of clays necessary for the geotechnical model were obtained from a measurement of borehole samples in a soil mechanics laboratory. For calculation of the gravity anomaly of the tunnel we used densities of clays derived from laboratory measurements of borehole samples. However, the fit between observed and calculated gravity data was not accurate in this case. The reason was probably that the volume and water content in the borehole clay samples changed after their removal from the depth. A better fit was obtained when we used densities derived from a gamma‐gamma well log. We found that the gravity effect of the deformation zone that forms around the tunnel in stiff clays is negligible (0.001 mGal). In our case, a concrete tunnel lining has a bigger influence on the amplitude of the anomaly than the deformation zone (0.008 mGal). When we neglect the lining in the interpretation, we obtain an error of 20% in the estimate of the tunnel depth.

An investigation of density determination methods for porous materials, small samples and particulates

Three new density measurement techniques have been devised and evaluated for the measurement of non-standard objects, namely porous material samples, small solid samples, powders and particulates. Hydrostatic weighing has traditionally been used to determine the density of solid artefacts. This method is not, however, suitable for porous objects since they will adsorb water making weighing in water unstable and possibly detrimental to the material samples. A method, weighing the artefacts in inert gas, has been developed for this application. The density determination of small solid artefacts cannot be achieved by conventional hydrostatic weighing techniques due to limits on the accuracy with which the weight-in-water can be determined. A density gradient column method for such measurements, delivering very low uncertainties, has been developed and evaluated. A liquid pyknometry method has also been investigated as an alternative to traditional helium and mercury pyknometry. The technique offers improved accuracy and a precise determination of thermal coefficient of the sample under test.

New method for density determination of nanoparticles using a CPS disc centrifuge™

A model has been developed for the determination of the correct absolute size of nanoparticles using a disc centrifuge; the method does not require externally measured or literature derived particle densities. The principle of this method is the altered settling velocity of particles in fluids with different viscosities and/or densities, with the use of a linear regression analysis for the calculation of particle densities. This allows a fast particle density determination with at least two measurements using a disc centrifuge and a small subset of easily measurable parameters. Furthermore, correctness of the model is evaluated using viruses and nonbiological particles of known densities.

P3-11-04: A Randomized Phase II Biomarker Study of Atorvastatin in Premenopausal Women at Increased Risk for Breast Cancer.

Abstract Statins have been shown in epidemiological and laboratory studies to have breast cancer risk reduction properties. We evaluated the effect of atorvastatin on breast mammographic density (MD) and other breast cancer biomarkers in a small randomized placebo controlled trial. Methods: Premenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer (due to family history, BRCA positivity, prior biopsy history or history of chemoradiotherapy for Hodgkins disease) enrolled after signing informed consent and received either 40 mg of atorvastatin or placebo daily for 1 year. Biomarker assessment was performed prior to initiation and prior to completion of study medication. MD was determined using both Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: 63 women were enrolled between 7/05 - 8/10 in this multi-institutional trial. 44 have completed study medication and 3 remain on study. 25% have withdrawn; 17% of them for toxicity/side effects. Of those completing the study; mean age was 47 (range 35–50), 96% Caucasian, mean BMI 26.8. 66% had a strong family history (2% were BRCA+), 27.7% had ADH/LCIS. We present analysis of MD in the first 37 women completing study drug. The two treatment groups were well balance for age, BMI, risk factors and baseline density. Mean density by VAS was 31.6% at study entry and 32.4% at end of treatment. There was no different in change in density over time between atorvastatin and placebo using either BIRAD or VAS; controlling for BMI did not change results. Futility analysis demonstrates low probability of a significant difference between treatment groups and the study was closed. Conclusions: In this multi-institutional randomized prospective clinical trial of premenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer we have failed to demonstrate a significant effect of atorvastatin on mammographic density. There are several possible reasons for this relating to: the study population, method of density determination and/or biomarker analyzed. While the primary aim of this study (MD) was not met we have shown that biomarker studies can be done in a multi-institutional setting. Further biomarker evaluation may prove informative. Funding: This study is sponsored by grants from Breast Cancer Research Foundation and Cancer and Leukemia Group B to M. Wood. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-11-04.

Determination of Electron Density and Filling Factor for Soft X-Ray Flare Kernels

In a standard method of determining electron density for soft X-ray (SXR) flare kernels it is necessary to assume what is the extension of a kernel along the line of sight. This is a source of significant uncertainty of the obtained densities. In our previous paper (Bak-Steslicka and Jakimiec, 2005) we have worked out another method of deriving electron density, in which it is not necessary to assume what is the extension of a kernel along the line of sight. The point is that many flares, during their decay phase, evolve along the sequence of steady-state models [quasi-steady-state (QSS) evolution] and then the scaling law, derived for steady-state models, can be used to determine the electron density. The aim of the present paper is: (1) to improve the two methods of density determination, (2) to compare the densities obtained with the two methods. We have selected a number of flares which showed QSS evolution during the decay phase. For these flares the electron density, N, has been derived by means of standard method and with our QSS method. Comparison of the N values obtained with the two different methods allowed us: (1) to test the obtained densities, (2) to evaluate the volume filling factor of the SXR emitting plasma. Generally, we have found good agreement (no large systematic difference) between the values of electron density obtained with the two methods, but for some cases the values can differ by a factor up to 2. For most flare kernels estimated filling factor turned out to be about 1, near the flare maximum.