Method For Determination Of Aluminum Research Articles

Fluorimetric methods for determination of aluminum in water resources utilizing newly synthesized N,N'-bis(2,5-dihydroxybenzylidene)-4,4′-diamino diphenyl ether

Industrial waste contaimnation of water sources is a serious environmental problem. As a result, it's critical to identify metallic contamination in water with precision, sensitivity, and accuracy. In acetonitrile, the fluorimetric parameters of N,N-'bis(2,5-dihydroxybenzylidene)-4,4′-diamino diphenyl ether (DHDPE) and aluminum complex were determined. In the acetonitrile medium, the best fluorescence intensity of the DHDPE-Al complex was observed at λex = 280 nm, λem = 391 nm (excitation and emission wavelengths). For optimum complex formation, the ideal pH, duration, and temperature were 4.5, 20 min, and 25 °C, respectively. Within the ranges of 0.027–0.27 and 0.27–2.70 ppm aluminum concentrations, [Al3+]-F.I. Calibration graphs were linear. The fluorimetric aluminum measurement method was applied to diverse water sources using the newly synthesized macro molecular Schiff base DHDPE as the ligand. The aluminum concentration in water inflow to KOSKI (Konya Water and Sewerage Administration) was doubled as a result of the examination when compared to other samples of water.

Determination of aluminum concentrations in biological specimens: application in the clinical laboratory.

Aluminum enters the body primarily through diet or occupational exposure, and is cleared through urine. However, this trace element may accumulate and cause toxicity in subjects with renal insufficiency, and even in dialysis patients. The mechanism of aluminum toxicity is related to increased oxidative and inflammatory stress, iron and calcium dyshomeostasis, or cholinergic dysregulation, among other. A review was conducted on the specimens and analytical methods used to determine aluminum in biological specimens and dialysis water. This paper describes the most relevant aspects related to quality assurance. This is a practical guideline for the development and implementation of a reliable method for determination of aluminum in the clinical laboratory. Serum aluminum is the main biomarker of toxicity. For cases of chronic exposure, urine testing is recommended. At present, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the gold-standard determination method, since it has been proven to have the best quantification limits, selectivity and robustness. Clear recommendations are provided in relation to the specimens used for aluminum determination. Relevant pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical considerations are also presented.

An Improved Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Aluminium in Sodium and Potassium Chloride Brine using Spectrophotometric Detection

The quality of feed brine solution required for a modern chlor-alkali plant equipped with membrane cell is much more stringent. The electrical efficiency of the membrane is easily compromised by the presence of various anionic and cationic impurities [1]. Aluminium is one the impurity which will form alumino silicate precipitate when reacts with silicate. This will affect the membrane performance and sometimes even damages the membrane. Hence monitoring and controlling aluminium concentration is very crucial. There are many techniques and methods available for aluminium determination [2-5]. However many techniques fails to quantify aluminium concentration in trace level, especially in brine sample matrix. Chelation chromatography is one of the liquid chromatography techniques which can be used to quantify Aluminium in trace level using spectrophotometric detection [6-8]. The proposed method can be used to quantify trace level of aluminium in brine sample matrix. Aluminium forms complex with 8-hydroxy quinoline and detected using spectrophotometric detection method. This method does not require any derivatization.

A Rapid Spectrofluorometric Method for the Determination of Aluminum at Nano-trace Levels in Some Real, Environmental, Biological, Hemodialysis, Food, Pharmaceutical, and Soil Samples Using 2',3,4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone.

A very simple and non-extractive spectrofluorometric method for the swift determination of aluminum at nano-trace levels using 2',3,4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (morin) has been developed. Morin reacts in a slightly acidic (0.005 - 0.025 M H2SO4) solution with aluminum in 20% ethanol to produce a highly fluorescent complex in aqueous solution, which has excitation and emission wavelengths of λex = 270 and λem = 565 nm, respectively. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for 0.01 - 800 μg L-1 of Al, providing a detection limit of 1 ng L-1. The limit of quantification of the reaction system was 10 ng L-1. The stoichiometric composition of chelate is 3:2 (Al:morin). The developed method was successfully used in the determination of aluminum in several Standard Reference Materials (SRM) as well as in some water, biological, hemodialysis solutions, food, pharmaceutical, soil sample, and complex synthetic mixtures. The results of the proposed method for biological and food analysis were found to be in excellent agreement with those obtained by AAS. The results of the proposed method for hemodialysis solutions were analogous with those obtained using the method described in British Pharmacopoeia within 95% confidence limits.

Analysis of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

A method for determination of aluminum, hafnium, iron, yttrium, calcium, magnesium, and titanium by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is described. Conditions for the decomposition of two modifications of the analyzed material—unburnt and subjected to stabilizing firing—have been studied. It has been found that the unburnt zirconia dissolves in sulfuric acid, and the burnt sample can be converted to solution only by fusing with potassium pyrosulfate or potassium bifluoride. However, the application of these reagents leads to high values of the control experiment correction for trace impurities (at the level of tenths and hundredths of a percent). In this connection, we have studied the possibility of acid dissolution of the burnt sample under microwave decomposition, varying the qualitative and quantitative composition of the acid mixture, reaction temperature, and time to reach and maintain the required temperature. It has been found that the decomposition in the mixture of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids (2 : 1) in the microwave system with stepwise heating of the reaction mixture ensures quantitative dissolution of the burnt sample and sufficiently low values of the control experiment correction for trace impurities. The analytical lines have been chosen taking into account their relative intensity, possible spectral overlaps, and the matrix effect in the analysis of model solutions containing 1.3 mg/cm3 Zr, 0.2 mg/cm3 Y, and from 0.2 to 20 mg/cm3 impurities. As a result, the following analytical lines have been chosen: Al II 167.079 nm and Al I 308.215 nm, Ca II 184.006 nm and 393.366 nm, Fe II 238.204 nm, Mg II 279.553 nm, Ti II 334.941 nm, Y II 371.030 nm, and Hf II 232.247 nm. The developed method for the analysis of yttria-stabilized zirconia by ICP-AES allows simultaneously determining aluminum, iron, magnesium, and titanium in the range of 0.01–1.0%; calcium, 0.02–1.0%; hafnium, 0.1–5.0%; and yttrium, 2.0–15% with a relative standard deviation of 6–30 rel % (for Al, Fe, Mg, Ti, and Ca), 2–7 rel % (Hg), and 2–4 rel % (Y). The correctness of the method is confirmed by the standard addition technique.

An environment-friendly supramolecular solvent-based liquid–phase microextraction method for determination of aluminum in water and acid digested food samples prior to spectrophotometry

Aluminum (III) has high toxic impacts in some human pathologies like renal osteodystrophy, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. So, it is very important to assess and determine the trace concentrations of Aluminum (III) in various water and acid digested food samples. The present work proposed a new green supramolecular solvent liquid–phase microextraction procedure has been sophisticated to preconcentrate and determine Aluminum (III) in various samples. The proposed method was based on the application of Undecanol/THF supramolecular solvent system and thymol blue as a chelating agent. Aluminum (III)-thymol blue complex was formed at pH 6.0, extracted into (Undecanol/THF) supramolecular solvent phase, centrifuged and spectrophotometrically measured at 550 nm. The influence of different analytical parameters was studied and optimized. The validation of the suggested preconcentration method was checked using certified reference materials. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 5.0–200 μg L−1. The developed method has preconcentration factor of 50 and detection limit was 1.20 μg L−1. The method precision was confirmed with relative standard deviation ≤1.80%. The accuracy of the new preconcentration procedure was checked by the analysis of the certified reference materials (SRM 1643e trace element in water and NIST SRM 1515 Apple Leaves), and successfully applied to determine Aluminum (III) in real samples with relative recovery values in the range of 95.0%–100% for the spiked samples. This study explores the effectiveness of thymol blue for the first time together with supramolecular solvent to develop green supramolecular solvent liquid–phase microextraction method to preconcentrate and separate of trace amount of Aluminum (III) in real samples.

Evaluation of Multi-Mixtures of Acids for the Sample Preparation of Organic Soil Amendments for Multi-Element Determination by ICP OES

ABSTRACTA method for the simultaneous determination of aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) in organic soil amendments using microwave-assisted acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) is proposed. Concentrated or diluted acids mixtures (HNO3, HF, HBF4, and H3BO3) combined or not with H2O2 were systematically evaluated in order to achieve the best digestion procedure for masses of around 150 mg of samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to choose the best acid mixture for digestion (3 mL HNO3 + 1 mL HBF4 + 2 mL H2O). The determined concentrations were in accordance with certified values of CRM 029 at the 95% confidence level, according to the Student-t test. This acid mixture was successfully applied for the digestion of four organic soil amendment samples (organic fertilizers, substrates, and soil conditioners) and element determination.

Deep eutectic solvent based advance microextraction method for determination of aluminum in water and food samples: Multivariate study

Preconcentration of aluminum Al3+ was carried out by a novel deep eutectic solvent based ultrasound-assisted liquid phase microextraction (DES-UALPME) method. The deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a green solvent was first time used for enrichment and quantification of very low concentration of Al3+ in water and food samples, prior to analysed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). In present method it was observed that % recovery of Al-8-hydroxyquinoline chelates efficiently extracted by DES solvent. Pre-enrichment factor and limit of detection were observed to be 50, and 0.032μgL−1, respectively. Developed procedure was validated with the CRM (SLRS-5 river water) of Al and a good agreement was observed in results of measured value to the certified value. The RSD was calculated as 3.3%. The presented procedure was successfully carried out to different water and food samples.

Development of a new method for determination of aluminum (Al) in Jordanian foods and drinks: Solid phase extraction and adsorption of Al3+-d-mannitol on carbon nanotubes

In this work, a new method was developed for determination of aluminum (Al) in traditional Jordanian foods (Mansaf, Kofta, Tabboola, Hummous, bread), tea, Arabian coffee and water samples. The method involved solid phase extraction (SPE) of Al3+ from the digested samples after complexation with d-mannitol using carbon nanotubes (CNT) as the extractive sorbent. Formation of the Al3+-d-mannitol complex was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Optimization of the SPE method involved sample pH, d-mannitol-to-Al mole ratio, sample loading and elution flow rates, adsorbent mass, eluent concentration and volume. Based on spiked water samples, the characteristics of the method were as follows: the limit of quantification: 23μgl−1; sensitivity: 0.0036 (mgl−1)−1; %RSD range: 0.4–1.9%; recovery range: 76.0–93.0%. The equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic adsorption studies of Al3+-d-mannitol on CNT revealed that adsorption was spontaneous, exothermic, preferred, of physical nature; followed second-order rate kinetics; pore diffusion was not the only rate-controlling step; both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms represented the data satisfactorily.

Flow injection spectrophotometry using natural reagent from Morinda citrifolia root for determination of aluminium in tea

A flow injection (FI) spectrophotometric method with using natural reagent extracted from Morinda citrifolia root has been developed for determination of aluminium. The extract contained anthraquinone compounds which could react with Al3+ to form reddish complexes which had maximum absorption wavelength at 499.0nm. The extract could be used as a reagent in FI system without further purification to obtain pure compound. A sensitive method for determination of aluminium in concentration range of 0.1–1.0mgL−1, with detection limit of 0.05mgL−1 was achieved. Relative standard deviations of 1.2% and 1.7% were obtained for the determination of 0.1 and 0.6mgL−1 Al3+ (n=11). Sample throughput of 35h−1 was achieved with the consumption of 3mL each of carrier and reagent solutions per injection. The developed method was successfully applied to tea samples, validated by the FAAS standard method. The method is simple, fast, economical and could be classified as a greener analytical method.

Fast and sensitive determination of aluminium with RP-HPLC using an ultra-short monolithic column

A fast and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for determination of aluminium in aqueous samples has been developed. The fluorescent aluminium-lumogallion complex (λex 505 nm, λem 574 nm), was formed with a pre-column reagent and then separated on a Chromolith® RP-18e Guard column using a two-tiered, stepped gradient program, with matrix elimination (5/95 (v/v) methanol/water), followed by elution (90/10 (v/v) methanol/water). This method achieved a run time of 2.5 min without compromising sensitivity (limit of detection = 5.6 × 10−10 M, limit of quantification = 7.2 × 10−7 M), precision (3.5% at 3.71 × 10−6 M) or accuracy (recovery = 97.5% ± 3.2%, n = 5, P = 0.95). This represents an improvement in run time by >50% compared to the fastest previously published method [Lee et al., Clin. Chem., 1996, 42, 1405–1411]. This method uses MES buffer (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid), which compared to other buffers is more easily purified, does not complex with aluminium, and can be used in lower concentrations. This method was applied to analysis of: deionised water for column comparison; seawater for matrix interference effects; and tea-infusion for calibration and recovery studies.

Development of a highly sensitive and selective method for extractive spectrophotometric determination of aluminum(III) from environmental matrices, synthetic mixtures, and alloys using orthohydroxypropiophenoneisonicotinoylhydrazone

Orthohydroxypropiophenoneisonicotinoylhydrazone (OHPINH) is proposed as a new sensitive reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of aluminum(III). OHPINH formed a greenish-yellow colored complex with aluminum(III) in buffer solutions of pH 1 to 3. The color in pH 2 was stable for more than 48 h. The complex solution has given maximum absorbance at 390 nm when the reagent was chosen as blank and the absorbance of the reagent at this wavelength is negligible; the molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity being 0.6371x10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1) and 4.234x10(-3) microg cm(-2), respectively. The system obeys Beer's law in the range of 0.5-3.5 microg mL(-1) with excellent linearity in terms of the correlation coefficient value of 0.999. Most of the common metal ions generally found associated with aluminum(III) do not interfere. The repeatability of the method was checked by finding the relative standard deviation. The developed method has been successfully employed for the determination of aluminum(III) environmental matrices like medicinal and leafy samples, alloys, and synthetic mixtures.

Extraction spectrophotometric determination of aluminum in dialysis concentrates with 3,5-ditertbutylsalicylfluorone and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-trimethylsilylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

The paper describes a highly sensitive and selective extraction spectrophotometric method for determination of aluminum in dialysis concentrates with new reagent 3,5-ditertbutylsalicylfluorone abbreviated as DTBSF, in which the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-trimethylsilylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate abbreviated as [C 4tmsim][PF 6] was used as novel medium for liquid/liquid extraction of aluminum(III). Under optimal condition, DTBSF reacted with aluminum(III) to form a neutral Al–DTBSF complex rapidly, the complex was then extracted into the [C 4tmsim][PF 6] phase, the absorbance of the complex in ionic liquid at 542 nm was recorded and used to determine aluminum(III). The apparent molar absorptivity of the complex and detection limit were found to be 3.52 × 10 6 l mol −1 cm −1 and 0.06 μg/l, respectively. The absorbance of the complex at 542 nm increases linearly with the concentration of aluminum(III) up to 3 μg of aluminum(III) in 250 ml of aqueous solution. The interference study show the determination of aluminum is free from interferences of almost all positive and negative ions found in dialysis concentrate samples. The determination of aluminum in dialysis concentrates were carried out by the present method and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (GTAAS). The results were satisfactorily comparable so that the applicability of the proposed method with the ionic liquid system was also investigated. Moreover, the synthesis of and conditions for the formation and extraction of Al–DTBSF complex were investigated as well.

Spectrofluorimetric method for determination of aluminium with chromotropic acid and its application to water samples

A rapid and sensitive method for the trace level determination of aluminium based on the formation of a 1:1 complex with chromotropic acid (1,8-dihydroxynaphthlene-3,6-disulfonic acid) in an methanol medium is reported. The fluorescence intensity of the system was 50 times greater than that of the system without aluminium. This method is very sensitive and selective for the direct determination of aluminium ion. The fluorescence is excited at 346 nm and measured at 370 nm. The optimum conditions are a chromotropic acid concentration of 5.0 ml (1.0×10 −4 M) and pH 4.0±0.5 (acetic acid–sodium acetate buffer). The fluorescence intensity is a linear function of the concentration of Al(III) in the range 2–100 ng ml −1 and the detection limit is 1.0 ng ml −1. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of trace amount of Al(III) in tap, river and sea-water samples.

Determination of Aluminum in Drinking Waters by A.C. Oscillopolarography in a Lithium Chloride System

A new and convenient method for the rapid determination of aluminum in drinking waters using a.c. oscillopolarography in a lithium chloride system is described in this paper. The calibration graph is linear from 5 × 10−6 to 8 × 10−5 mol/L with a detection limit of 5 × 10−6 mol/L. The relative standard deviation of the method is 4.7% for 4 × 10−5 mol/L Al. Compared with other techniques, this method has the significant advantages of simple instrumentation, no deaeration procedure required and rapid measurement. It was particularly suitable to the analysis of 10−6 ˜ 10−5 mol/L levels of Al in drinking waters.

Evaluation of flow injection sample to standard addition method for the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric determination of aluminium in biological tissues.

An on-line flow injection sample to standard addition method was developed for the determination of aluminium in biological tissues by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The sample concentration is calculated from two transient signals obtained from the injection of the blank and the sample, using a standard solution as carrier. A flow injection manifold for the on-line injection of both solutions was used and a three-step flow injection programme allowing the two transient signals to be obtained in the same measurement process was applied. A microwave nitric acid digestion procedure in closed vessels was used for sample dissolution, and scandium was added as an internal standard to control plasma fluctuations and to correct for ion signal instability. Tissue samples from healthy rat brain, kidney, liver, lung and spleen were analysed to find their aluminium concentrations. Complete recoveries from rat liver tissue spiked with aluminium concentrations in the 0.5-10.0 micrograms g-1 level were achieved. The detection limit (3 sigma) referred to the solid sample was of 10 ng g-1 and the precision (RSD) was better than 1%. The accuracy of the proposed method was tested by determining the aluminium contents in two NIST Standard Reference Materials: SRM 1577b Bovine Liver and SRM 8414 Bovine Muscle Powder).

A.C. Oscillopolarographic Determination of Aluminum in Natural and Drinking Waters Using the Adsorption of the Al(III)-1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic Acid Complex

This paper presents a very simple and rapid method for determination of aluminum in natural and drinking waters by using a.c. oscillopolarographic adsorptive wave of the Al(III)-1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid complex in a triethanolamine buffer solution of pH 7.6 at HMDE. A linear dependence between the incision height on dE/dt-E oscillogram and the aluminum concentration was obtained in the range from 5 . 10-6 to 5 . 10-5 mol l-1. The detection limit is 1 . 10-6 mol l-1 and the relative standard deviation is 6.0% for 4 . 10-5 mol l-1 aluminum. This method has the distinct advantages of cheap instrumentation, simple and rapid manipulation and deaeration is unnecessary. It is especially suitable for the fast determination of aluminum in natural and drinking water samples.

Automatic preparation of milk dessert slurries for the determination of trace amounts of aluminium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

A method for the direct determination of aluminium in milk desserts is proposed. The method uses a flow injection system connected semi-on-line to a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer through an autosampler for preparation of the slurries, addition of a chemical modifier and dilution–homogenization in a mixing chamber. Calibration is performed with aqueous standards. The flow system can be used to implement the standard additions method and investigate the effect of potential interferents in parallel by using two injection loops and the merging-zones mode. The slurries prepared contained up to 10% m/v. Aluminium was determined in various milk desserts at concentrations between 0.007 and 0.121 mg per 100 g.

Determination of aluminum and phosphorus in biological materials by reactor activation analysis using germanium as integral flux monitor and comparator.

A method for determination of aluminum and phosphorus in biological materials, based on activation in a nuclear reactor and measurement of 28Al, produced by the 27Al(n, gamma)28Al and 31P(n, alpha)28Al reactions, is described. Irradiations in the undisturbed and epicadmium spectra provide a two-equation system in order to determine the contributions of aluminum and phosphorus to the total activities. Germanium is used as an integral flux monitor and comparator, through the reactions: 74Ge(n, gamma)75Ge, 76Ge(n, gamma)77Ge, and 72Ge(n,p)72Ga.

Determination of Aluminum in Wines by Direct Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Abstract A simple method for direct routine determination of aluminum in wine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is described. This procedure allows good sensitivity by inclusion of a cool-down step before atomization. The detection limit obtained with a single-beam apparatus was 1.5 μg/L. Recoveries of aluminum in red, white, and fortified wines ranged from 91.7 to 109.5%. Aluminum was determined in 98 red table wines from the south of France. The mean aluminum content was 0.763 mg/L (range, 0.25–2.55 mg/L). In addition, the ability of the wine to dissolve the aluminum in the crown cap was shown.