Packing Method Research Articles

Detection of soluble solids content in tomatoes using full transmission Vis-NIR spectroscopy and combinatorial algorithms

IntroductionSoluble solids content (SSC) is an important indicator for evaluating tomato flavor, and general physical and chemical methods are time-consuming and destructive.MethodsThis study utilized full transmittance visible and near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy for multi-posed data acquisition of tomatoes in different orientations. The role of two directions (Z1 and Z2) and four preprocessing techniques, as well as three wavelength selection methods in the exploitation of SSC regression models was investigated.ResultsAfter using the Outlier elimination method, the spectra acquired in the Z2 direction and the raw spectral data processed by preprocessing methods gave the best result by the PLSR model (Rp = 0.877, RMSEP = 0.417 %). Compared to the model built using the full 2048 spectral wavelengths, the prediction accuracy using 20 wavelengths obtained by a combination wavelength selection: backward variable selection - partial least squares and simulated annealing (BVS-PLS and SA) was further improved (Rp = 0.912, RMSEP = 0.354 %).DiscussionThe findings of this research demonstrate the efficacy of full-transmission visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy in forecasting SSC of tomatoes, and most importantly, the combination of the packing method in wavelength selection with an intelligent optimization algorithm provides a viable idea for accurately and rapidly assessing the SSC of tomatoes.

Study on Viability of Fungal Bioagents in Vacuum Packing Compared with Conventional Packing in different Storage Conditions

The shelf life and viability of the bioagents are influenced by several factors, including the type of nutrients in the formulation, moisture content and the ability of propagules to withstand adverse climatic conditions. There are numerous commercial formulations of Trichoderma species primarily used to combat soil-borne diseases. The present study was conducted to understand the optimal storage conditions suitable for these bioagents. By this study, where the viability in vacuum packing and conventional packing were compared, it was observed that the vacuum packing did not offer any advantages over conventional packing methods. Additionally, storing the bioagents in a refrigerator at 4 °C was more effective compared to other storage conditions, such as room temperature (27 ± 2 °C), incubator (24 ± 2 °C) and deep freezer (-20 °C).

Impact analysis of particle sphericity on the properties of porous materials via particle packing method for hydrogen fuel and electrolysis cells

This study focuses on the impacts of particle's sphericity on the properties of porous materials crucial to electrochemical devices. Three-dimensional structures with spherical and cylindrical particles were generated to simulate porous granular and fibrous materials. The constructed particle geometries are as follows: a sphere and cylinders with different aspect ratios (height-to-diameter) of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 20. Every model exhibits a porosity of 0.500 ± 0.001 to exclude the effects of porosity. The structures were binarized with 200×200×200 dimensionless voxels, which were analyzed with the specific surface area, grain and pore size distributions, geometrical tortuosity, conductivity, and diffusivity across the through- and in-planes. As a result, the particle geometry significantly impacts on tortuosity, conductivity, and diffusivity, with the absolute value of Spearman's correlation coefficient of up to 1. It may imply the necessity to consider particle geometry as an ex-situ characterization for better electrochemical performance.

Packing of the Gastroduodenal Artery Stump Using Falciform Ligament During Pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Pseudoaneurysm formation is a potentially fatal complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy. We developed a packing method in which the gastroduodenal artery stump is packed inside a falciform ligament to reduce the post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage due to pseudoaneurysm formation. This study aimed to evaluate its efficacy. This study included 210 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomies between January 2007 and December 2023. The study population was divided into two groups; the packing group (n=110) and the no-packing group (n=100), and the clinical variables were compared between the two groups. Pseudoaneurysms were observed in six (2.9%) patients, and post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage was observed in four (1.9%) patients. There was no significant difference in pseudoaneurysm formation between the packing and no-packing groups (p=0.477), and the mortality rates for both pseudoaneurysm and post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage were zero. Two patients in the no-packing group were found to have shock, whereas four patients in the packing group (n=4) did not. Additionally, we encountered a 6 cm unruptured pseudoaneurysm following packing. The packing method did not reduce pseudoaneurysm formation after pancreaticoduodenectomy, but may prevent pseudoaneurysm rupture.

Special-point approach for optical absorption coefficient calculations on two-dimensional self-assemblies of type-II perovskite quantum dots

All-inorganic perovskite quantum dots with the usual cubic shape have emerged as a successful and low-cost alternative to electronically functional nanomaterials motivating various fields of applications, including high-efficiency photovoltaics. Here, we present an efficient and almost analytic approach for optical absorption coefficient calculation on self-assembled perovskite quantum dot films with type-II band alignment. The approach takes advantage of the special point technique for integration over the two-dimensional Brillouin zone, which minimizes the computational cost. The set of special wave-vector points is generated using the Monkhorst and Pack method. The optical absorption spectrum for phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/CsPbI3quantum dot films is computed, in good agreement with the experiment assuming a homogeneous linewidth of 50 meV and considering a ten special-point set. We show that light absorption in these systems is a cooperative optoelectronic property resulting from the quantum-mechanical coupling between perovskite nanocubes, leading to extended system states. The generality of this approach makes it suitable for calculating the optical absorption coefficient in a broad class of perovskite quantum dot systems.

Examining a New Laboratory Method for Packing Soilless Substrate to Ensure Consistent, Appropriate Bulk Density When Measuring Static Physical Properties

Bulk density (Db) and subsequent physical properties are determined by the substrate and packing method. Packing method is the way one fills and compresses a substrate within a given volume. Bulk density produced in the laboratory may not align with “expected” published ranges due to variations in packing. Additionally, it is unknown if ranges identified as “typical” using a small volume sample ring reflect Db occurring in larger production size containers packed using commercial potting practices. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) emulate nursery practices and document the Db associated with a potted 2.8-L (#1) container, 2) develop and test the new “shim and compression” method to determine if it consistently packs sample rings to a Db commensurate with that of a 2.8-L nursery container, and 3) demonstrate how static physical properties are affected by the new “shim and compression” sample ring packing method compared with the traditional bench top tap method. When emulating nursery potting practices with 100% pine bark, coir, and peat, and blends of each, Db ranged from 0.08 g⋅cm−3 (coconut coir) to 0.17 g⋅cm−3 (pine bark). We used an espresso tamp and shims to pack the aforementioned substrates in sample rings. The Db achieved using a range in number of presses and discs was largely dependent on the substrate, but the desired Db was consistently achieved for each substrate. There was no effect of disc number on Db (P = 1.000) for any substrate. There was no effect of tamp number (P ≥ 0.0602) for all substrates except peat-amended, for which five tamps yielded a greater Db than one tamp (P = 0.0324). In an experiment in which a different technician who was accustomed to the conventional benchtop tap packing method performed both methods, method influenced Db (P < 0.0001), and the conventional method more closely attained the target Db. To our knowledge, this is the only report of Db observed in commercial container production facilities (i.e., “native”).

Research on irregular sponge layout system based on heuristic algorithms

Abstract A layout optimization method that integrates No-Fit Polygons (NFP) positioning and a genetic algorithm is proposed for the two-dimensional irregular sponge packing problem. Firstly, according to the geometric characteristics of the parts, they are classified and encoded to calculate the NFP between part classes, avoiding redundant NFP calculations. Simultaneously, heuristic rules aimed at minimizing the packing height are introduced to provide a comprehensive evaluation function for part positioning strategies, thus improving packing efficiency. Secondly, in the optimization of part sorting, a genetic algorithm is introduced to optimize the sponge packing algorithm. Finally, several standard cases provided by the European Special Interest Group on Cutting and Packing (ESICUP) are used to test the proposed packing method. The results show that compared to the traditional Bottom-Left algorithm, the computational efficiency of the proposed packing method is improved by 4.20% to 22.73%.

A review of mixture design and preparation methods for high-performance recycled aggregate concrete

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has been widely investigated for recent decades, during which there are a great deal of findings on the modification of RAC to overcome the drawbacks of RA, i.e. high absorption and low strength. In this paper, four methods for designing and preparing RAC are reviewed, including the particle packing method (PPM), equivalent mortar volume (EMV) method, two-stage mixing approach (TSMA) and distributing-filling coarse aggregate (DFCA) process, and their effects on the properties of RAC is compared to reveal the effective approaches to high-performance preparation of RAC. Among these methods, only TSMA presents a positive effect on the workability of RAC. In terms of the properties of hardened RAC, TSMA improves the compressive strength and penetration resistance by densifying the ITZs around RA, and the developed TSMAsc containing silica fume exhibits better efficiency in improving the properties of RAC. The EMV method and DFCA process are beneficial to the compressive strength, elastic modulus and volumetric stability of RAC, and the effectiveness of the DFCA process is superior to the EMV method, indicating that enhancing the coarse aggregate interlocking effect is an effective approach to obtain high-performance RAC. Furthermore, the combination of TSMA and EMV methods can synthesize the enhancements of ITZs and coarse aggregate interlocking effect, contributing to a further improvement in the properties of hardened RAC. It is conceived that the TSMA and DFCA process can be integrated as a promising combination to realize the high performance of RAC.

Bleeding control methods for kids: A pediatric approach to the national education campaign-a pilot program.

The project purpose was to design and test an age-appropriate curriculum to train children aged 5 through 13 years on bleeding control methods based on the national Stop the Bleed initiative. Studies have shown that children as young as 5 years are able to perform first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The project aimed to demonstrate that children as young as 5 years can be taught bleeding control methods. Our hypothesis was that there would be a 60% retention rate on retesting of the children within 1 year across all age groups. The study design was an observational cohort study from February 2018 to January 2020. Participants (aged 5 through 13 years) were trained on bleeding control methods but using an age-based curriculum. The initial training included 500 children. The participants were taught tourniquet applications, wound packing, and direct pressure skills. The curriculum consisted of a 30-minute didactic portion with participant involvement and engagement followed by 30 minutes of hands-on skill training and demonstration. In addition, participants were required to be able to recite the "5 Rules" to helping hurt people. Descriptive statistics were performed. Participants were retested approximately 1 year after the initial training. The retest group only consisted of 227 participants because of a multitude of reasons for the decrease in children. Children were tested in comprehension and application of each skill. Results indicated a greater than 70% retention for all skills across all participants for the retesting after 1 year. The findings indicated that children as young as 5 years can be taught to perform bleeding control methods of tourniquet application, wound packing, and direct pressure. While the results indicate that the older the child, the better the retention, if children were provided multiple trainings over a 1-year period, the retention could be higher. Observational Cohort Study; Level VIII.

The angle of repose and base stress distribution of granular piles: An experimental investigation

The angle of repose and characteristics of the base stress distribution underneath granular piles serve as essential indicators in understanding the mechanical and packing properties of particle system. One counterintuitive phenomenon is that there is an evident dip of the base stress beneath the pile apex that might have implications in the design of granular pile facilities. The repose angle and stress dip are influenced by many categories of factors and exhibit different variations. Based on the localized source method, particle packing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of funnel height, particle size, particle shape, and packing method on the repose angle and the vertical stress distribution of granular piles. The experimental results show that the repose angle of piles of irregular particle shape and higher funnel height is much larger, but there is a decreasing trend of repose angle with increasing particle sizes. The natural packing angles before and after the critical collapse of granular pile exhibits periodic variation. On the other hand, the stress dip phenomenon occurred in all granular piles constructed by localized procedure. An increase in funnel height and a middle particle size mitigate the stress dip to some extent, whereas irregular particle shape exacerbates it. Comparison of the results from different packing methods reveals that larger repose angle and more pronounced stress dip are observed in confined packing piles compared to that in free packing piles. Considering a growth rate of less than 5 %, the average vertical stress under the sand silo reaches saturation state. Moreover, the pressure on the silo wall increases with the height of silo pile but remains somewhat lower than predicted by the Ketchum equation and current design values.

Magnetic Properties of Borided Co-Cr-Mo Alloy

The magnetic properties of a borided Co-Cr-Mo alloy were studied in this work. The boron process was performed by the powder pack method with Ekabor HM and Ekabor III boron sources at 1123 and 1323 K for 9 h. The magnetic properties were characterized with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results show that the non-magnetic Co-Cr-Mo alloy has a low magnetization with the boriding process. In addition, the saturation magnetization (Ms) varies with the boron source and temperature.

Growth of a Single MnCr2O4 Spinel on Ni–25Cr–1.5Mn Alloy by the Rhines Pack Method and Photoelectrochemical and Raman Signatures of MnCr2O4 Spinel

Growth of a Single MnCr2O4 Spinel on Ni–25Cr–1.5Mn Alloy by the Rhines Pack Method and Photoelectrochemical and Raman Signatures of MnCr2O4 Spinel

Optimization of spherically arranged lens arrays based on class II and III geodesic polyhedra

Spherical arrangement is a common way to pack lens arrays. Due to the restriction of original structures, the previous optimization methods based on icosahedral subdivision are only applicable to a few types of lens arrays adopting different numbers of sub-lenses. In order to design more types of lens arrays, an optimization packing method is proposed with the vertices of class II and class III geodesic polyhedra as the arrangement positions of sub-lenses. The vertices of the geodesic polyhedron are generated by projecting grid nodes on each face of the ortho-icosahedron to a sphere. The vertex translation function is established in a barycentric coordinate system, and then the chord ratio and packing density are used as evaluation functions to optimize the vertices’ positions. The universality of the optimization method is tested, and its robustness is certified by analyzing the optimization results of different original structures with the same number of vertices. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the optimization method in engineering applications are demonstrated in a monocentric multi-scale imaging system. The optimization method proposed in this paper can significantly increase the types of lens arrays from 9 to 37 types, adopting different numbers of sub-lenses within 1000 and effectively improved the distribution uniformity of lens arrays.

Efficient Post-Quantum Pattern Matching on Encrypted Data

Pattern matching methods are essential in various applications where users must disclose highly sensitive information. Among these applications are genomic data analysis, financial records inspection, and intrusion detection processes, all of which necessitate robust privacy protection mechanisms. Balancing the imperative of protecting the confidentiality of analyzed data with the need for efficient pattern matching presents a significant challenge. In this paper, we propose an efficient post-quantum secure construction that enables arbitrary pattern matching over encrypted data while ensuring the confidentiality of the data to be analyzed. In addition, we address scenarios where a malicious data sender, intended to send an encrypted content for pattern detection analysis, has the ability to modify the encrypted content. We adapt the data fragmentation technique to handle such a malicious sender. Our construction makes use of a well-suited Homomorphic Encryption packing method in the context of fragmented streams and combines homomorphic operations in a leveled mode (i.e. without bootstrapping) to obtain a very efficient pattern matching detection process. In contrast to the most efficient state-of-the-art scheme, our construction achieves a significant reduction in the time required for encryption, decryption, and pattern matching on encrypted data. Specifically, our approach decreases the time by factors of 1850 , 10 6 , and 245 , respectively, for matching a single pattern, and by factors of 115 , 10 5 , and 12 , respectively, for matching 2 10 patterns.

A study on estimating deterioration in multi recycled aggregate concrete using surface imaging techniques

The study presents a novel method for sustainable construction using multi-recycled concrete, embracing a cradle-to-cradle approach. It utilies image analysis to detect concrete deterioration due to different chemical exposures. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of the Compressible Packing Method in improving recycled aggregate properties and reducing cement content for sustainable concrete production. The image-based colour stability analysis for determining Hue (H), Saturation (S), and Intensity (I) values reveals the significant deterioration is caused by sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid exposures relevant to field applications. A unified factor termed as Durability Loss Factor (DLF) provides a comprehensive metric for assessing deterioration, with sulphuric acid exposure resulting in the most substantial deterioration. Also, there is a strong correlation between residual strength of concrete specimen and the parameters governing image analysis in the current study. These findings offer valuable insights into mix design strategies, colour-based indicators of deterioration, and the development of a comprehensive Durability Loss Factor for multi-recycled concrete.

OVERCOMING THE SAND PROBLEM USING THE GRAVEL PACK METHOD IN WELL X IN THE FIELD OF KALREZ PETROLEUM (SERAM) LTD

In the oil and gas industry, there are often various problems that can interfere with the production process. One of the problems that often occurs is sand problems. The impact of sand problems is to cause damage to downhole and surface equipment. To solve the problem of sand in boreholes, gravel fill can be used. This study was conducted Kalrez Petroleum (Seram) Ltd Field Well X. The purpose of this study was to determine the size of gravel Bagging overcomes sandy issues and determines front and rear production performance Installing a gravel pack and determining the cost comparison of the gravel pack method and sand screening method in terms of cost benefit analysis. Based on the smallest average size of sand grains is 0.024 inch, this size is in accordance with the size of gravel pack in general, namely 16/30 M. Calculation of PI after the use of gravel pack has increased production from 4.4 bbl/psi to 7.8 bbl/psi. Based on the IPR curve before the use of gravel pack, the maximum flow rate (Q max) was 527.4372 bpd, experiencing an increase in the maximum flow rate (Q max) of 907.108 bpd. Based on calculations using cost benefit analysis (Coast Benefit Analysis) between the gravel pack and screen liner methods. The screen liner method can be an alternative to overcome the sand problems, this is because it is seen from the value of the B/C ratio> 1 or 2,3. This means that for every one dollar invested in the method, a savings ratio of 2.3 will be obtained. So the screen liner method is more useful and also efficient. Keywords: Sand problem, downhole and surface equipment, gravel pack, sieve analysis, cost benefit analysis

Green Logistics Sustainable and Eco- friendly Transportation Practices

The goal of this study is to better understand the factors implementing eco-friendly practices in transportation to reduce environmental impact. Well, understanding of factors may not lead to the implementation of eco-friendly practices. The COP26 resolution to achieve carbon neutrality till 2050. The logistics and transportation industry contributes more to global greenhouse gas emission. Government and organization strategies analyze if the problem is genuine or not for the public. This study finds and investigates some elements that have a substantial impact on the green logistics and eco-friendly business practices. Making aware to the public as well as logistics industry about green logistics and eco-friendly technology is the future. Electric vehicles and other fuels option should be the problemsolving of logistics industry as well as for the people which they are facing. Make electric vehicles and other green packing method or fuels on the trial stage and gather feedback from the pilot audience that the green logistics is solving the problem you identified. Data was collected through the customer survey. Using technology that is easily operated and that focuses on environmental impact of logistics transportation. green and sustainable eco-friendly transports help reducing cost and dependency on fuels like petrol diesel etc. green logistics helps in the economic growth that will help the logistics provider and people of that area to be developed. it presents the split routing optimization problem of lowcarbon distribution with the optimization goal of reducing carbon emissions. The study shows how to tackle the problem, and end with a conclusion to appeal the industry to start the green journey now.

Evaluating two high-throughput phenotyping platforms at early stages of the post-harvest pipeline of sweetpotatoes

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and big data analytics introduce new tools that can enhance the packing efficiency of sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas) (SPs). In this study, we focused on the quantification of inventory as early in the packing process as possible to allow for effective storage planning, smarter inventory selection to fulfill orders, and ultimately reduce the need for refrigeration of excess packed SPs. We built and implemented two scanners to quantify phenotype distributions at different stages of the post-harvest pipeline. Testing and validation were conducted through a collaboration with an industry-partner's packing facility in North Carolina, gaining access to their packing methods, warehouse data, and resources. The first scanner imaged all SPs during the conveyance stage, immediately after they are washed but before they are sorted. The second scanner, positioned to view the top bins after harvest, scanned the top layer of bins on harvesting trucks as they entered the storage warehouse for receiving. We compared the output of our first scanner to the output of a commercial optical sorter under a controlled packing simulation, and then compared our two developed scanners against each other in an observational commercial packing operation. We evaluated millions of SPs, assessing length, width, length-to-width ratio (LW ratio), and weight. We computed a pairwise t-test for each phenotype across scanner pairs and evaluated the Cohen's d effect size to interpret our results. We observed no significant differences in the grade distributions across the scanners, except for the “Giant” weight class, which showed variation between the top bin and eliminator table scanners. In summary, both systems demonstrated promising outcomes, suggesting a potential enhancement in packing efficiency through the timely delivery of comprehensive inventory data.

A Lightweight CNN with LSTM Malware Detection Architecture for 5G and IoT Networks

Fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks are being deployed all over the world and researchers are concerned about the network's security against hacking. Researchers have focused heavily on this topic in recent years as new technologies attempt to integrate into numerous sectors of corporate and social organizations. Malicious software referred to as malware, is an unwanted application that attackers frequently use to execute online attacks. Advanced packing and obfuscation methods are being used by malware variants to continue their evolution. Due to several application features in 5G networks such as APIs, calls and SMS, it is difficult to detect and classify malware attacks. In a variety of research areas, deep learning (DL) techniques are effectively utilized to address malware-related solutions. Especially, convolutional neural networks (CNN) played a crucial role in the classification of malware detection in 5G networks and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, a lightweight CNN architecture with a sequential Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layer is developed for malware detection and classification trained on the Malimg dataset. The results prove that the proposed approach achieves 99.8% accuracy with an F1-score of 0.9925 for malware detection and outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in the literature. The classification performance is improved up to 12.8% and 14% in terms of accuracy and F1-score, respectively when compared with existing malware classification models.

Growth and Marketing of Banana in Tamil Nadu

Banana is an important fruit crop cultivated in India and Tamil Nadu ranks third in production in the country and the area under the banana is also increasing over the years in the state. However, high post-harvest losses were reported in banana due to improper development of marketing channels. Hence, this paper aimed to study marketing of banana and perform stakeholder analysis. Three districts namely Tiruchirappalli, Erode and Coimbatore were selected for the study based on the areaunder banana. The results of the study revealed that the growth rate of area was the highest in Vellore - Tiruvannamalai production centre with 7.75 per cent per annum and production and productivity growth were the highest in Cuddalore-Villupuram production centre with 8.39 and 7.23 per cent per annum respectively. Three banana marketing channels were identified in the study area. Pre- harvest contractor was the popular mode of sale by banana producers. The post-harvest loss of 8.5 to 14.5 kg/tonne was reported in selected banana cultivars. No packing method of banana was followed in the entire marketing channel and one third of market intermediaries did not have storage facility for banana. Hence, the marketing channels of the banana have to be improved on handling, storage and packing to reduce the losses.