Ideal-type Method Research Articles

THE GLOBAL CONTEXT OF OPEN ACCESS TO SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

Scientific publications are migrating to the digital environment. This phenomenon is characterized by universal norms determined by specifics of the global context ensuring open access to scientific publications. To investigate these norms in this article the ideal type method is applied, and the research data are extracted with the on-line search engine Google Books Ngram Viewer. The results obtained are: a) the study of dynamics of open science is a priority concerning the topics of open access and license of using open information; b) in the area of open science, the importance of studying the forms of access to pre-published works is prioritized; c) “the green access” is the most investigated model of the open access to scientific publications. The publication of scientific results in open access requires regular adjustment to the global norms of open science.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПРОШЛОГО РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ КАЗАЧЬЕЙ ГРУППЫ

This study is devoted to the study of relevant works on the history of the Stavropol Cossacks, works in the field of education of the Stavropol Cossacks as an independent Cossack group, trade, cultural and economic ties in the Stavropol Territory, spiritual life, language, culture, traditions and customs of the Stavropol Cossacks. Among modern studies in the history of the Stavropol Cossacks, the following topics stand out: military life and everyday life, folklore and song traditions, the movement for the revival of the Cossacks, as well as the current state and prospects for the development of Cossack organizations. The prospect of the development of pedagogical technologies based on the Cossack traditions of educating young people in Stavropol is highlighted as a separate topical topic. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a private study of the historiography of the regional Cossack group of Stavropol Cossacks in order to expand the scientific and pedagogical tools in the field of «Cossack studies». The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using the data of the article in the search for supporting material for teaching the "History of the Cossacks" in a higher educational institution (taking into account the regional specifics). The scientific novelty of the research is expressed in a new view of the Stavropol Cossacks as an independent Cossack group formed at the end of the XVIII century. The source base is represented mainly by archival data from the State Archives of the Stavropol Territory, data banks on archaeological, cultural and linguistic expeditions, sources of personal origin, the works of contemporary historians and directly the works of historians, whose studies formed the basis of the historiography of the history of the Stavropol Cossacks. The research methodology is based on the principles of historiographic comparative studies and comparative analysis of sources. Within the framework of the sociocultural approach, we rely on the following methods. Special-historical: the narrative method, the historical-comparative method, the historical-systemic method, the retrospective method. Sociological: document analysis, method of generalizing characteristics, method of ideal types. Culturological: comparative method, cultural-systemic method. Pedagogical: pedagogical interviewing, a method of studying and generalizing pedagogical experience.

Clashing Constitutions: On the Tectonics of the Egyptian Revolution 2011

The popular uprising starting on 25 January 2011, which led to President Mubarak’s resignation on 11 February 2011, was unpredictable as to when it would happen and if it would be successful. At same time, it was premised on a series of previous developments. Likening revolutions to earthquakes, question is thus what tectonic tensions had built up in fundament of Egyptian polity over recent decades.The 2011 Egyptian Revolution can be understood as a constitutional event, in which power of regime, which had established a permanent state of exception, was challenged by power of people, who were protesting in unprecedented numbers in streets, with both sides recurring to constitutional rhetoric. More generally, we may speak of underlying conflicts and increasing clashes between Egypt’s many constitutions – its security constitution, economic constitution, juridical constitution, political constitution, and social constitution – which ultimately culminated in confrontation between president and people.In this paper, these different constitutions and their development in last few decades are reconstructed from a sociological point of view, drawing on Max Weber’s ideal-typical method and Kaarlo Tuori’s scheme of the many constitutions. The material for this study is taken from Middle East Journal, which offers a chronology of events in Egypt as they were reported in Western media, and complemented with data on Egypt’s youth, as they were collected in framework of World Values Survey.Taken together this material documents not only tensions between Egypt’s many constitutions but also preoccupations of its Western observers. The paper ends with a personal account of revolutionary events in Cairo, in course of which people reasserted Egypt’s living constitution, which forms genuine core of its polity.

Genocide as a matter of degree1

This article employs Max Weber's ideal-type method to classify genocides based on their degree of mass killing, unilateralism, and ethnic liability. The identification of the elements of genocide draws from a general theory of genocide (Campbell 2009, 2010) and from theories of social control employing Donald Black's (1995, 1998) theoretical approach, known as pure sociology. Because these theories identify the social features associated with each element of genocide, they can explain the form genocides take.

‘Time’ in tourism: ‘individual time’ and ‘social time’

The author does a review of the research into tourist activity and concludes that the particular character of tourist behaviour is reflected best in the study of time budgets. He proposes Max Weber's ideal-type method to be used in the analysis. In the conclusions to the article the author presents typical examples of qualitative time (recreation, holidays, tourism).

Rational-choice hermeneutics

Rational choice and hermeneutics seem at odds, but the tension can be fruitfully resolved. The conflict between them closely mirrors the earlier conflict between historicism and positivism. In inter-war Vienna, an influential group of social scientists tried to combine the best elements of both approaches. Rational choice was united with Verstehen and the method of ideal types, as evidenced by the works of Lionel Robbins and Alfred Schutz, among others. Although the two methodologies have again diverged, it is possible to merge them. Drawing on the insights of Alfred Schutz, this article constructs a framework for modern rational-choice hermeneutics.

On the Typology of Public Administration

Administration in modern times Bureaucratic administration Classification into types is a widely used scientific method. This is also true for jurisprudence, economics and social sciences, examples being Rechtsstaat-type constitutionalism and the Rule of Law, the market economy and the planned economy, agrarian society and industrial society, etc. The scientific claims in connection with such typologies vary considerably. Basically, the intention is to arrange concrete forms in conceptional categories. In administrative science, Max Weber’s ideal-type method has great influence. Yet Weber has left so much latitude that attention could be focused both on the field of external experience that we acquire through observation, measurements and experiments and on the world of thought, ideas and ideality. 1 So to some the ideal type is an empirical term, 2 to others, a category of objective correctness. 3 Above all, in American-type public administration teaching, Weber’s bureaucracy concept has been understood as a prescriptive and rational model. 4 Then, reference is made to the pathology of bureaucracy — impersonal attitudes, formalism, mystery-mongering and so on — finally presenting models of better public administration, if not the One Best Way. As regards administrative science, however, the following has to be noted: Here, the concept of bureaucracy does not mean a prescriptive, rational model of ‘correct’ administration. Rather, the individual elements have been deduced from historical reality. However, the bureaucracy concept is not a descriptive empirical statement on organizational reality in public administration. The concept is not complete. Other organizational elements can be detected, especially informal ones. The salient point is to decipher the rationality of the system of public administration in modern times in the West on the basis of the historical illustrative material. We have to work out the set of structural and functional principles that make up the internal order of modern administration and substantiate links between the institutional steering patterns and the adminstrative environment — regulated markets, for example. True, this is not the consummation of reality nor a claim to correctness. But it reveals a potential that may serve as a point of refer

Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought

Strategy - past theories, modern practice comparing Sun Tzu and Clausewitz Sun Tzu, Clausewitz and the study of war the definition of war - a question of the level of analysis Attacking the Enemy's Plans and the concept of the Centre of Gravity - Eastern psychology and Western mechanics the primacy of politics and the military commander the ratinal calculus of war - correlating ends and means the first element of the paradoxical trinity - the people in arms the ideal and the real - victory without bloodshed and the search for the decisive battle numerical superiority and victory the principle of continuity and the culminating point of victory - the contradictory nature of war deception, surprise and intelligence the role of the military leader the temperament of the military leader the battle environment and the intuition of the military leader boldness and calculation. Appendices: contradiction and paradox in the theory of war the Weinberger doctrine Clausewitz's ideal-type method applied to Sun-Tzu's The Art of War the problem of the level of analysis and the tacticization of strategy Machiavelli and Clausewitz on the role of the people in war Clausewitz and the principle of concentration.

Logik und Methode in der »Rechtssoziologie« Max Webers. Ein Beitrag zur Klärung der grundlegenden Begriffe und Perspektiven

Zusammenfassung Max Weber zufolge spielt die Rechtsentfaltung eine wesentliche Rolle vornehmlich in bezug auf die moderne Kulturentwicklung und die Gestaltung ihrer sozialen Lebensformen. Um diese Leistung des Rechts verstehen zu können, konstruiert Weber an zentraler Stelle seiner Analysen innerhalb der Rechtssoziologie eine viergliedrige Typologie, deren fundamentales Bildungselement im Prinzip der Rationalisierung zu entdecken ist. Daher ist es das Anliegen dieses Artikels, mit Anspruch auf eine philologisch genaue Exegese Webers Begriff der Rechtsrationalität einzufordern. Der Verfasser hofft mit diesem Ansatz - gerahmt durch eine Skizze der idealtypischen Methode Webers und seines eigentümlichen Erkenntnisinteresses sowie der perspektivischen Akzentuierung seiner Diagnose zur Entwicklung der formalen Rechtsrationalität - einen angemessenen Beitrag zu einem besseren Verständnis des Werkes von Max Weber leisten zu können.

Rational Choice Theory Considered as Psychology and Moral Philosophy

This article attempts to assess Jon Elster's contribution to rational choice in Ulysses and the Sirens and Sour Grapes. After reviewing Elster's analysis of functional versus intentional explanations, the essay moves on to the crucial distinction between the thin and broad theories of rationality. The former elabo rates on the traditional economist's preference / feasible set apparatus; the latter is the more demanding theory which inquires into the rationality of beliefs and preferences. Elster's approach to the broad theory normally consists in using the thin theory as a reference point and in making purposefully limited departures from it. The essay illustrates the method while commenting on Elster's discus sion of autonomous preferences in Sour Grapes. It goes on to stress some impor tant analogies between Elster's use of the thin and broad theories, on one hand, and Weber's ideal-typical method, on the other. The final assessment is phrased in terms of these analogies; it is suggested that Elster is at his best when the ideal-typical method and his own separate from each other, that is, when he comes to grips with the broad theory in its own terms.

A Deductive Ideal-Type Method

The deductive ideal-type method, so successfully used in economics to produce valid predictions, can also be utilized in sociology. The method involves finding a truism relevant to significant social phenomena and applicable to existing social conditions. Usually cast in the form of an equation, the truism permits the deduction of predictions when one of its component variables is altered. The predictions should be valid to the extent that the assumptions behind the truism approximate social conditions. Use of the method should not only provide practical predictions but also aid in systematizing empirical generalizations.

Heroes and Villains of Soviet Drama

T HIS article is based on a longer study of a sample of 70 Soviet plays undertaken for the purpose of discovering the values which the Soviet Government and the party in power have been trying to promote in Russia through the medium of cultural means at their disposal, one of the most significant of which has been a network of state-sponsored and party-supervised theatres and theatre brigades for of defense and construction of socialist society.' For purposes of this longer study, the theatrical list of every fifth issue of Pravda, the Communist Party organ, was copied in its entirety for the years I926 to I94I inclusive. Then the number of times each title occurred in the sample was counted and a list was made of the ten most frequently occurring Soviet play titles for each calendar year. A Soviet play was defined as a play written and produced in the Soviet Union since the establishment of the present regime. Such procedure netted 77 plays, many plays recurring among the top ten several years in succession. Of these only 70 were available. These were read in the original Russian editions. While a great many sidelights into the Soviet value system have been obtained and several interesting methodological questions arose, here it is only possible to describe briefly several of the high lights in the findings-omitting for reasons of space both the more detailed picture of the method used and many of the findings. Suffice it to say that a combination of Max Weber's ideal-type method of cultural analysis with the ideal-type method of physical anthropology has been utilized in the construction of the Ideal Bolshevik, the Ideal Soviet Woman, and the Soviet Villain.

Culture Case Study and Ideal-Typical Method: with Special Reference to Max Weber

Culture Case Study and Ideal-Typical Method: with Special Reference to Max Weber