Diagnostic Methods Research Articles

Giant subcapsular hematoma of the liver — a rare complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

The article shows a clinical case of an extremely rare complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy — a giant subcapsular hematoma of the liver. The clinical, laboratory and instrumental data of the patient and the results obtained were analyzed. Analysis of the data from the operated patient did not reveal the main reason that could have caused the development of a giant subcapsular hematoma of the liver. The patient had no bleeding disorders, had not previously suffered any bleeding, and did not take anticoagulants as an outpatient. During the operations, no source of bleeding or damage to the liver parenchyma was identified. In addition, there was no evidence of focal liver lesions according to the preoperative ultrasound scan. Outpatient use of a drug from the group of antiplatelet agents, as well as short-term irregular use of analgesics to relieve periodic pain could provoke the development of this complication. Treatment of subcapsular hematoma of the liver mainly depends on the clinical condition of the patient and the size of the hematoma. With conservative management, the condition of the formed hematoma should be more carefully monitored over time using radiation diagnostic methods. If necessary and according to indications, do not exclude possible repeated laparoscopic intervention, including conversion to laparotomy, taking into account the data of clinical, laboratory and radiological research methods. In most cases, this condition requires conservative treatment. Patients with such a complication require careful hemodynamic monitoring and visual monitoring of the complications development. Probably, preference should be given to magnetic resonance imaging, since this method is the most objective and does not carry a radiation load. The main task is not to miss the moment of hematoma rupture and the development of fatal bleeding.

Bile reflux after laparoscopic mini/one anastomosis gastric bypass: the problem and prevention

Currently, laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass (LMGB) is a common bariatric surgical operation. One of the reasons for reoperations after LMGB is pathological bile reflux, which, in addition to a noticeable decrease in the quality of life of patients, poses a potential threat to the neoplastic processes in the stomach and esophagus. This study aimed to systematize and analyze modern literature information on terminology, diagnosis and frequency of detection, pathophysiological significance, and methods of preventing bile reflux post-LMGB. Russian and English full-text studies on bile reflux after LMGB in the bibliographic databases of the Russian Science Citation Index, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were analyzed. The frequency of diagnosing bile reflux after LMGB varies from 2.0 to 57.9%, depending on the instrumental diagnostic methods used: flexible endoscopy, 24-hour pH impedance measurements, spectrophotometry of bilirubin in refluxate, and hepatobiliary scintigraphy. The pathogenetic effect of the contents of the small intestine on the mucous membrane of the stomach and esophagus after LMGB is noted because of the direct cytotoxic and receptor-mediated effects of bile acids. The safety of the main stages of LMGB (creation of a gastric pouch and formation of a single anastomosis) is currently being reviewed from the standpoint of minimizing the risk of developing bile reflux. Furthermore, novel techniques have been proposed to reduce the likelihood of intestinal contents entering the stomach and esophagus; however, their effectiveness remains controversial.

Detection of Typhoid Fever by Immuno Chromatographic Test (ICT) and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Typhi in Chittagong Metropoliton City

Typhoid fever caused by the Salmonella typhi is a disease of global distribution and one of the major health problems in many developing countries. In this study, clinically suspected thirty five patients were enrolled from different diagnostic centers of Chittagong city. We evaluated the reliability of Immuno Chromatographic Test (ICT) compared to different diagnostic methods like blood/serum culture and serological/Widal test for early detection of the disease. A total of 18 (51.43%) and 20 (57.14%) samples were found positive in culture method and Widal test, respectively, whereas 31 (88.57%) were found positive in ICT. Moreover, 13 culture negative and 11 Widal test negative samples were found positive in ICT. As the ICT showed satisfactory results compared to the other methods used in this survey, it can be considered as a reliable method for the early detection of typhoid infection. The study revealed several antibiotic resistant patterns by standard disc diffusion method, 12 (66.66%) out of 18 culture positives were found multi-drug resistant. The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 10(1 &2):53-70, 2020

Detection of Typhoid Fever by Immuno Chromatographic Test (ICT) and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Typhi in Chittagong Metropoliton City

Typhoid fever caused by the Salmonella typhi is a disease of global distribution and one of the major health problems in many developing countries. In this study, clinically suspected thirty five patients were enrolled from different diagnostic centers of Chittagong city. We evaluated the reliability of Immuno Chromatographic Test (ICT) compared to different diagnostic methods like blood/serum culture and serological/Widal test for early detection of the disease. A total of 18 (51.43%) and 20 (57.14%) samples were found positive in culture method and Widal test, respectively, whereas 31 (88.57%) were found positive in ICT. Moreover, 13 culture negative and 11 Widal test negative samples were found positive in ICT. As the ICT showed satisfactory results compared to the other methods used in this survey, it can be considered as a reliable method for the early detection of typhoid infection. The study revealed several antibiotic resistant patterns by standard disc diffusion method, 12 (66.66%) out of 18 culture positives were found multi-drug resistant. The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 10(1 &2):53-70, 2020

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Clinical diagnosis of dry eye disease is based on a subjective Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire or various objective tests, however, these diagnostic methods have several limitations. We conducted a comprehensive review of articles discussing various applications of artificial intelligence (AI) models in the diagnosis of the dry eye disease by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases up to December 2022. We initially extracted 2838 articles, and after removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria based on title and abstract, we selected 47 eligible full-text articles. We ultimately selected 17 articles for the meta-analysis after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria on the full-text articles. We used the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies to evaluate the quality of the methodologies used in the included studies. The performance criteria for measuring the effectiveness of AI models included area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. We calculated the pooled estimate of accuracy using the random-effects model. The meta-analysis showed that pooled estimate of accuracy was 91.91% (95% confidence interval: 87.46-95.49) for all studies. The mean (±SD) of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity were 94.1 (±5.14), 89.58 (±6.13), and 92.62 (±6.61), respectively. This study revealed that AI models are more accurate in diagnosing dry eye disease based on some imaging modalities and suggested that AI models are promising in augmenting dry eye clinics to assist physicians in diagnosis of this ocular surface condition.

Emergencies in inflammatory rheumatic diseases.

Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs), encompassing a broad spectrum of chronic disorders, typically necessitate prolonged therapeutic intervention. Nevertheless, these diseases can sometimes manifest as severe emergencies requiring prompt and extensive medical intervention. Urgent intervention is essential for effectively recognizing and managing these situations, as they have the potential to be life-threatening and can result in severe morbidity and mortality. Emergencies in IRDs can occur with different frequencies and manifestations, including nervous system issues, severe infections, thrombosis-emboli, renal crises, gastrointestinal issues, and cardiovascular events. The fact that these events can occur across different IRDs underscores the necessity for heightened awareness and readiness among healthcare professionals. The pathophysiologic mechanisms that cause rheumatic emergencies are complex and involve multiple factors. These emergencies frequently arise due to the interplay between the inflammatory characteristics of rheumatic diseases and different systemic triggers. Early detection and treatment can have a substantial impact on an individual's prognosis in cases of severe and life-threatening disorders that require prompt recognition. Rapid decision-making and urgent care are required to effectively address rheumatic emergencies, as well as the implementation of a diagnostic flowchart. This article provides an overview of the emergencies linked to IRDs, classifying and assessing them individually. This article aims to enhance healthcare professionals' knowledge and awareness of critical situations by examining current recommendations and pathophysiological information. Implementing standardized diagnostic and treatment methods, providing patient education, and conducting continuing research into the underlying mechanisms are essential for enhancing the management of these critical situations and improving patient outcomes.

Research perspective in the clinical management of Kawasaki disease

This study examines research perspective in the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular complications in Kawasaki Disease (KD). Starting with an overview of the disease, it introduces KD's clinical manifestations, etiology, epidemiological features, and its impact on the cardiovascular system. Subsequently, the study discusses in detail the diagnostic methods, pathological mechanisms, and treatment strategies for KD, including foundational and emerging approaches such as high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin therapy, biologic therapy, and corticosteroid pulse therapy. Additionally, it outlines strategies for preventing cardiovascular complications, including early risk assessment and long-term management. The study also explores the intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic with an increase in KD-like symptoms, emphasizing the need for further studies on the association between SARS-CoV-2 and KD. Lastly, it explores future research directions to enhance understanding of KD and improve patient outcomes and quality of life. This study provides valuable insights into the comprehensive treatment and management of KD and highlights avenues for future research.

Prevalence Studies on Brucellosis in Buffalo Population in Nearby Region of Hyderabad, Telangana

Background: Brucellosis in India is highly endemic in many states and reported as the most prevalent disease in dairy cattle. Brucellosis is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by various Brucella species mainly affecting wide range of different species of animals like cattle, sheep, goat and pigs. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence of brucellosis in suspected buffalo population showing reproductive disorders in selected dairy farms residing nearby region of Hyderabad, Telangana. Methods: Total number of 204 vaginal swab samples were collected aseptically from suspected buffaloes in nearby private dairy farms and were screened by employing various diagnostic methods. Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA), Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) and molecular identification through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were conducted. The sensitivity of tests was recorded considering PCR as gold standard method. Result: Screening of 204 vaginal swab samples and prevalence of brucellosis were recorded by ensuring the positive reactions and also depicting the sensitivity of various diagnostic tests namely ELISA, LFA and PCR accounting 92(45.1%), 87 (42.64%) and 113(55.4%) samples respectively. The specificity of both LFA and ELISA were recorded 100% when compared to PCR assay.

Dysphagia in neurological disorders

Neurogenic dysphagia is a disorder with impaired swallowing, which is caused by various disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems, neuromuscular transmission, or muscles. Dysphagia is one of the most common and at the same time the most dangerous symptoms of many neurological disorders. Patients with dysphagia often have severe disability, a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia, and significantly increased mortality rate. Despite the availability of many diagnostic screening methods, clinical scales, questionnaires, and instrumental diagnostic methods, the issue of neurogenic dysphagia is underestimated, especially in the early stages. As a result, patients do not receive timely treatment and prevention of dysphagia and associated complications. Validation of available diagnostic scales, development of international protocols and standards for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of dysphagia and associated complications are important to establish a unified and evidence-based approach for patients with dysphagia.

A Particle Based Approach For Improved Resolution PIV And TOMO-PIV Based On The Coherent Point Drift And The Affine Least-Squares Transformation

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a widely used method for flow diagnostics, but there is still potential for improvement, particularly in terms of velocity gradient estimation and computational cost when considering three-dimensional problems. This paper presents a framework that combines a Particle Tracking Velocity (PTV) approach with local gradient-based Eulerian reconstruction to improve PIV performance. The approach uses the Coherent Point Drift (CPD) method for particle pairing and introduces the Affine Least-Squares Transformation (ALST) for local deformation gradient estimation. The CPD method consists of pairing particles whose positions at two successive instants have been obtained from the images. The ALST estimates local deformation gradients, allowing the Eularian reconstruction of the velocity field. The effectiveness of the proposed method compared to traditional PIV algorithms is demonstrated by synthetic test cases in both 2D and 3D configurations. In 2D cases, the CPD+ALST approach outperforms standard PIV methods, especially in capturing local velocity gradients. In 3D cases, comparisons with TOMO-PIV show the improved performance of CPD+ALST in the context of locally large velocity gradients. However, the linear nature of ALST makes it less efficient than quadratic binning techniques. The study demonstrates the potential of CPD+ALST to improve velocity field reconstruction in complex flows.

Paraganglioma in the bladder wall: A case report

AbstractBackgroundPheochromocytomas are tumors originating from chromaffin cells and producing catecholamines. In 10%–20% of cases, these tumors act outside of the adrenal medulla, defining conglomerates named paragangliomas. Bladder paraganglioma is a rare tumor and accounts for less than 0.06% of all bladder neoplasms and less than 1% of all pheochromocytomas, with the first case described in 1953. The clinical procedure given by 47%–77% of the overall number of cases, consists of headache 48.1%, tachycardia 43.4%, hypertension 54.7%, hematuria 47.2%, and visual alterations.Case PresentationThe article reports a case of a patient whose lesion was identified in the lateral wall of the bladder during a prostate ultrasonography exam, and was subsequently treated surgically with a partial cystectomy. The aim of this study is to detail the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with bladder paraganglioma.ConclusionFrom the overall study conducted in this article, it is possible to conclude that paraganglioma requires adequate diagnostic and therapeutic methods. These methods include ultrasounds and computed tomography scans, followed by cystoscopy with visualization and biopsy of the lesion, and resection of the lesion.

Bionanosensor utilizing single-layer graphene for the detection of iridovirus.

Iridoviruses, a group of double-stranded DNA viruses, pose a significant threat to various aquatic animals, causing substantial economic losses in aquaculture and impacting ecosystem health. Early and accurate detection of these viruses is crucial for effective disease management and control. Conventional diagnostic methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation, often require specialized laboratories, skilled personnel, and considerable time. This highlights the need for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic tools for iridovirus detection. Single-layer graphene, a two-dimensional material with unique properties like high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability, has emerged as a versatile platform for biosensing applications. This paper explores the potential of employing single-layer graphene in the development of a bionanosensor for the sensitive and rapid detection of iridoviruses. The aim of the present investigation is to develop a sensor by analyzing the vibrational responses of single-layer graphene sheets (SLGS) with attached microorganisms. Graphene-based virus sensors typically rely on the interaction between the virus and the graphene surface, which lead to changes in the frequency response of graphene. This change is measured and used to detect the presence of the virus. Its high surface-to-volume ratio and sensitivity to changes in its frequency make it a highly sensitive platform for virus detection. We employ finite element method (FEM) analysis to model the sensor's performance and optimize its design parameters. The simulation results highlight the sensor's potential for achieving high sensitivity and rapid detection of iridovirus. Bridged and simply supported with roller support boundary conditions applied at the ends of SLG structure. Simulations have been performed to see how SLG behaves when used as sensors. A single-layer graphene armchair SLG (5,5) with 50-nm length exhibits its highest frequency vibration at 8.66 × 106 Hz, with a mass of 1.2786 Zg. In contrast, a zigzag-SLG with a (18,0) configuration has its lowest frequency vibration at 2.82 × 105 Hz. This aids in comprehending the thresholds of detection and the influence of factors such as size, and boundary conditions on sensor effectiveness. These biosensors can be especially helpful in biological sciences and the medical field since they can considerably improve the treatment of patients, cancer early diagnosis, and pathogen identification when used in clinical environments.

Applications of Biosensors in Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer globally, predominantly affecting men. Early detection and treatment are crucial due to high recurrence rates and poor prognosis for advanced stages. Traditional diagnostic methods like cystoscopy and imaging have limitations, leading to the exploration of noninvasive methods such as liquid biopsy. This review highlights the application of biosensors in BC, including electrochemical and optical sensors for detecting tumor markers like proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules, noting their clinical relevance. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-drug conjugates, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy, are also explored, the role of biosensors in detecting corresponding biomarkers to guide these treatments is examined. Finally, the review addresses the current challenges and future directions for biosensor applications in BC, highlighting the need for large-scale clinical trials and the integration of advanced technologies like deep learning to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy.

Optical discrimination of pathological red blood cells.

Fast diagnostic methods are crucial to reduce the burden on healthcare systems. Currently, detection of diabetes complications such as neuropathy requires time-consuming approaches to observe the correlated red blood cells (RBCs) morphological changes. To tackle this issue, an optical analysis of RBCs in air was conducted in the 250-2500 nm range. The distinct oscillations present in the scattered and direct transmittance spectra have been analyzed with both Mie theory and anomalous diffraction approximation. The results provide information about the swelling at the ends of RBCs and directly relate the optical data to RBCs morphology and deformability. Both models agree on a reduction in the size and deformability of RBCs in diabetic patients, thus opening the way to diabetes diagnosis and disease progression assessment.

Pathogenesis and Oral-Related Factors in Post-COVID-19 Mucormycosis Patients: A Protocol for a Systematic Review of Case Reports

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a notable increase in cases of oral mucormycosis, with some researchers linking corticosteroid treatment to immune suppression, potentially increasing susceptibility to this fungal infection. Early oral manifestations may serve as indicators for timely diagnosis. This protocol for a systematic review aims to elucidate the pathogenesis and related factors of post-COVID-19 mucormycosis through the analysis of case reports. We will conduct a comprehensive search of relevant articles, excluding review articles and case series. Bias risk will be assessed using the ROBINS-E tool, and certainty of evidence will be evaluated using the GRADE framework. A narrative synthesis of the data will be performed, focusing on sociodemographic profiles, medical and family histories, diagnostic methods, treatment approaches, and dental relevance.

The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract.

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are among the most common chronic respiratory diseases. Chronic inflammation of the airways leads to an increased production of inflammatory markers by the effector cells of the respiratory tract and lung tissue. These biomarkers allow the assessment of physiological and pathological processes and responses to therapeutic interventions. Lung cancer, which is characterized by high mortality, is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Current screening methods and tissue biopsies have limitations that highlight the need for rapid diagnosis, patient differentiation, and effective management and monitoring. One promising non-invasive diagnostic method for respiratory diseases is the assessment of exhaled breath condensate (EBC). EBC contains a mixture of volatile and non-volatile biomarkers such as cytokines, leukotrienes, oxidative stress markers, and molecular biomarkers, providing significant information about inflammatory and neoplastic states in the lungs. This article summarizes the research on the application and development of EBC assessment in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases, focusing on asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. The process of collecting condensate, potential issues, and selected groups of markers for detailed disease assessment in the future are discussed. Further research may contribute to the development of more precise and personalized diagnostic and treatment methods.

Raman Spectroscopy in Optical Non-Invasive Diagnostics of Skin Neoplasms

Introduction. Recent decades indicate a significant increase in the incidence of skin cancer. Aim. To upgrade the specialized device and to improve the quality of skin neoplasm diagnostics. Materials and methods. The study mainly involved the method of non-invasive differential diagnostics of skin neoplasms. The method relies upon optical research methods, including Raman spectroscopy, a spectroscopic technique. A 10-year study, conducted by the Department of Oncology, the Samara Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary (SOKOD), included more than 500 observations. The study used samples of various skin neoplasms obtained during surgical treatment of patients. Experimental tests provided a certain spectrum of various benign and malignant human skin neoplasms, including melanoma. Results. A series of experimental tests resulted in an experimental setup that is absolutely safe to use. Discussion. The study involved comparison of individual characteristics of the Raman spectra, obtained in the examination of neoplasm and healthy skin for each patient, thereby individualizing the method. The study revealed a high accuracy rate of 92% (with sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 93%), thus minimizing risks of false negative results, which is essential for mass examination. Conclusion. Since the proposed device setup does not require consumable products and different reagents, the method is marked with lower time costs and maintenance burden. Raman spectroscopy obtains a significant potential, thus, can be widely used for skin neoplasms in various medical and preventive institutions.

Method of Diagnosing Sarcopenia in Morbidly Obese Patients

Introduction. Sarcopenia refers to a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive skeletal muscle disease, loss of muscle mass and strength resulting in impaired physical performance. The prevalence of sarcopenia in the population ranges from 5% to 13% in people aged 43.0 ± 11.1 years and reaches 50% in those over 70. Various methods have been used to diagnose sarcopenia, which, however, have their limitations. Currently, CT scanning is considered the most accurate method for the detection of sarcopenia. Therefore, the development of new methods for early diagnosis of sarcopenia appears relevant. Aim. To investigate different methods of diagnosing sarcopenia in morbidly obese patients. Materials and methods. The study presents an analysis of various methods for diagnostics of sarcopenia in morbidly obese patients, including a patented method based on the research conducted in the BSMU Clinic (Utility Patent No. 2815157 dated 11.03.2024). Results and discussion. Doctors used the suggested method of diagnosis, defined the value of sarcopenia index equal or less than 15, and diagnosed sarcopenia. Conclusion. The prevalence and severity of sarcopenia vary depending on the classification criteria and thresholds used. Since a unified diagnostic method is yet to be developed, it is necessary to continue research into this issue, and introduce sarcopenia detection, prevention, and correction techniques into widespread clinical practice. Indices of sarcopenia and obesity, obtained during an additional preoperative study, provide significant prognostic information superior to body mass index, thereby enabling the direction and scope of surgical interventions to be determined and survival outcomes to be improved.

Navigating the Modern Landscape of Sepsis: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment

Sepsis poses a significant threat to human health due to its high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Traditional diagnostic methods for identifying sepsis or its causative organisms are time-consuming and contribute to a high mortality rate. Biomarkers have been developed to overcome these limitations and are currently used for sepsis diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and treatment response assessment. Over the past few decades, more than 250 biomarkers have been identified, a few of which have been used in clinical decision-making. Consistent with the limitations of diagnosing sepsis, there is currently no specific treatment for sepsis. Currently, the general treatment for sepsis is conservative and includes timely antibiotic use and hemodynamic support. When planning sepsis-specific treatment, it is important to select the most suitable patient, considering the heterogeneous nature of sepsis. This comprehensive review summarizes current and evolving biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for sepsis.

A Prototype of Graphene E-Nose for Exhaled Breath Detection and Label-Free Diagnosis of Helicobacter Pylori Infection.

Helicobacter pylori (HP), a common microanaerobic bacteria that lives in the human mouth and stomach, is reported to infect ≈50% of the global population. The current diagnostic methods for HP are either invasive, time-consuming, or harmful. Therefore, a noninvasive and label-free HP diagnostic method needs to be developed urgently. Herein, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is composited with different metal-based materials to construct a graphene-based electronic nose (e-nose), which exhibits excellent sensitivity and cross-reactive response to several gases in exhaled breath (EB). Principal component analysis (PCA) shows that four typical types of gases in EB can be well discriminated. Additionally, the potential of the e-nose in label-free detection of HP infection is demonstrated through the measurement and analysis of EB samples. Furthermore, a prototype of an e-nose device is designed and constructed for automatic EB detection and HP diagnosis. The accuracy of the prototype machine integrated with the graphene-based e-nose can reach 92% and 91% in the training and validation sets, respectively. These results demonstrate that the highly sensitive graphene-based e-nose has great potential for the label-free diagnosis of HP and may become a novel tool for non-invasive disease screening and diagnosis.