Countermeasure Method Research Articles

Implementation of a countermeasure method against DPA on McEliece Post Quantum Cryptosystem

Implementation of a countermeasure method against DPA on McEliece Post Quantum Cryptosystem

The problem of combating cybercrime: a comparative legal analysis

In the modern world, the development of information technologies opens up new opportunities for communication, business and science. The use and improvement of information technology has led to the emergence of cybercrime. The use and improvement of the field of information technology has led to the emergence of cybercrime. Cybercrime covers a wide range of criminal offenses from identity theft and financial fraud to attacks on critical infrastructure. Cybercrime has become a threat not only to individuals, but also to the state, which involves the destruction of the economic and information spheres, endangering the entire sphere of public life. The problem of countering cybercrime at both the national and international levels is an important issue. Despite the efforts of governments and international organizations to create effective countermeasures against cybercrime, the number and complexity of such criminal offenses continues to grow. This requires constant improvement of legal, technological and organizational protection mechanisms. Unfortunately, the fight against cybercrime in Ukraine is at an initial stage and is not as developed as in other countries of the world. The topic of combating cybercrime is very relevant in the conditions of martial law. Nowadays, a war in the information space can cause no less damage than a war on the battlefield, so cybercrime actors must take all necessary measures to reduce the number of cybercrimes committed by the enemy. One of the priority directions for improving the domestic legal system is the introduction of international concepts, principles and ideas, the use of positive experience of foreign countries in the issue of countering cybercrime.This article examines the main challenges faced by modern cyber security systems, analyzes existing methods of countermeasures in Ukraine and foreign countries, and suggests ways to improve them.

Gamma-Ray Self-Absorption Corrections in Stainless Steel 12Х18Н10Т for the Needs of Non-Destructive Isotopic Differentiation of Shielded Actinides

One of the main tasks of nuclear science and technology is related to the development of methods of countermeasures, circulation, non-proliferation, and safe use of shielded nuclear materials - actinides. To solve this problem, information about their isotopic and quantitative composition is necessary. One of the main methods of non-destructive differentiation of shielded actinides, which is constantly being developed, is based on the use of their characteristic or stimulated gamma rays. For its implementation, information on the self- absorption of gamma rays of a wide energy range in screens (combinations of the elements from which they are made) is required. The results of calculations of the dependence of the self-absorption values of gamma rays in stainless steel 12X18N10 on their energy (100 keV ÷ 3000 keV) at fixed values of the screen thickness (0.1 ÷ 20 mm) are presented in the article. It was established that the self-absorption of gamma rays has smaller values for the energy range of spectrometric measurements of stimulated gamma rays compared to the energy range of spectrometry of characteristic gamma rays during the differentiation of shielded actinides. The energy range of gamma rays from 1000 to 3000 keV was determined, which can be considered optimal for the spectrometry of stimulated gamma rays from shielded actinides during their differentiation.

An exhaustive review of the stream ciphers and their performance analysis

The number of internet of things (IoT) applications has increased, which has increased the demand for low-resource gadgets. The data produced by these devices must be protected to guarantee security. The devices operate in conditions with limited space, computational power, memory, and energy. High-security standards are difficult to achieve with limited resources. The detailed analysis of various stream ciphers and their performance metrics is reviewed in this manuscript. The functionality of the stream ciphers is categorized and thoroughly discussed based on both the hardware and software viewpoints. The security attacks and their countermeasure methods using stream ciphers are discussed. The performance metrics of most hardware-based stream ciphers, including the ECRYPT stream cipher project (eSTREAM) ciphers, are discussed. Each hardware stream cipher design highlights the hardware constraints such as chip area, frequency, throughput, and hardware efficiency. The work also highlights the various applications using these stream ciphers. The current trends using these stream ciphers are discussed with futuristic goals.

Research on multi-UAV collaborative electronic countermeasures effectiveness method based on CRITIC weighting and improved gray correlation analysis

Multi-UAV cluster technology is a hot topic in modern electronic countermeasures research. Based on the “OODA loop” theory of electronic countermeasures, this paper analyzes the effectiveness evaluation method of multi-UAV collaborative electronic countermeasures. We establish an electronic countermeasures correlation state analysis model based on CRITIC weighting and improved gray correlation theory. This method combines multi-UAV collaborative scene examples and use the gray state correlation analysis method based on the dynamic resolution coefficient. We simulate the effects of electronic countermeasures and various influencing factors on the expected task objectives and verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that this method can better adapt to the dynamic electronic countermeasures scenarios of multi-UAV clusters and has certain participation value for comprehensively and systematically improving the effectiveness evaluation of electronic countermeasures.

Proposal of a lightweight differential power analysis countermeasure method on elliptic curves for low-cost devices

Proposal of a lightweight differential power analysis countermeasure method on elliptic curves for low-cost devices

Dynamic behavior of liquefiable ground reinforced by in-situ cement-mixing lattice wall

In-situ cement-mixing lattice-shaped ground improvement (lattice wall) is one of the effective countermeasures for liquefiable grounds. However, its high cost hinders its wide applicability. This is mainly due to the conventional concept of seismic designs which do not allow any liquefaction of the ground against earthquakes.The recent seismic design code was revised to comply with the concept of performance-based design, which allows some displacement or slight damage to structures, such as pile foundations, during major earthquakes. In order to apply lattice walls to meet the concept of the recent design standard, especially against major earthquakes, it is necessary to establish a rational design method that considers the quantitative effect of lattice walls.In this study, therefore, a series of 1-g field shaking table tests was performed with a lattice wall, and the effect of the wall was carefully evaluated through the quantitative measurement of the stress–strain relationship of the liquefiable ground inside the lattice wall and in the free ground (without a lattice wall). It became possible to quantitatively examine the effect of the wall by installing small accelerometers into the ground with precision.Two major positive effects of the lattice wall were observed through the series of shaking table tests. One was the delay in the onset of liquefaction by the restriction of shear strain, and the other was the recovery of the shear stiffness of the ground even after the onset of liquefaction. These experimental results indicate that lattice walls can be applied as an effective liquefaction countermeasure method, especially when the performance-based design is applied to address large earthquakes.

Моделювання загроз кібербезпеці у зв’язку з масовими відключеннями електропостачання та потенційні заходи протидії

During the Russian-Ukrainian war, mass power outages occurred in Ukraine, caused by Russian attacks on civilian infrastructure, namely on the generating and distribution capacities of the power system. The risks associated with such outages cover not only the issue of uninterrupted operation of the economy directly, but also more complex aspects related to cyber security. The impact of such outages on the cyber security of information and communication systems is con-sidered, namely, the second-order effects, such as interruptions with information observability, violation of the integrity of the protection infrastructure, overloading of monitoring teams and response to false alarms. All these factors alter the threat landscape for the system and must be considered in security policy and during the threat modeling process accor¬dingly. An analysis of hidden cyber security risks arising in connection with massive power outages was conduct-ed. Possible approaches to taking such risk factors into account when modeling threats, as well as methods of countermeasures, are given.

Echo TEMPEST: EM Information Leakage Induced by IEMI for Electronic Devices

Electromagnetic (EM) information leakage encourages attacks, wherein the attackers passively capture and analyze EM waves that are unintentionally generated by devices. Generally, devices with weak EM emission intensities are not targeted. However, even these devices would be subject to attacks if it becomes possible to actively sense the electrical changes that occur within them when information is processed. This article demonstrates the feasibility of the information leakage threat induced by the active sensing of input impedance changes in the input/output (I/O) circuit of an integrated circuit (IC). Specifically, the changes in the input impedance when information was transmitted from the IC, were measured by irradiating the EM waves from outside the target device. This article labels the threat as Echo TEMPEST. The experiment validated Echo TEMPEST with an evaluation board that simulated the I/O circuit of the IC, UART modules, and USB keyboards. It was also demonstrated that attackers could control the distance (obtained information from the target device), depending on the intensity of the irradiated EM waves. Furthermore, we discussed countermeasure methods focusing on the conditions for executing Echo TEMPEST.

Effectiveness of non-invasive chromosomal screening for normal karyotype and chromosomal rearrangements.

Purpose: To study the accuracy of non-invasive chromosomal screening (NICS) results, in normal chromosomes and chromosomal rearrangement groups and to investigate whether using trophoblast cell biopsy along with NICS, to choose embryos for transfer can improve the clinical outcomes of assisted pregnancy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 101 couples who underwent preimplantation genetic testing at our center from January 2019 to June 2021 and collected 492 blastocysts for trophocyte (TE) biopsy. D3-5 blastocyst culture fluid and blastocyst cavity fluid were collected for the NICS. Amongst them, 278 blastocysts (58 couples) and 214 blastocysts (43 couples) were included in the normal chromosomes and chromosomal rearrangement groups, respectively. Couples undergoing embryo transfer were divided into group A, in which both the NICS and TE biopsy results were euploid (52 embryos), and group B, in which the TE biopsy results were euploid and the NICS results were aneuploid (33 embryos). Results: In the normal karyotype group, concordance for embryo ploidy was 78.1%, sensitivity was 94.9%, specificity was 51.4%, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 75.7%, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 86.4%. In the chromosomal rearrangement group, concordance for embryo ploidy was 73.1%, sensitivity was 93.3%, specificity was 53.3%, the PPV was 66.3%, and the NPV was 89%. In euploid TE/euploid NICS group, 52 embryos were transferred; the clinical pregnancy rate was 71.2%, miscarriage rate was 5.4%, and ongoing pregnancy rate was 67.3%. In euploid TE/aneuploid NICS group, 33 embryos were transferred; the clinic pregnancy rate was 54.5%, miscarriage rate was 5.6%, and ongoingpregnancy rate was 51.5%. The clinical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates were higher in the TE and NICS euploid group. Conclusion: NICS was similarly effective in assessing both normal and abnormal populations. Identification of euploidy and aneuploidy alone may lead to the wastage of embryos due to high false positives. More suitable reporting methods for NICS and countermeasures for a high number of false positives in NICS are needed. In summary, our results suggest that combining biopsy and NICS results could improve the outcomes of assisted pregnancy.

Design Optimization Methodology for Diversion Structure with Concrete Cofferdam Using Risk-Based Least-Cost Design Method

The optimal size of a diversion structure should be carefully studied to ensure economic viability and safety during construction. In practice, to determine the size of a diversion structure, design flood frequency is selected as the suggested return period presented by the design standard, which is presented differently. This study proposes a methodology for the design of a diversion structure with a concrete cofferdam adopting risk analysis to reflect the more practical hazard and risk of diversion structure during dam construction. The proposed methodology is based on a risk-based least-cost design process and risk analysis. The optimization result is presented as the lowest expected monetary value, which accounts for construction cost, reconstruction cost, and delay liquidated damage with the failure probability and recovery cost with the overflow probability. This methodology was applied to the case study of the Gulpur hydropower project in Pakistan. The results showed that the optimal design flood frequency is 1 year for a recovery cost of USD 0.5 mil. and 1~2 years for a recovery cost of USD 1.0~2.0 mil. with 3, 4, and 5 years of the usage period of the diversion structure. Furthermore, 2~10 years is the optimal value for a recovery cost of USD 3.0~4.0 mil. These results indicated that the optimal design flood frequency increases as the recovery cost and usage period of the diversion structure increase. The results of the study reveal that the recovery cost and the period of use of the diversion structure affect the design flood frequency of the diversion structure. From a design perspective, the period of use is determined by the construction period of the project or the construction method, whereas the recovery cost depends on the countermeasure method. Therefore, after preparing a proactive plan and estimating the recovery cost, the design flood frequency for the diversion structure should be determined.

Efficient Attention Branch Network with Combined Loss Function for Automatic Speaker Verification Spoof Detection.

Many endeavors have sought to develop countermeasure techniques as enhancements on Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV) systems, in order to make them more robust against spoof attacks. As evidenced by the latest ASVspoof 2019 countermeasure challenge, models currently deployed for the task of ASV are, at their best, devoid of suitable degrees of generalization to unseen attacks. A joint improvement of components of ASV spoof detection systems including the classifier, feature extraction phase, and model loss function may lead to a better detection of attacks by these systems. Accordingly, the present study proposes the Efficient Attention Branch Network (EABN) architecture with a combined loss function to address the model generalization to unseen attacks. The EABN is based on attention and perception branches. The attention branch provides an attention mask that improves the classification performance and at the same time is interpretable from a human point of view. The perception branch, is used for our main purpose which is spoof detection. The new EfficientNet-A0 architecture was optimized and employed for the perception branch, with nearly ten times fewer parameters and approximately seven times fewer floating-point operations than the SE-Res2Net50 as the best existing network. The proposed method on ASVspoof 2019 dataset achieved EER = 0.86% and t-DCF = 0.0239 in the Physical Access (PA) scenario using the logPowSpec as the input feature extraction method. Furthermore, using the LFCC feature, and the SE-Res2Net50 for the perception branch, the proposed model achieved EER = 1.89% and t-DCF = 0.507 in the Logical Access (LA) scenario, which to the best of our knowledge, is the best single system ASV spoofing countermeasure method.

A Proposal of Shoulder-surfing Attack Countermeasure Method with Improved Usability

A Proposal of Shoulder-surfing Attack Countermeasure Method with Improved Usability

Performance analysis of deep reinforcement learning-based intelligent cooperative jamming method confronting multi-functional networked radar

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, more and more intelligent countermeasure methods are applied in military confrontation fields to improve the intelligent level of weapons. Traditional radar jammers generate different jamming types by template matching, game theory or reasoning, which lack intelligent and adaptive jamming strategies in the battlefield environment with intelligent confrontation. To solve the intelligent decision-making problem of jammers in radar countermeasure, a cooperative jamming decision-making (CJDM) method based on reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed in this paper. The double deep Q network based on priority experience replay (PER-DDQN) is brought into the cooperative jamming strategy, and the CJDM model based on PER-DDQN is established in this paper. The scene of multiple jammers against multi-functional networked radar was built to simulate and analyze the performance of the proposed CJDM model based on PER-DDQN. The simulation results show that the proposed PER-DDQN can overcome the problem of data correlation and avoid unnecessary iteration, which is more suitable for sparse reward environment compared with deep Q network (DQN). Meanwhile, the proposed CJDM method based on PER-DDQN can effectively and intelligently realize optimal jamming decision-making.

Towards The Secure Internet of Things: Threats and Solution

The use of the Internet of Things (IoT) has recently become a worldwide trend, as this technology can connect various types of equipment such as sensors, cameras, and other devices via the internet. The broad adoption of various IoT technologies makes life easier and better for people. Internet of things applications has been widely used in Smart Building, Smart Vehicles, Construction Management, health management and many other applications. However, the IoT technology still has many flaws and weakness especially in its security and defense mechanism. This paper reviews and elaborate type of security vulnerabilities, issue and threats that IoT technology faces from academic research paper in the past 10 years. This review also aims to find the possible solutions proposed by researchers to overcome security weakness, threats and issue in IoT technology and its application. This research goal to provide guidelines for those who want to develop and improve IoT security. A systematic review was used as the methodology in this paper. The purpose of this systematic review is to survey the threats and vulnerabilities of IoT technology as reported in previous studies. This review also proposes a comprehensive countermeasure to the previously mentioned threats and weaknesses. This study's findings include the identification and classification of various threats in IoT, as well as methods for countermeasures against these attacks. It concludes with reviews of research gaps and future research directions to improve IoT security.

Study of Immunity Noise Countermeasure Methods for Electronic Equipment Separated into Power Supply Side and Load Side

Study of Immunity Noise Countermeasure Methods for Electronic Equipment Separated into Power Supply Side and Load Side

Identification and antibiotic-resistant properties of Vibrio owensii and V. alginolyticus isolated from the Spermonde Islands, Indonesia

Abstract. Isnansetyo A, Istiqomah I, Anshary H, Sriwulan S, Yudiati E, Subagiyo S, Arif A, Kartikasari DW. 2022. Identification and antibiotic-resistant properties of Vibrio owensii and V. alginolyticus isolated from the Spermonde Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5995-6005. The Spermonde Islands are located in Makassar Strait, southern Sulawesi, Indonesia, and have attracted the attention of researchers for decades because of their mega biodiversity and abundance of bioresources. However, no study has evaluated the potential mariculture diseases in this area. The present study assessed the potential bacterial fish diseases based on the current status of mariculture in the Spermonde Islands. The samples were collected from three marine aquaculture sites at Barrang Caddi and the Samaloa Islands. Vibrio was isolated on Thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) agar medium. The most common bacterial diseases were observed by bacterial isolation, morphological and biochemical observations, and molecular identification based on 16S rDNA sequence. The microbial, physical, and chemical water qualities at Barrang Caddi and Samaloa Island were suitable for marine aquaculture. Although cultured species in this area did not exhibit gross disease signs, potential opportunistic pathogens of Vibrio were found. The 16S rDNA sequences analysis indicated that the bacterial isolates closed to Vibrio owensii, V. alginolyticus, and V. neocaledonius. Multi-drug resistant V. owensii was identified as a potential pathogen in marine aquaculture. This is the first report on V. owensii isolated from Indonesian marine waters, particularly from the Spermonde Islands. V. alginolyticus was another potential opportunistic pathogen in this area. These results gave the alarm to develop countermeasure methods for potential diseases to minimize the possible outbreak of vibriosis.

A Novel Countermeasure Method for Radar Coherent Jamming Based on Signal Feature Transformation

With the advancement of active jamming technology, a variety of new types of coherent jamming based on digital radio frequency memory (DFRM) have been proposed and implemented in practice, posing serious threats to modern radar systems due to their flexibility, suppression, and deception characteristics. Hence, the research on relevant countermeasures is necessary and challenging. In this paper, we take a fresh look at the problem and present a method for removing interference from received time-frequency overlapping signals based on signal feature modification (SFT). The antijamming problem is transformed into one linear underdetermined blind source separation (UBSS) model in a dual-channel receiving scenario using sparse component analysis, and the feasible solution is found by transforming the observed signal features to a new time-frequency domain representation. Simulations demonstrate that the developed technique outperforms standard interference countermeasures in terms of signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and target identification performance, which are critical for antijamming.

Internet of Things: Security and Solutions Survey.

The overwhelming acceptance and growing need for Internet of Things (IoT) products in each aspect of everyday living is creating a promising prospect for the involvement of humans, data, and procedures. The vast areas create opportunities from home to industry to make an automated lifecycle. Human life is involved in enormous applications such as intelligent transportation, intelligent healthcare, smart grid, smart city, etc. A thriving surface is created that can affect society, the economy, the environment, politics, and health through diverse security threats. Generally, IoT devices are susceptible to security breaches, and the development of industrial systems could pose devastating security vulnerabilities. To build a reliable security shield, the challenges encountered must be embraced. Therefore, this survey paper is primarily aimed to assist researchers by classifying attacks/vulnerabilities based on objects. The method of attacks and relevant countermeasures are provided for each kind of attack in this work. Case studies of the most important applications of the IoT are highlighted concerning security solutions. The survey of security solutions is not limited to traditional secret key-based cryptographic solutions, moreover physical unclonable functions (PUF)-based solutions and blockchain are illustrated. The pros and cons of each security solution are also discussed here. Furthermore, challenges and recommendations are presented in this work.

Case Study on Soil Liquefaction Effects in Pohang Using GPR Scanning

Owing to the aftershocks of the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes, the number of recent earthquakes (more than scale 2.0) has increased by approximately four to five times compared with previous years. There is a high possibility that earthquake damage and liquefaction will be caused by a strong earthquake in the future. Therefore, this study focused on the first liquefaction in Korea, which occurred in the 2017 Pohang earthquake (M5.4), and a field survey was conducted in the damaged area using portable two-dimensional ground penetrating radar (GPR) equipment. A detailed analysis of the damaged areas was performed using Voxler 3 (Golden Software), a three-dimensional analysis program, based on the results obtained at the site. The results show that the six survey areas in Pohang Songdo are located on the Quaternary alluvial layer and include landfills constructed by reclaiming part of the river and seas to create factory, residential land, and other sites, so it is extremely vulnerable to liquefaction in the event of an earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a ground survey in advance and apply a countermeasure method that suits the situation of the site because it is feared that large-scale liquefaction damage will occur in the event of a larger earthquake than the Pohang one.