Method Of Co-simulation Research Articles

Study on the vibration reduction characteristics of shock absorber throttle orifice in tractor suspension

The hydraulic shock absorber of a certain tractor suspension system is analyzed to determine the influence of the cross-sectional area ratio of the throttling holes of the restoration valve and the compression valve on the vibration damping performance of the whole vehicle, using a new method of machine-hydraulic co-simulation. First, the AMESim model of the hydraulic shock absorber is established, and the Kriging model is used to approximate the parameters of the AMESim hydraulic shock absorber model; the multi-island genetic algorithm and the gradient descent algorithm are used to obtain the three scenarios in which the cross-sectional area ratios of the throttle orifices of the same equivalent damping coefficients are greater than, equal to, or less than one. Then, a co-simulation model of 1/4 vehicle Recurdyn/AMESim and a co-simulation model of the whole vehicle with 162 degrees of freedom were established. The result show that, compared with the traditional method, this machine-hydraulic co-simulation method improves the calculation accuracy, calculation speed, and co-simulation model parameter accuracy. For low-speed conditions, when the throttle orifice area ratio equals 0.32, the minimum vehicle body center acceleration (root mean square value equal to 1.78 m/s2) is achieved. For high-speed driving conditions, when the throttle orifice area ratio is approximately 3.1, the minimum vehicle body center acceleration (root mean square value equal to 3.52 m/s2) is achieved.

Sequential Gaussian co-simulation of tectono-geochemical anomaly for concealed ore deposit prediction

Tectono-geochemical data measured from tectonites host a wealth of information that is closely related to the accumulation and dispersion of ore-forming materials, while structure system is the only pathway to connect the deep orebody with the surficial tectono-geochemical anomaly, and both have correspondence and consistency. Based on the geological precondition that structure system and ore-forming process are closely associated with each other, the study proposed a method of sequential Gaussian co-simulation of tectono-geochemical anomaly, which integrates the tectono-geochemical anomaly with the ore-controlling structure system to solve two basic geological prospecting problems that are closely associated with ore-forming space and ore-forming material migration. A case study for concealed Pb–Zn prospecting based on tectono-geochemical data in the Huangzhuguang ore cluster (China) was employed to examine the potential applications of the proposed method. Firstly, centered logratio transformation was employed to remove the closure effect of tectono-geochemical data and to make the data conform to an approximate normal distribution. Secondly, sequential Gaussian co-simulation was applied to improve the simulation results of the tectono-geochemical anomaly by introducing the ore-controlling structure system. Thirdly, the probability distribution of tectono-geochemical anomalies was quantified by uncertainty modeling technique. The case study demonstrated that the proposed method can significantly improve the performance of the primary variable in predicting concealed ore deposits.

An Optimized Random Forest Regression Model for Li-Ion Battery Prognostics and Health Management

This study proposes an optimized random forest regression model to achieve online battery prognostics and health management. To estimate the battery state of health (SOH), two aging features (AFs) are extracted based on the incremental capacity curve (ICC) to quantify capacity degradation, further analyzed through Pearson’s correlation coefficient. To further predict the remaining useful life (RUL), the online AFs are extrapolated to predict the degradation trends through the closed-loop least square method. To capture the underlying relationship between AFs and capacity, a random forest regression model is developed; meanwhile, the hyperparameters are determined using Bayesian optimization (BO) to enhance the learning and generalization ability. The method of co-simulation using MATLAB and LabVIEW is introduced to develop a battery management system (BMS) for online verification of the proposed method. Based on the open-access battery aging datasets, the results for the mean error of estimated SOH is 1.8152% and the predicted RUL is 32 cycles, which is better than some common methods.

Simulation of Wide Band BAW Filter for N78 Application

Based on the requirements of large bandwidth filters for 5G communications, finite element models for material analysis and filter design are established. Characteristics of lithium niobate under different cut angle are simulated, and 36° Y cut lithium niobate is used in resonator with SiO2/Mo acoustic reflector. The influence of top electrode is evaluated and the area of the electrode is designed. A method of co-simulation using finite element model and modified Butterworth van Dyke model is introduced. A wide band filter with relative bandwidth of 10.1% is designed while the insertion loss is less than 2 dB, which can satisfy the requirement of N78 band.

Finite Element Method for Interconnect Model Extraction

A 3D finite element method full-wave solver is introduced. It has been successfully applied for the interconnect model extraction for printed circuit boards, packages, and integrated circuits. A massively parallel computational framework is designed to address the issue of capacity and scalability due to the increase in system size and complexity. In addition, the method of field-circuit co-simulation is discussed, and it is critical to real-world signal integrity and power integrity applications.

Design and Cosimulation of Twelve-Pole Heteropolar Radial Hybrid Magnetic Bearing

This paper presents a twelve-pole heteropolar radial hybrid magnetic bearing (HRHMB) structure. Firstly, the structure and equivalent magnetic circuit (EMC) are designed. And the radial electromagnetic force characteristics are calculated by the EMC model. At the same time, the rationality of EMC model is verified by the finite-element method (FEM) of Magnet software. Then, the 2-D model of the twelve-pole HRHMB is established in Magnet software. The flux density variations of twelve-pole HRHMB and eight-pole HRHMB under different currents are compared by using the FEM. Finally, a method of Magnet-Simulink cosimulation is proposed to analyze the suspension characteristics of the twelve-pole HRHMB and compared with the eight-pole HRHMB. Thus, the effective combination of theoretical analysis, FEM analysis, and Magnet-Simulink cosimulation analysis is realized in the design of HRHMB. The results of Magnet-Simulink cosimulation show that the twelve-pole HRHMB has the advantages of low power consumption, small coupling, large construction dynamic stiffness, and better suspension characteristics than the eight-pole HRHMB.

Dynamic Modeling and CAE Cosimulation Method for Heavy-Duty Concrete Spreader

This paper presents the dynamic model of heavy-duty concrete spreader with liquid-solid rigid-flexible coupling by means of mathematical modeling and CAE cosimulation. The mathematical method of liquid-solid dynamic model of heavy-duty concrete spreader is described. Based on the liquid-solid coupling system, two degrees of freedom are added to change the model into a liquid-solid rigid-flexible coupling model, and the calculation process of the model is given in detail. The results show that, considering two flexible body factors, the solution scale is relatively large and the complexity of mathematical model derivation is increased. It is very difficult to establish a general dynamic equation which can be easily solved by computer. Therefore, this paper presents a new method of CAE cosimulation of liquid-solid rigid-flexible coupling. This method is divided into two parts: the computer simulation process of liquid-solid coupling and the computer simulation process of rigid-flexible coupling. First, the fluid-solid coupling is carried out by COMSOL software, and then the rigid-flexible coupling is carried out by HyperMesh software, Ansys software, and Adams software. This method can easily establish the dynamic model of the liquid-solid rigid-flexible coupling system, which provides a new idea for the simulation of heavy-duty concrete spreader. The simulation results can provide valuable insights into product design and structural optimization.

Rigid-flexible coupled dynamics analysis of 3-revolute-prismatic-spherical parallel robot based on multi-software platform

Kinematics and dynamics are the most important and basic tool for robot research. With the help of computer technology and the respective advantages of three kinds of software, a new method of co-simulation of parallel robot based on multi-platform is proposed, and the mechanical model of multi-body system of 3-revolute-prismatic-spherical parallel robot is established. According to the mechanical analysis of the parallel robot, the rigid-flexible coupling analysis method is adopted. The displacement error shows a periodic change with a period of 4.2 s and the maximum error is [Formula: see text]. The dangerous part of the structure is the root of the lower link, and its maximum stress is 202.64 MPa less than the yield strength of the material. The multi-software platform co-simulation improves the accuracy of the dynamic response analysis of the part under dynamic load, and provides an important theoretical basis for the design and optimization of the parallel robot.

A Hybrid Approach for Joint Simulation of Geometallurgical Variables with Inequality Constraint

Geometallurgical variables have a significant impact on downstream activities of mining projects. Reliable 3D spatial modelling of these variables plays an important role in mine planning and mineral processing, in which it can improve the overall viability of the mining projects. This interdisciplinary paradigm involves geology, geostatistics, mineral processing and metallurgy that creates a need for enhanced techniques of modelling. In some circumstances, the geometallurgical responses demonstrate a decent intrinsic correlation that motivates one to use co-estimation or co-simulation approaches rather than independent estimation or simulation. The latter approach allows us to reproduce that dependency characteristic in the final model. In this paper, two problems have been addressed, one is concerning the inequality constraint that might exist among geometallurgical variables, and the second is dealing with difficulty in variogram analysis. To alleviate the first problem, the variables can be converted to new variables free of inequality constraint. The second problem can also be solved by taking into account the minimum/maximum autocorrelation factors (MAF) transformation technique which allows defining a hybrid approach of joint simulation rather than conventional method of co-simulation. A case study was carried out for the total and acid soluble copper grades obtained from an oxide copper deposit. Firstly, these two geometallurgical variables are transferred to the new variables without inequality constraint and then MAF analysis is used for joint simulation and modelling. After back transformation of the results, they are compared with traditional approaches of co-simulation, for which they showed that the MAF methodology is able to reproduce the spatial correlation between the variables without loss of generality while the inequality constraint is honored. The results are then post processed to support probabilistic domaining of geometallurgical zones.

Model and optimal design of 147Pm SiC-based betavoltaic cell

The method of Monte Carlo and numerical model co-simulation is adopted to research the radiation-voltaic effect in semiconductor device and used in the optimal design of 147Pm SiC-based cell in this paper. According to the energy spectrum of 147Pm, the ionization energy deposition in the cell is calculated by Monte Carlo method. The result is converted into the non-equilibrium carrier information and mapped into the device grid generated by the numerical software, so as to simulate output characteristics of the cell. The simulation results based on the SiC PIN betavoltaic cell show the conversion efficiency firstly goes up and then decreases as the I layer thickness increases, and the conversion efficiency decreases when the doping concentration of I layer increases. The conversion efficiency will be 3.74% when the doping concentration and thickness of I layer are 5 × 1014cm−3 and 20 μm respectively. According to the analysis, the recombination loss of radiation-induced carriers in I layer is the main factor influencing the improvement of conversion efficiency. To improve the conversion efficiency, the “graded N layer” SiC PN cell is proposed in this paper to replace conventional I layer with two N layers with different doping concentrations; the electric field is introduced to reduce the recombination loss of the radiation-induced carriers. The conversion efficiency will be 4.58% when the thickness of two layers are 10 μm and the doping concentrations are respectively 5 × 1014cm−3 and 1 × 1016cm−3.

A Control Method of High Impact Energy and Cosimulation in Powder High‐Velocity Compaction

To enhance the impact energy of powder high‐velocity compaction (HVC) and thus improve the green density and mechanical properties of the resulting compacts, a mechanical energy storage method using combination disc springs is proposed. The high impact energy is achieved by modifying existing equipment, and the hydraulic control system is developed to implement the automatic control of the energy produced from the disc springs. An interdisciplinary cosimulation platform is established using the ADAMS, AMESim, and LabVIEW software packages to perform the interactive control of the simulation process and the real‐time feedback of the simulation results. A mechanical‐hydraulic cosimulation of the energy control virtual prototype of the testing machine is conducted using this platform. The influence of the impact energy on the green density is studied according to the HVC experimental results of the iron‐based powders, and then, the green compact with the higher relative density is produced. The experimental results indicate that the energy enhancement method using the combination disc springs is reasonable and that the hydraulic control scheme is reliable.

Real-time digital co-simulation method of smart grid for integrating large-scale demand response resources

While the study of activating the immense potentials of demand response (DR) in load side attracts widespread attention, a simulation platform with the ability of ‘source–grid–load’ interactive operation is essential. Nevertheless, it is an enormous challenge to incorporate the DR resources in real-time simulation as the characteristics of mass, diversity, and responsiveness. This study presents a method of digital real-time co-simulation (DRTCoS) applied to smart grid integrated with large-scale DR resources. First, the strategy that decoupling the network with DR resources from the rest parts according to different dynamic responses is proposed, building the multi-rate digital simulation, and an interface algorithm for the co-simulation is devised. Then DRTCoS that combines real-time digital simulator and the power distribution system simulation, GridLAB-D, is built, with typical application scenarios on micro-grid and high-voltage grid studied. Finally, case study validates the effectiveness of the co-simulation based on large-scale air-conditioning loads.

Dynamic Property Analysis of At-Ground Structure Under Moving Maglev Train

In order to study the vertical coupling vibration of low–medium-speed Maglev train and at-ground structure system, the vertical coupling vibration model of low–medium-speed Maglev train-bridge system is established firstly based on the co-simulation of SIMPACK and ANSYS. The method of co-simulation is verified through the test experiments on a 20-m simply supported beam dynamic load experiment test line. Later, the vertical coupling vibration dynamics simulation model of low–medium-speed Maglev train and at-ground structure system is built and the dynamic simulation analysis is performed. According to the analysis, the vibration frequency of the at-ground structure is relatively high and the first vertical vibration frequency is 32.9 Hz; the vertical displacement and acceleration of the frame’s center of the at-ground structure are bigger than the bottom’s center; the vibration of the frame is the high-frequency vibration (comparing with the bottom), and the acceleration of the frame’s center is obviously greater than the bottom’s between 50 and 100 Hz.

A NOVEL AND INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR DESIGNING OF RF MEMS DEVICES

The design complexity of the RF MEMS devices is increasing with fast rate, which require more accurate designing and simulation techniques. With upcoming technologies accurate simulation capability is a necessity for designing smaller chips. When devices are designed at nano scale, it presents a number of unique challenges. As the scale of the individual device decreases and the complexity of the physical structure increases, the nature of the device characteristics depart from those obtained from many of the classically held modeling concepts. Furthermore, the difficulty encountered in performing measurements on these devices means we have to put more emphasis on the results obtained from theoretical characteristics. Modeling also allows new device structures to be rigorously investigated prior to fabrication. This paper reports a novel and innovative method of design and simulation of MEMS based inductor by the method of co-simulation.

Simulation Analysis of a Kind of Sewing Machine Needle and Pick Line Mechanism Based on ADAMS

In this paper, A method of co-simulation is used to analysis the kinematics and dynamics property of the sewing machine mechanism, using Pro/E established the needles and pick line simplified model, and then the model is simulated in Adams, obtained the kinematics and the dynamics property,such as needle movement track and velocity and acceleration curve, and selects the line of bearing end under different drawing reaction force, torque changes curve. Taking great advantage of Pro/ E and ADAMS, the mechanism motion curves and value obtained through this method to verified the feasibility and reliability of the design.

Investigating communication and step-size behaviour for co-simulation of hybrid physical systems

This paper discusses the method of cooperative simulation of discrete and continuous models with the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed, a software environment that allows coupling different simulation programs. In the course of a project aiming the energy optimization in cutting factories, models of machines of differing complexity and a building containing them have to be implemented to further simulate the thermal processes. Since all partial models require individual modelling approaches, solver time steps, solvers or even simulators, the method of co-simulation is considered. The partial models will be implemented with Modelica, MATLAB, Simulink and Simscape and accessed with the co-simulation tool BCVTB. The simulation results show that this method of co-simulation can be sufficient for the needs of describing thermal systems with large time constants but has to be found insufficient for simulations requiring high accuracy and variable step solvers in the overall simulation.

Proposal for 60GHz wireless transceiver for the radio over fiber system

Abstract A 60 GHz mm-wave wireless transceiver for radio over fiber (RoF) is proposed, using sub-harmonic mixer and IF digital signal processing. This scheme can overcome LO leakage and I/Q mismatch. Moreover, an effective verification method of co-simulation between VPI and ADS platforms is considered, this gives full play to the respective advantages of them and in this way we can obtain the results. From these results of the designed wireless transceiver measured by frequency and time domain, we find that 1 Gbit/s data signals carried by 60 GHz mm-wave signals can be successfully recovered. Additionally, the isolation and the conversion loss of the mixer are more than 20 dB, less than 17 dB, respectively. Moreover, the output power of the 60 GHz transceiver is nearly linear with different input powers that are more than −30 dB m.

Research on Co-Simulation of Driving Antiskid Control for Electric Drive Wheeled Vehicle

In order to overcome the shortcoming as the model is too simple to reflect the whole vehicles mechanical characteristics in traditional simulation for electric drive vehicle, the method of mechanical-electrical co-simulation is put forward. The virtual model of 8×8 wheeled vehicle is constructed by ADAMS, and then the co-simulation model is built. The co-simulation experiment is taken under the working condition of accelerating on low adhesive road,the accurate of the control model is validated according to the result, which will contribute to the research on driving antiskid control for in-wheel motor drive vehicle.

Based on Linear Quadratic Regulator Optimal Control of Single Inverted Pendulum System Co-Simulation of ADAMS and SIMULINK

In this paper, based on linear quadratic optimal control design the controller of single inverted pendulum system, using the current epidemic method of Co-simulation to play each of the strengths of two software for simulation, Through two methods of the static and dynamic to observe and analyze the quality of feedback controller the based on linear quadratic optimal control.

Design of a Direct-Drive XY Table System: Electromechanical and Dynamic Optimization

This paper presents the electromechanical system modeling of a direct-drive precision positioning XY table used for wire bonding. The XY table is directly driven by voice coil actuator (VCA) and therefore the equivalent circuit of VCA was built to construct the co-simulation platform of electromechanical system. By use of finite element analysis (FEA) and co-simulation method based on ADAMS and MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the spring as the key component in the decoupling mechanism was optimized and the matching law of stiffness and preload was given. The mechanical model of decoupling mechanism was then built up and the matching law was validated by theoretical analysis. The damp-spring-mass system of y-axis table further illustrated the matching law. For the complex electromechanical coupling system, the method of co-simulation could reflect the actual properties of system better compared with the oversimplified analytical model. The achieved results would be helpful to the dynamic design of the kind of manufacturing equipment and provide theoretical guidance for the control system development and testing.